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Modulation
Chapter-4
Contents
1. FM representation signals
2. Noise calculation in FM
3. Noise in FM phasor diagram
4. SNR Calculation of noisy FM
5. Figure of merit in noisy FM
6. SNR Improvement: Pre‐emphasis and de‐emphasis
7. Threshold effect in Noisy FM
8. Threshold in Frequency Modulation
9. Numerical problems and solutions
Representation of FM Signal
Let the angle modulated signal is given by Then f i t f c 1 d
t
2 dt
ut Ac cos t
If m(t) is a message signal ,then in FM system, we have
Where t is the phase of the signal ,
f i t f c k p mt
1 d
t (2)
2 dt
and its instantaneous frequency is given by
Where kf =frequency deviation constant
f i t
1 d
t
2 d Take integration of both the sides of eqn (2) then
Since u(t) is a band pass signal, it can be represented as k p m(t ), for PM ( Phase mod ulation
ut Ac cos2f c t t (1) t t
From eqn(2) it is found that the demodulation of an FM signal involves finding instantaneous frequency of the
modulated signal and then subtracting the carrier frequency from it. f max k f max mt
The maximum frequency deviation in an FM system is given by
when m(t ) a cos 2f m t or a cos 2fwt
t
t 2k f m d
Noise in FM
t
2k f cos 2f
m d
kf
or t a sin 2f m t
fm
The signal is given by
kf
let or f
t
a Modulation indices
fm st Ac cos2f c t k f m d ,where k f is in time domain
then u t s (t ) Ac cos 2f c t f sin 2f m t
t
For non-sinusoidal signal, s t Ac cos2f c t 2k f m d , where k f is in frequency domain
k f max mt
f The noise is given by
w or f m
nt n s t cos2f c t n c t sin 2f c t
Where w=bandwidth of the signal nt r t cos2f c t t
So, the noise also can be written as
nt r t cos2f c t t
t
x t Ac cos2f c t 2k f m d r t cos2f c t t
Now, let us take the angle made by x(t) is t , but x(t0 is making angle with reference
t
So, that the actual angle becomes t t
Where t is the reference angle.
xt Ac cos2f c t t r t cos2f c t t
C
AB r t cos t t Ac
BC r t sin t t
O
r t sin t t
t t tan 1
Ac r t cos t t
AB r t cos t t
BC r t sin t t
r t sin t t
t t tan 1
Ac r t cos t t
As r t Ac , we can write
r t sin t t
t t tan 1
Ac
vt
1 d
t
2 dt
t 1 d r t sin t t
vt
1 d
2 dt 2 dt Ac
t
t m d
1
2k f
2
Taking differentiation
d t d
t
m d
1
2k f
dt 2 dt
So, now the differentiation and integration cancel each other, and we get
d t
k f mt dt
dt
1 d r t sin t t
Let n d t (X )
2 dt Ac
Here t related to noise and t related to signal.( so, there is no issue with t .
The equation(x) shows that the noise part still have message signal information due to t .
The eqn(x) shows the noise variation is from 0 to 2 due to sin t t , we can write with
ot loss of generality then
n d t
1 d
r t sin t
2Ac dt
Quadrature components
n d t
1 d
r t sin t For ideal differentiator
2Ac dt
d
Quadrature components 2jf j
dt
f
2
BT
S nd
f Ac
SN
f , f
q
2
0, , Otherwise
If the noise we take, the nQ t can be represented with in the desired band. The meaning of
n d t is the noise nQ t passed through the ideal differentiator circuit
2
f
Now plot S nd f SN f
Ac
q
When f=0, S nd f 0 , when f varies , we get the characteristics as shown in figure of demodulation.
W 2
f
Noise power
PNoise
W
A 2
c
N 0 df
N 0 2W 3
PNoise 2
Ac 3
And the signal part is given by k f mt
H pe f H de f 1
So
We have to know what should be the noise and signal after de-emphasis
S Nd f
The signal will be same as before, but the noise has to go through Rx and De-emphasis
After receiver ,the noise PSD is S Nd f , it will go through the de-emphasis filter and it is
chosen to be a LTI system
S No f H De f S Nd f
2
So S No f H De f 2 S Nd f
S
Average noise power without pre & de em filter P no
N OPD
Let I Average noise power with pre & de em filter
P nPD
S
N O
S
f
2 N OPD P no 2W 3
N 0 (Y ) I W
S
We know nd f A S P nPD
c
H De f df
2 2
3 f
N O
Noise power with Pe and De W
W
N0 In other way we can write
A f H De f df
2
PnPD 2
2
c
W
f
W
N0 N0
3 w 1
Pno f 2 df w
W
A2 c A2 c 3
N0 2 3
Pno 2 3
w
A c
Now the pre-emphasis filter is a high pass filter to keep higher frequency intact
and lower frequency component by a LPF i,e de-emphasis filter
S
N OPD P no 2W 3 For FM with pre-emphasis and
I W
We know S P nPD de-emphasis filtering, we have
H De f df
2 2
3 f
N O
For a low pass filter W
2W 3 2W 3
I
H De f
1 W W 2
H De f df
f 2 2 f
3 f 3 df
1 j f
2
f0 W W
1
0
f
3
Where f 0
1 w
2RC
f
0
H Pe f is the inverse of H De f . I
w
1 w
3 tan
0
f 0
f
H Pe f
1 f
1 j
H De f f0 If f0=2.1 kw, w=15khz( for musical instrument)
Then I=22 or I in dB=13dB
Threshold effect of noise in FM
If FM captured by the noise, which is bad in analysis, I,e called threshold effect of noise or click
noise of FM.
Noise is uncorrelated
t
t k f m d
xt st nt
f
k f max mt BC 2 1W
W BC
and 2 1
kf f W
W max mt Let
BC
W
2
S 3PM PR f
SNR FM SNR 0 And 2 1
N O N 0W max mt
S PR
If we denote Or 1
2
N b N 0W
2
S f S
2
SNR 0 3PM 1
Then SNR FM
N O
max mt N S 2 S
SNR0 3PM
b
PM N O
max m t
N b
The is the average to peak power ratio of the message signal or
maxmt
2
S
20 1
N b
In such case
S 3 2 S
SNR 0
N O 2 N b
S
SNR0 60 1PMn
2
N O
Q-1
Note
Q -1
Q-3