EE 321

Introduction to Communication
CHAPTER 5
Angle Modulation and Demodulation

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 0

 Angle (Exponential) Modulation
Modulated Carrier
 j ct t  

 t   A cos ct   t    A e



PM: FM:
 t   m t   t   m t 
m t  : Information Signal
Acos ct  c  : Unmodulated Carrier
: Message Signal
: Baseband Signal A : Carrier Amplitude
: Modulating Signal c  2 fc : Carrier Frequency

A2 A2 A2R
Transmitted Power  PT  or or
2
 2R
 2
signal power signal is a voltage signal is a current
in A2 or V 2 across an antenna through an antenna
of impedance R of impedance R

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 1

Instantaneous Frequency and Phase
 Consider a sinusoidal signal of the form:

 t   A cos  t   A cos ct   t  (volt or amp) 
 The instantaneous phase is defined as
 t   ct   t  (rad)

instantaneous
phase deviation

 The peak phase deviation is defined as

  max  t  (rad)
 The instantaneous frequency is defined as
d  t  d  t  t
i t    c  (rad/sec)   t    i  d 
dt dt 
 

instantaneous
frequency deviation

 The peak frequency deviation is defined as

1
  max d  t  / dt (rad/sec) f  max d  t  / dt (Hz)
2
EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 2
Instantaneous Frequency and Phase
Example :

  t   A cos ct  2 sin mt  
  t   ct  2 sin mt  rad
 t   2 sin mt  rad
  max  t   max 2 sin mt   2 rad
d  t 
 i t    c  2m cos mt 
dt 
instantaneous frequency
deviation

  max 2m cos mt   2m rad/sec

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 3

 Phase and Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation (PM)
 Information included in the instantaneous phase of the carrier, i.e.
instantaneous phase depends on m t  directly.
  t   ct  k p m t  or  t   k p m t  k p has units of rad/volt
 Peak phase deviation:   max k p m t   k p m p rad
where m p  max m t 
 i t   c  k p m t  rad/sec
where m t   dm t  / dt
 Peak frequency deviation:
  max k p m t   k p m p rad/sec
1 kp
f  max k p m t   m p Hz
2 2
where m p  max m t 

 PM t   A cos  t   A cos ct  k p m t  
EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 4
 Phase and Frequency Modulation
Freqeuncy Modulation (FM)
 Information included in the instantaneous frequency of the carrier, i.e.
instantaneous frequency depends on m t  directly.
 i t   c  k f m t  or  t   k f m t  k f has units of rad/sec/volt
 Peak frequency deviation:
  max k f m t   k f m p rad/sec where m p  max m t 
1 kf
f  max k f m t   m p Hz
2 2
t t
  t   ct  k f  m  d   ct  k f m t  rad where m t    m  d 
   
 Peak phase deviation:
  max k f m t   k f m p rad/sec
 
where m p  max m t 
 
 
 
t
 FM t   A cos  t   A cos ct  k f m t   A cos ct  k f  m  d 

   
EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 5
 Phase and Frequency Modulation
Relationship between FM and PM
 
 
t
 PM t   A cos ct  k pm t   A cos ct  k p  m  d 
 
  
 
 
 
t

 FM t   A cos ct  k f  m  d   A cos ct  k f m t 
   
 

 m t 


Frequency Modulator
m t    m d 
m t  ∫  Phase
Modulator
FM t 

Phase Modulator

d m t 
m t  Frequency
PM t 
dt Modulator

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 6

 Phase and Frequency Modulation
Example :
 fc  100 kHz

 FM, k f  1.5  105 rad/sec/volt

i t   c  k f m t   200  150m t  krad/sec

fi t   100  75m t  kHz

f 
i max
 100  75 max m t   175 kHz

 
1

f 
i min
 100  75 min m t   25 kHz

 
1

 t   200t  150  m  d  krad


FM t   A cos 200  103 t  150  103   m  d  

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 7

 Phase and Frequency Modulation
Example :
 fc  100 kHz

 PM, k p  5 rad/volt

5
 t   ct  k pm t   200t  m t  krad
1000
d  t  5
i t    200  m t  krad/sec
dt 1000
2.5
fi t   100  m t  kHz
1000
2.5
f   100  max m t   150 kHz
i max 
1000  
20k

2.5
f 
i min
 100  min m t   50 kHz

1000  
20k


PM t   A cos 200  103 t  5m t  
EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 8
 Phase and Frequency Modulation
Example : Frequency - Shift Keying (FSK)
 fc  100 kHz

 FM, k f  1.5  105 rad/sec/volt

i t   c  k f m t   200  150m t  krad/sec

fi t   100  75m t  kHz

f 
i max
 100  75 max m t   175 kHz

 
1

f 
i min
 100  75 min m t   25 kHz
 

1

 t   200t  150  m  d  krad


FM t   A cos 200  103 t  150  103   m  d  

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 9

 Phase and Frequency Modulation
Example : Phase - Shift Keying (PSK)
 fc  100 kHz
 PM, k p   / 2 rad/volt
0.5
 t   ct  k p m t   200t  m t  krad
1000
d  t  0.5
i t    200  m t  krad/sec
dt 1000
0.25
fi t   100  m t   100 kHz
1000
(except at discontinuities)

f 
i max
  fi 
min
 100 kHz
 
 
PM t   A cos 200  103 t  0.5m t 
  
  /2 or  /2 





A sin 200 10 3

t , m t   1



  
A sin 200  103 t , m t   1
EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 10
 Bandwidth of Angle Modulated Signals
 Consider an FM signal:
 
   
FM t   A cos ct  k f  m  d   A cos ct  k f m t    Ae
 e c 

t jk f
m t  j  t
  
 
   
 m t 

  FM t  

where

FM t   Ae f 
jk m t

  jk m t 
2
 jk m t 
3
 jk m t 
n 
  f    f    f   
 A 1  jk f m t      
  2! 3! n! 
 
  jk m t 
2
 jk m t 
3
 jk m t 
n  
  f    f    f   
 j c t 
FM t   A 1  jk f m t  
    e 
  2! 3! n !  
  
 k f2 2 k f3 3 

 A cos ct   k f m t  sin ct   m t  cos ct   m t  sin ct   
  2!  3!  
 

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 11

 Bandwidth of Angle Modulated Signals
 k f2 2 k f3 3 
 
FM t   A cos ct   k f m t  sin ct   m t  cos ct   m t  sin ct   
  2!  3!  
 

 2
kp 2 3
kp 3 

 
PM t   A cos ct   k p m t  sin ct   m t  cos ct   m t  sin ct   

 2! 3! 


 

t
 m t    m  d   M    M   / j 
  
 m t  bandlimited to B Hz
 m n t  bandlimited to nB Hz
 m t  bandlimited to B Hz

 m n t  bandlimited to nB Hz

 FM t  and PM t  each consists of a carrier term plus an infinite number of
terms centered at c with increasing bandwidths
 Absolute bandwidth of FM and PM signal is 
 The magnitudes of the high-order terms are decaying with frequency.
EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 12
 Narrow-Band Angle Modulation
Narrow - Band (NBFM) :
 k f2 2 k f3 3 
FM t   A cos ct   k f m t  sin ct   m t  cos ct   m t  sin ct   


  2!  3!  


 

 If k f m t   1, then

 
FM t   A cos ct   k f m t  sin ct 

 This is similar to an AM signal. Its bandwidth is 2B Hz. This is the smallest
possible bandwidt for an FM signal.
 Therefore, this is called "Narrow-Band FM (NBFM)"
 A signal generated from this formula will not have a constant amplitude. Therefore,
it is usually passed through a limiter to make its amplitude constant.
Ak m t  sin  t 
m t   f c

m t    DSB-SC
NBFM
Modulator

A sin ct 
/2

A cos ct 

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 13

 Narrow-Band Angle Modulation
Narrow - Band (NBPM) :

 k 2
k 3 

 
PM t   A cos ct   k p m t  sin ct   m t  cos ct   m t  sin ct   
p 2 p 3

 2! 3! 


 

 If k p m t   1, then

PM t   A cos ct   k p m t  sin ct 
 This is similar to an AM signal. Its bandwidth is 2B Hz. This is the smallest
possible bandwidt for an PM signal.
 Therefore, this is called "Narrow-Band PM (NBPM)"
 A signal generated from this formula will not have a constant amplitude. Therefore,
it is usually passed through a limiter to make its amplitude constant.
Ak m t  sin  t 
p c

m t  DSB-SC
NBPM
Modulator

A sin ct 
/2

A cos ct 

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 14

 FM Bandwidth
For the general FM case, Carson has derived a good approximation for the FM
bandwidth:
BFM  2 f  B  (Carson's Rule)
 f 
 2  1 B
 B 
 2   1 B
where
kf k f mp
f  max m t   (Hz)   2f  k f max m t   k f m p (rad/sec)
2 2
B  banwdith of m t  in Hz

 f is called the peak frequency deviation. It is the maximum of the deviation

of the instantaneous frequency from fc
   f / B  deviation ratio or modulation index

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 15

 PM Bandwidth
 We can apply Carson's rule to PM if we correctly substitute for f
 For PM, the instantaneous frequency is
i t   c  k pm t 
assuming m t  is differentiable for all t
 The deviation of the instantaneous frequency from c is k pm t 
 Therefore,
1 k pm p
f  k max m t  
2 p  2
m p

 Thus, we can apply Carson's rule as

 f 
BPM  2 f  B   2   1 B  2   1 B (Carson's Rule)
 B 
where
k pm p
f  (Hz)   2f  k p max m t   k pm p (rad/sec)
2
B  banwdith of m t  in Hz
   f / B  deviation ratio or modulation index
EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 16
 Wide-Band FM (WBFM)
 f 
BFM  2 f  B   2 
  1 B  2   1 B (Carson's Rule)
 B 
 We have Wide-Band FM if f  B or   1
 In this case, the bandwidth becomes
BWBFM  2f

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 17

 FM Bandwidth – Summary
Carson's Rule :
2B, NBFM (f  B or   1)

BFM  2 f  B   2   1 B usually for  between 0.1 and 10, not inclusive

2f , WBFM (f  B or   1)


EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 18

 FM Tone Modulation Case
 m t   a cos mt 
a
 m t    m t dt  sin mt 
 m
 i t   c  k f m t   c  ak f cos mt 

frequency deviation

1 ak f
 f  max ak f cos mt  
2 2
   ak f
 B  fm
   f / fm   / m  ak f / m
ak f
  t   ct  k f m t   ct  sin mt   ct   sin mt 
 m
 
 j ct  j  sinm t    j  sinm t  j ct 
 
FM t   A cos ct   sin mt    Ae 
   Ae

 e 
 FM t  
j  sinm t 
 FM t   Ae (This is periodic with fundamental frequency m )

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 19

 FM Tone Modulation Case
j  sinm t 
 FM t   Ae (This is periodic with fundamental frequency m ,
period 2 / m )
 We can use Fourier series to represent FM t  as

FM t    e
jn m t
n
n 
where
m  / m j  sinm t   jn m t 1  j  sin u nu 
n   Ae e dt  A  e du  AJ n  
2  / m 2 



J n  

1  j x sin u nu 
 J n x   du (Bessel function of the first kind and order n )
2 
e
 Then,

FM t   A  J n  e m
jn  t

n 

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 20

 Bessel Functions
Bessel Function of the First Kind and Order n :
1  j x sin u nu 
J n x    e du
2  
Properties :

 J n x   1 J n x 
n

 J n 0  0 for all n  0

 lim J n x   0 for all n
x 

 lim J n x   0 for all x

n 
 2
  J n x   1 for all x
n 

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 21

 FM Tone Modulation Case – cont 
FM t   A  J n  e m
jn  t

n 
     j c n m t

 j ct 
FM t    FM t e    A  J n  e
 jn mt j ct
e    A  J n  e
 
     
 n    n  

 A  J n   cos c  n m t 

n 


A
FM  f   
n  2
 
J n    f   fc  nfm    f   fc  nfm  
   
J 4    A / 2 J 3   A / 2 J 4   A / 2
J 1    A / 2
J 6    A / 2

5 J 5   A / 2

J 2    A / 2

J 2   A / 2
J 8    A / 2

J 6   A / 2
c  3m
fc  7 fm
fc  9 fm

fc  5 fm

fc  fm
J 7   A / 2
fc J 8   A / 2
fc  6 fm

fc  3 fm
fc  8 fm

fc  4 fm

fc  2 fm

fc  5 fm

fc  6 fm

fc  9 fm
fc  fm

fc  4 fm

fc  7 fm

fc  8 fm
fc  2 fm
J 7    A / 2

J 0   A / 2
J 5    A / 2

J 1   A / 2
J 3    A / 2
BFM  12 fm

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 22

 Example
Estimate BFM and BPM for the modulating signal m t  shown for
k f  2  105 rad/sec/volt and k p  5 rad/volt
m t  T  2  10 m t 
4
T0  2  104
0

1 20000

t t

1 20000

 First, we need to find the bandwidth of m t . This can be done by finding

the Fourier series coefficients M n of m t 
t  T / 2  t  T / 2 
mT t   2 
0
 0

 T0 / 2 

   

 T0
0 


 MT0     T0
sin c 
2
 T 0
/ 4    sin c  T0
/ 2  e 
 j T0 /2

1
T0 0

M n  MT n 0   sin c 2 n 0T0 / 4   sin c n 0T0 / 2  e 0 0 
 jn  T /2

 
 sin c 2 n / 2  sin c n  e  jn 
  sin n  / 2  2
   
 
4
, n odd
   n  / 2  n 2 2

  
0, n even

We may take B  6 f0  6  5 kHz  30 kHz
EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 23
 Example – cont
Estimate BFM and BPM for the modulating signal m t  shown for
k f  2  105 rad/sec/volt and k p  5 rad/volt
m t  T0  2  104 m t  T0  2  104

1 20000

t t

1 20000

 B  30 kHz
 Note that m p  1 and m p  20000
FM : PM :
kf mp 2  105  1 k pm p
5  20000
f    1  105 Hz  100 kHz f    50000 Hz  50 kHz
2 2 2 2
  f / B  100 / 30  10 / 3   50 / 30  5 / 3
BFM  2   1 B  2 10 / 3  1  30  260 kHz BPM  2   1 B  2 5 / 3  1  30  160 kHz

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 24

 Example – cont
Estimate BFM and BPM for the modulating signal m t  shown for
k f  2  105 rad/sec/volt and k p  5 rad/volt
m t  T  2  10 4 m t  T0  2  104
0

1 20000

t t

1 20000
Repeat if the amplitude of m t  is doubled.

 kf mp

 , FM


   2B

 k pm p

 , PM
 2B

 Doubling the amplitude of m t  will not change B, but will double m p and m p , i.e.
will double  for both FM and PM
 B  30 kHz, m p  2 and m p  40000
FM : PM :
  10 / 3  2  20 / 3   5 / 3  2  10 / 3
BFM  2   1 B  2 20 / 3  1  30  460 kHz BPM  2   1 B  2 10 / 3  1  30  260 kHz

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 25

 Example – cont
Estimate BFM and BPM for the modulating signal m t  shown for
k f  2  105 rad/sec/volt and k p  5 rad/volt
m t  T  2  10 4 m t  T0  2  104
0

1 20000

t t

1 20000

Repeat if the time-scale of m t  is expanded by 2, i.e. its period becomes 4  104

k m
 f p , FM
  2B
 
k pm p
 , PM
 2B
 Expanding the time-scale of m t  by 2 will devide B by 2, will not affect m p , but will
divide m p by 2. So,  will be doubled for FM and will not change for PM.
 B  30 / 2  15 kHz, m p  1 and m p  10000
FM : PM :
  10 / 3  2  20 / 3  5/3
BFM  2   1 B  2 20 / 3  1  15  230 kHz BPM  2   1 B  2 5 / 3  1  15  80 kHz

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 26

 Example
An exponentially-modulated (angle-modulated) signal is described by the equation

EM t   10 cos 2  105 t  5 sin 3000t   10 sin 2000t  
(a) Find the carrier frequency.
(b) Find the power of the modulated signal.
(c) Find the modulating signal if the modulation is PM.
(assume k p  5 for this part only)
(d) Find the modulating signal if the modulation is FM.
(assume k f    104 for this part only)
(e) Find the peak frequency deviation f . (Does this depend on the type of modulation?)
(f) Find the deviatin ratio . (Does this depend on the type of modulation?)
(g) Find the peak phase deviation . (Does this depend on the type of modulation?)

(h) Estimate the bandwidth of EM t  . (Does this depend on the type of modulation?)

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 27

 Example
An exponentially - modulated (angle - modulated) signal is described by the equation

EM t   10 cos 2  105 t  5 sin 3000t   10 sin 2000t  
(a) Find the carrier frequency.
c  2  105 rad/sec
fc  105 Hz  100kHz
(b) Find the power of the modulated signal.
A  10
PEM  A2 / 2  50
(c) Find the modulating signal if the modulation is PM.
(assume k p  5 for this part only)
 t   2  105 t  5 sin 3000t   10 sin 2000t   ct  k p m t 
 5m t   5 sin 3000t   10 sin 2000t 
 m t   sin 3000t   2 sin 2000t 

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 28

 Example
An exponentially - modulated (angle - modulated) signal is described by the equation

EM t   10 cos 2  105 t  5 sin 3000t   10 sin 2000t  
(d) Find the modulating signal if the modulation is FM.
(assume k f    104 for this part only)
d  t 
i t    2  105  15000 cos 3000t   20000 cos 2000t   c  k f m t 
dt
   10 m t   15000 cos 3000t   20000 cos 2000t 
4

 m t   1.5 cos 3000t   2 cos 2000t 

(e) Find the peak frequency deviation f . (Does this depend on the type of modulation?)
i t   2  105  15000 cos 3000t   20000 cos 2000t 
1
f  max 15000 cos 3000t   20000 cos 2000t 
2 
15000  20000  35000 
 17.5 kHz

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 29

 Example
An exponentially - modulated (angle - modulated) signal is described by the equation

EM t   10 cos 2  105 t  5 sin 3000t   10 sin 2000t  
(f) Find the deviatin ratio . (Does this depend on the type of modulation?)

Note that in both FM and PM, the bandwidth of m t  is

B  3000 / 2  1.5 kHz
Thus,
  f / B  17.5 / 1.5  11.67
(g) Find the peak phase deviation . (Does this depend on the type of modulation?)
 t   2  105 t  5 sin 3000t   10 sin 2000t 
The phase deviation is 5 sin 3000t   10 sin 2000t 
The peak phase deviation is
  max 5 sin 3000t   10 sin 2000t   15 rad
(h) Estimate the bandwidth of EM t  . (Does this depend on the type of modulation?)
We have   11.67  1  WBEM
BEM  2f  2  17.5  35 kHz

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 30

 Features of Angle Modulation
Immunity to nonlinearities :
 Consider an exponentially-modulated signal (or any constant-envelope signal)
 t
m  d , for FM
EM t   A cos ct   t   A cos  t  where  t    f 
k
   
k m t , for PM
 p
 Let this signal applied to a nonlinearity with input-output chracteristic
2 3 n
y t   a1x t   a2 x t   a 3 x t     an x t 
 
   
 
 For x t   A cos  t  , the output will be
2 3 n
y t   a1        
2    
A cos  t   a A cos  t   a A cos  t     a A cos  t 
3     n

 c0  c cos  t   c cos 2 t   c cos 3 t     c cos n  t 

1 2 3 n

 c0  c cos  t   t   c cos 2 t  2 t   c cos 3 t  3 t 

1 c 2 c 3 c

rejected by filtering


   cn cos n ct  n  t 


rejected by filtering
 FM is used in satellite communication where nonlinear class C amplifiers are used
for higher efficiency.
EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 31
 Features of Angle Modulation
AM is not immune to nonlinearities :
 Consider an AM signal
DSB-SC t   m t  cos ct 
 Let this signal applied to a nonlinearity with input-output chracteristic
3
y t   a1x t   a2 x t 
 
 The output will be
3
y t   a1m t  cos ct   a2 m t  cos ct 
 
 a1m t  cos ct   a2m t  cos ct 
3 3

3 1 
 a1m t  cos ct   a2m t   cos ct   cos 3ct 
3
4 4 
 
 
 
 3 a  a
 a1m t   2 m 3 t  cos ct   2 m 3 t  cos 3ct 
 4  4

   rejected by filtering
 distortion 


EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 32

 Frequency Multiplication
y t 
BPF

A cos ct   t   Nonlinearity
@nc 
A cos n ct  n  t 
 Consider an exponentially-modulated signal
 
EM t   A cos ct   t   A cos  t   
 Let this signal applied to a nonlinearity with input-output chracteristic
2 3 n
y t   a1x t   a2 x t   a 3 x t     an x t   
 
   
 
 For x t   A cos  t  , the output will be
2 3 n

            
y t   a1 A cos  t    a2 A cos  t    a 3 A cos  t      an A cos  t  
 
       
 c0  c1 cos  t   c2 cos 2 t   c3 cos 3 t     cn cos n  t 
 c  c cos  t   t   c cos 2 t  2 t   c cos 3 t  3 t 
0 1 c 2 c 3 c

   c cos n  t  n  t   
n c

 Passing y t  through a BPF centered at n  will produce c cos n  t  n  t 

c n c

i.e. the carrier frequency is multiplied by n

the signal instantaneous frequency is multiplied by n
EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 33
 Generation of FM
Indirect Method or Armstrong Method :
 Create narrow-band FM (f  B ) NBFM Frequency
NBFM
Multiplier WBFM
Modulator
(simple to generate) n
 fc 1 low  fc  nfc 1
 Use a frequency multiplier to increase  Small f1  B  f  n f1
f to the desired value
NBFM Modulator
 The carrier frequency of the NBFM
stage must be chosen so that after
NBFM Frequency
m t  
DSB-SC
Multiplier WBFM
Modulator
n
frequency multiplication we get the
A sin ct 
desired carrier frequency /2

 Or we may use frequency translation A cos ct 

to move the carrier frequency to the

desired value.
 This method introduces amplitude distortion
due to the non-constant amplitude from the
NBFM modulator. This can be reduced by a
limiter.

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 34

 Generation of FM
Indirect Method or Armstrong Method : Example
Design an armstrong indirect FM modulator to generate an FM carrier with
a carrier frequency of 91.2 MHz and f=75 KHz. A NBFM generator with
fc 1  200 KHz and f1  25 Hz. You have also an oscillator with adjustable
frequency in the range of 10 to 11 MHz.
The baseband spectrum ranges from 50 Hz to 15 KHz.
Design Specs : fc  91.2 MHz and f  75 kHz
Design Constraints : fc 1  200 KHz, f1  25 Hz and fLO  10  11 MHz

fc 1  200 kHz fc 2  64 fc 1  12.8 MHz fc 3  1.9 MHz fc 4  48 fc 3  91.2 MHz

f1  25 Hz f2  64f1  1.6 kHz f3  f2  1.6 kHz f4  48f3  76.8 kHz
1  0.0016 2  641  0.106 3  2  0.106 4  483  5.12
B1  2B  30 kHz B2  2 2  1 B  33.2 kHz B3  B2  33.2 kHz B4  2 4  1 B  183.6 kHz

BPF
m t  NBFM
Frequency Frequency
Multiplier @1.9 MHz Multiplier
B  15 kHz Modulator BW  B2
64 48
10.9 MHz
fc 1  200 kHz
f1  25 Hz  B
1  f1 / B  0.0016  1 Frequency Conversion
or Frequency Translation

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 35

 Generation of FM
Direct Generation :

 t 
m t  VCO A cos 2 fc t  k f  m   d 
  

free-running
frequency fc

 Using a VCO = Voltage-Controlled Oscillator

 A VCO is an oscillator that produces a sinusoid with an instantaneous frequency
that is controlled by an input voltage.
 By definition, a VCO is an FM modulator
 The frequency of the output of the VCO when no input is applied is called the
"free running frequency." This is the carrier frequency of the produced FM wave.

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 36

 Demodulation of FM
Cosider an FM signal
 t 
FM t   A cos ct  k f  m  d 
  
Now, let's differentiate FM t 
d d   t 
FM t   A cos ct  k f  m  d 

dt dt    
 t  d  t 
 A sin ct  k f  m  d  ct  k f  m  d 
 
   dt   
 
 
t
 A c  k f m t  sin ct  k f  m  d 
  
If this derivative is passed through and envelope detector, we get
e t   A c  k f m t 
 
 A c  k f m t  if k f m p  c or f  fc

 FM t 
FM t  Ak f m t 
Envelope dc
d / dt
Detector Block

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 37

 Demodulation of FM H  
 For a differentiator, the transfer function is
H    j 
 FM t 
and FM t  k f m t 
Envelope dc
d / dt
Detector Block 
H    
c

FM Bandwidth
 The magnitude gain increases with frequency
 So, the magnitude of the output will increase if the instantaneous frequency
increases, and will decrease if the instantaneous frequency decreses.
i.e. the magnitude of the output will vary according to the instantaneous frequency
in a linear fashion
 Any circuit that has a magnitude response that is linear or almost linear
around c will work (Slope Detector)
 Such circuits are called "frequency discriminators"
 For this to work, the variation of the output magnitude must be totally due to
frequency variation
i.e. the input amplitude must be constant
 If the input is not constant, a limiter must be used (see sec 5.4 of Lathi)
Spring 1434 (2013) EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 38
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM Noise power in FM
receivers
 Noise power in FM receivers increases with  (proportional to  2 )
 To reduce this effect, a filter in the receiver is used to reduce the  2
power for high frequencies. This is called "de-emphasis" 

 However, the de-emphasis filter will distort the information signal, since it
has a non-uniform magnitude gain.
 To counteract the effect of the de-emphasis filter, the information signal
is filtered by the inverse filter at the transmitter. This is called "pre-emphasis"
 So, the information signal passes through the pre-emphasis filter in the
transmitter and passes through the de-emphasis filter in the receiver. The
de-emphasis filter reverses the effect of the pre-emphasis filter,
i.e. the information signal is not distorted.
 Noise only passes through the de-emphasis filter, which reduces noise power
for high frequency. Thus, it improves the quality (signal-to-noise ratio) of the
receved signal.

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 39

Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM
m t  H p   H d  
FM FM
Modulator Demodulator
Pre-emphasis noise De-emphasis

Transmitter Receiver
20 log10 H p  
R

2 
1
20 log10 H d  
R
1

C

EE 321: Fuad Alsaadi, KAU Angle Modulation: 40