Chapter4

Bandpass Signalling
Definitions
Complex Envelope Representation
Representation of Modulated Signals
Spectrum of Bandpass Signals
Power of Bandpass Signals
Examples

Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University
 Bandpass Signals
Energy spectrum of a bandpass signal is
concentrated around the carrier frequency fc.

Bandpass Signal Spectrum

A time portion of a bandpass signal. Notice the carrier and the baseband envelope.

Time Waveform of
Bandpass Signal
 DEFINITIONS
The Bandpass communication signal is obtained by modulating a baseband analog
or digital signal onto a carrier.
Definitions:
A baseband waveform has a spectral magnitude that is nonzero for frequencies in
the vicinity of the origin ( f=0) and negligible elsewhere.
A bandpass waveform has a spectral magnitude that is nonzero for frequencies in
some band concentrated about a frequency f f c where fc>>0. fc-Carrier frequency
Modulation is process of imparting the source information onto a bandpass signal
with a carrier frequency fc by the introduction of amplitude or phase perturbations or
both.
This bandpass signal is called the modulated signal s(t), and the baseband source
signal is called the modulating signal m(t).

Information Transmission g~ (t )
input Signal g (t ) Carrier s (t ) r (t ) Carrier Signal ~
m
medium
m processing circuits circuits processing
(channel)

Communication System
 Complex Envelope Representation
The waveforms g(t) , x(t), R(t), and t are all baseband waveforms. Additionally all of
them except g(t) are real and g(t) is the Complex Envelope.

jg ( t ) j t
g (t ) x(t ) jy (t ) g (t ) e R (t )e

g(t) is the Complex Envelope of v(t)

x(t) is said to be the In-phase modulation associated with v(t)
y(t) is said to be the Quadrature modulation associated with v(t)
R(t) is said to be the Amplitude modulation (AM) on v(t)
(t) is said to be the Phase modulation (PM) on v(t)
In communications, frequencies in the baseband signal g(t) are said to be heterodyned up to fc
THEOREM: Any physical bandpass waveform v(t) can be represented as below
where fc is the CARRIER frequency and c=2 fc

v t Re g t e jct R t cos ct t
=x t cos c t y t sin ct
Generalized transmitter using the AMPM generation
technique.
Generalized transmitter using the quadrature
generation technique.
 Complex Envelope Representation
THEOREM: Any physical bandpass waveform v(t) can be represented by
v t Re g t e jct
where fc is the CARRIER frequency and c=2 fc
PROOF: Any physical waveform may be represented by the Complex Fourier Series
n
v(t )
n
cn e jn0t 0 2 / T0
1 1 *
The physical waveform is real, c n cn and using Re
*
, Thus we have:
2 2


v t Re c0 2 cn e jn0 t
n 1
cn - negligible magnitudes for n in the vicinity of 0 and, in particular, c0=0
Introducing an arbitrary parameter fc , we get

n j n0 c t jc t
v t Re g (t )e Re 2 cn e
jc t
e g (t ) 2 cn e j ( n0 c )t
n 1 n 1

v(t) bandpass waveform with non-zero spectrum concentrated near f=fc

=> cn non-zero for n in the range nf 0 f c
=> g(t) has a spectrum concentrated near f=0 (i.e., g(t) - baseband waveform)
 Complex Envelope Representation
Equivalent representations of the Bandpass signals:

v t Re g t e jct R t cos ct t Envelope and Phase form

v t x t cos ct y t sin ct Inphase and Quadrature (IQ) form

g t x t jy t g (t ) e jg (t ) R (t )e j (t ) Complex Envelope of v(t )

Converting from one form to the other form

x t Re g t R (t ) cos (t )
Inphase and Quadrature (IQ) Components.
y t Im g t R (t ) sin (t )

R t g (t ) x 2 (t ) y 2 (t )
Envelope and Phase Components
y (t )
(t ) g (t ) tan 1 ( )
x (t )
 Complex Envelope Representation

The complex envelope resulting from x(t) being a computer generated voice signal and
y(t) being a sinusoid. The spectrum of the bandpass signal generated from above signal.
 Representation of Modulated Signals
Modulation is the process of encoding the source information m(t) into a
bandpass signal s(t). Modulated signal is just a special application of the bandpass
representation. The modulated signal is given by:

s t Re g (t )e jct c 2 f c

The complex envelope g(t) is a function of the modulating signal m(t) and is given
by: g(t)=g[m(t)] where g[ ] performs a mapping operation on m(t).

The g[m] functions that are easy to implement and that will give desirable spectral
properties for different modulations are given by the TABLE 4.1

At receiver the inverse function m[g] will be implemented to recover the message.
Mapping should suppress as much noise as possible during the recovery.
 Bandpass Signal Conversion
On off Keying (Amplitude Modulation) of a unipolar line coded
signal for bandpass conversion.
Xn 1 0 1 0 1
2

g (t )
0

Ac 2

s (t )
Ac 2

s (t )

Xn Unipolar g(t) Ac
X
Line Coder

cos(ct)
 Bandpass Signal Conversion
Binary Phase Shift keying (Phase Modulation) of a polar line
code for bandpass conversion.

Xn 1 0 1 0 1
2

g (t )
2

Ac 2
s (t )

Ac 2

s (t )

Xn Polar g(t) Ac
X
Line Coder

cos(ct)
Mapping Functions for Various Modulations
Envelope and Phase for Various Modulations
 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals
Theorem: If bandpass waveform is represented by
v t Re g (t )e jct
1
Spectrum of Bandpass Signal V ( f ) G f f c G* f f c
2
1
PSD of Bandpass Signal Pv ( f ) Pg f f c Pg f f c
4

Where is PSD of g(t)

1 1
Proof:
v t Re g t e jct
2
g (t )e jct g * (t )e jct
2
Thus,
V ( f ) F v t
1
2
1

F g t e j c t F g * t e j c t
2

Using
F g * t G* f and the frequency translation property:

We get, V( f )
1
2

G f - f c G * - f f c
 PSD of Bandpass Signals
PSD is obtained by first evaluating the autocorrelation for v(t):

Rv v t v t Re g t e jct Re g t e jc t
Using the identity Re c2 Re c1 1 Re c2*c1 1 Re c2 c1
2 2
where c2 g (t )e jct and c1 g t e jc t

We get Rv
1
2

Re g * t g t e jct e c
j t

1
2

Re g t g t e jct e c
j t

, - Linear operators

2
1*

=>Rv Re g t g t e
j c
12 Re g t g t e j 2ct e jc
or f c frequencies in g(t)
1

Rv Re g * t g t e jc
2
1

Re g t g t e j 2ct e jc
2

but g * t g t Rg
1
AC reduces to Rv Re Rg e j c

2
1
PSD => Pv ( f ) F Rv Pg f f c Pg* f f c Pg* Pg f
4
 Evaluation of Power
Theorem: Total average normalized power of a bandpass waveform v(t) is

1
Pv v t Pv f df Rv 0 g t
2

2

2
Proof:
Pv v t
2
P f df
v

But
Rv F Pv f
1
P fe
v
j 2 f
df

So,
Rv 0 P f df
v

Rv 0
1
2
1

Re Rg 0 Re g * t g t 0
2
1

Since Rv Re Rg e jc
2

or Rv 0
1
2
Re g t
2

But g t is always real
1
Rv 0 g t
2
So, 2
 Example : Amplitude-Modulated Signal
Evaluate the magnitude spectrum for an AM signal:
Complex envelope of an AM signal: g t Ac 1 m t
Spectrum of the complex envelope: G f Ac f Ac M f

AM signal waveform: s t Re g (t )e jct Ac 1 m t cos c t

1
AM spectrum: S f Ac f f c M f f c f f c M f f c
2

S( f )
1
2
G f - f c G * - f f c
M* f M f Because m(t ) is real and f f
G f fc and G * f f c do not overlap

1 1
A
2 c f f A M f f , f 0
c 2 c c

Magnitude spectrum: S f
1 1
A f f A M f f , f 0
2 c c 2 c c
Example : Amplitude-Modulated Signal

Spectrum of AM signal.
 Example : Amplitude-Modulated Signal
Total average power:

1 1 2
g t Ac 1 m t
2 2
Ps
2 2
1 2
Ac 1 2m t m 2 t
2
1 2
Ac 1 2 m t m 2 t
2
1 2
Ac 1 m 2 t If DC value of m(t ) is zero
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
Ac 1 Pm Ac Ac Pm Pc PSideband
2 2 2
Carrier Power Sideband Power Where Pm m 2 t
 Study Examples
SA4-1.Voltage spectrum of an AM signal

Properties of the AM signal are:

g(t)=Ac[1+m(t)]; Ac=500 V; m(t)=0.8sin(21000t); fc=1150 kHz;

0.8 j 2 1000t
m t 0.8sin 2 1000t e e j 2 1000 t
j2

Fourier transform of m(t): M f j 0.4 f 1000 j 0.4 f 1000

Spectrum of AM signal: S f 1 Ac f f c M f f c f f c M f f c
2

Substituting the values of Ac and M(f), we have

S f 250 f f c j100 f f c 1000 j100 f f c 1000

250 f f c j100 f f c 1000 j100 f f c 1000

EEE 360 21
 Study Examples
SA4-2. PSD for an AM signal

Autocorrelation for a sinusoidal signal (A sin w0t )

A2 A2 j0
Rm cos 0 e e j0 A=0.8 and o 2 1000
2 2
A2 A2
Pm f f f 0 f f 0 f 1000 f 1000

4 4

Autocorrelation for the complex envelope of the AM signal is

Rg g * t g t Ac2 1 m t 1 m t
Ac2 1 m t m t m t m t

But 1 1, m t m t 0, m t m t Rm , Rg Ac2 1 Rm

Thus Rg Ac2 1 Rm Pg f Ac2 f Ac2 Pm f

Using 1
Pv ( f ) Pg f f c Pg f f c
4

PSD for an AM signal:

Ps f 62500 f f c 10000 f f c 1000 10000 f f c 1000
62500 f f c 10000 f f c 1000 10000 f f c 1000
EEE 360 22
 Study Examples
SA4-3. Average power for an AM signal
Normalized average power

1 2 1 0.8
2

s norm s rms m rms

2 2
P V A 1 V 500 2
1 165 kW
2
c
2 2
Alternate method: area under PDF for s(t)

Ps norm Vs rms Ps f df
2
165 kW

Actual average power dissipated in the 50 ohm load:

Vs rms
2
1.65 105
Ps norm 3.3 kW
RL 50

SA4-4. PEP for an AM signal

1 2 1 2 1
Normalized PEP: PPEP norm 2 max g t Ac 1 max m t
2
5002 1 0.82 405 kW
2 2

Actual PEP for this AM voltage signal with a 50 ohm load:

PPEP rms
2
4.05 105
PPEP actual 8.1 kW
RL 50
EEE 360 23