Transcript-6 Carrier Phase Estimation

EE 331 Principle of Communication

Sayak Bhattacharya - 210108063
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Till now we have discussed the effect of noise on a Double Side Band - Suppressed Carrier.
As the result the message signal and the noise signal are additive and we are able to define
a meaningful Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR).

1 Effect of Noise on SSB-SC

let the modulated signal be

ˆ
s(t) = Ac m(t)cos[2πfc t] ± Ac m(t)sin[2πfc t]

for obtaining the upper side band we need to add the hilbert transform, and in order to
obtain the lower side band we subtract the hilbert transform.

Therefore the input to the demodulator will be,

u(t) = s(t) + n(t)

ˆ
u(t) = Ac m(t)cos[2πfc t] ± Ac m(t)sin[2πfc t] + n(t)

Here, n(t) is the noise added to the carrier signal and for the simplification we have used the
in phase and quadrature component of the noise.
ˆ + ns (t))sin[2πfc t]
u(t) = (Ac m(t) + nc (t))cos[2πfc t] ± (Ac m(t)

Considering the demodulation occurs with ideal phase synchronisation that is phase gener-
ated at the receiver is same as that of the carrier signal, on passing it thorough the low pass
filter, we obtain the expression.
Ac nc (t)
y(t) = ±
2 2

The noise power-spectral density in this case is N2o over the bandwidth W.
 No 
2
, if f c ≤ |f | ≤ f c + W
Su (f ) = (1)
0, otherwise

Power of the signal will be,

No
Pm = ∗ W ∗ 2 = No W
2
1
 The Signal to Noise Ratio for SSB-SC will be
Pw A2c 1
Pm = ×
2 No W

However the SNR of DSB-SC signals were,

Pw A2c 1
Pm = ×
2 2No W

The advantage of using SSB over DSB is not only the bandwidth efficiency but also the
final Signal to Noise Ratio is better.

2 Effect of Noise in conventional AM

The modulated signal is,

s(t) = Ac [1 + amn (t)]cos(2πfc t)
the received signal at the envelop detector is,

u(t) = s(t) + n(t)

u(t) = [Ac [1 + amn (t)] + nc t]cos(2πfc t) − ns (t)sin(2πfc t)

the expression of the envelop of the u(t) is,
p
vu (t) = (Ac (1 + am(t)) + nc (t))2 + n2s (t)

let us assume the case where the power of the noise signal is much less than the power of
the carrier signal i.e. ns (t) ≪ Ac (1 + am(t)) + ns (t) , the expression becomes

vu (t) = Ac (1 + am(t)) + nc (t)

vu (t) = Ac + aAc m(t) + nc (t)

Therefore the signal consists of three components, the carrier component Ac , signal compo-
nent aAc m(t), noise component nc (t).

considering am(t) ≫ 1, the signal becomes similar to that of a DSB-SC, hence the final
SNR also becomes the same.

In this next case we assume that the power of the noise signal is large enough not to be
neglected, p
vu (t) = (Ac [1 + am(t)] + nc (t))2 + n2s (t)

2
 p
vu (t) = A2c (1 + am(t))2 + n2c (t) + n2s (t) + 2Ac nc (t)(1 + am(t))
let Vn (t) be the envelope of the noise,
p
vn (t) = n2c (t) + n2s (t)

now rearranging the equations we get,

s
2Ac nc (t)
vu (t) = vn2 (t)(1 + (1 + am(t)))
vn2 (t)
s
2Ac nc (t)
vu (t) = vn (t) (1 + (1 + am(t)))
vn2 (t)
It can be observed that at the demodulator output, the signal and the noise components are
no longer additive and, in fact, the signal component is multiplied by noise and is no longer
distinguishable. In this case, no meaningful SNR can be defined. Thus in conclusion envelop
detector works only when the signal power is much greater than the noise power.

3 Carrier-Phase Estimation with a Phase Locked Loop

- PLL

The signal received at the input of the demodulator is,

u(t) = Ac m(t)cos(2πfc t)

let message signal m(t) be zero mean i.e. it doesn’t have any dc component. Had there been
a dc component we could write m(t) as sum of m̂(t) and some dc value.

There is a random phase ϕc , that we want to estimate, in order to do that we generate

square of the signal u(t),

A2c 2 A2
u2 (t) = m (t) + c m2 (t)cos(4πfc t + 2ϕc )
2 2
On passing it through a high pass filter, we obtain

A2c 2
y(t) = m (t)cos(4πfc t + 2ϕc )
2
Speciality of this signal is that the modulating signal m2 (t) will never be negative and hence
there will be a dc component.

3
 Figure 1: Flowchart of Carrier Phase Estimation

We can use an amplitude limiter or a narrow band pass filter to get rid of the m2 (t).
Here we will use a clipper circuit that will preserve the phase and frequency of the signal.
The signal obtained is,
A2
y(t) = c cos(4πfc t + 2ϕc )
2
It is then fed into a PLL.

3.1 The Phase Locked Loop

Let the PLL has a phase estimate of ϕ̂, then the actuating signal will be,

e(t) = cos(4πfc t + 2ϕc )sin(4πfc t + 2ϕ̂)

sin(2(ϕ̂ − ϕc )) sin(8πfc t + 2ϕ̂ + 2ϕc )

e(t) = +
2 2

Figure 2: Element of PLL

4
 Considering that that ϕ̂ − ϕc is very close to zero, then we can approximate sin(ϕ̂ − ϕc ) ≈
ϕ̂ − ϕc ,
sin(8πfc t + 2ϕ̂ + 2ϕc )
e(t) = (ϕ̂ − ϕc ) +
2
On passing it through a Low Pass Filter we will obtain the desired value ϕ̂ − ϕc .

3.2 Addition of noise in the beginning

let us assume that the the PLL is tracing a signal of form,

s(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t + ϕc )

a noise of the form n(t) is added to the signal, the noise over here is considered as white
Gaussian process
n(t) = nc (t)cos(2πfc t) + ns (t)sin(2πfc t)
Therefore the signal with noise will be,

u(t) = Ac m(t)cos(2πfc t + ϕc ) + nc (t)cos(2πfc t) − ns sin(2πfc t)

On squaring the signal will produce another noise term that will be also a White gaussian
process, however the proof of it will be discussed latter. Now the error signal e(t) at high
signal to noise ratio becomes gaussian process,
Ac
e(t) = sin(2(ϕc − ϕ̂)) + xc sin(2(ϕc − ϕ̂)) − xs cos(2(ϕc − ϕ̂))
2
where xs and xc are gaussian random process,

xc = nc (t)cos(ϕ(t)) + ns (t)sin(ϕ(t))

xs = −nc (t)sin(ϕ(t)) + ns (t)cos(ϕ(t))

Signal to Noise Ratio,
No Beq
A2c
Under high signal to noise ratio we can quantify phase error into input signal noise.