Module – 2: Angle Modulation

Angle Modulation
2.1 Introduction:
Besides using the amplitude of carrier information, one can also use the angle of carrier to
carry information. This approach is called angle modulation, and includes frequency
modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM). In angle modulation, the phase angle of a
sinusoidal carrier signal is varied according to the modulating signal. The amplitude of the
carrier is maintained constant. An important feature of FM and PM is that they can provide
much better protection to the message against the channel noise as compared to the linear
(amplitude) modulation schemes. Also, because of their constant amplitude nature, they can
withstand nonlinear distortion and amplitude fading. The price paid to achieve these benefits
is the increased bandwidth requirement; that is, the transmission bandwidth of the FM or PM
signal with constant amplitude and which can provide noise immunity is much larger than
2W, where W is the highest frequency component present in the message spectrum. Consider
a sinusoidal carrier signal:

c(t )  Ac cos    Ac cos  2 f c t  0  (4.1)

where Ac is the (constant) amplitude, fc is the (constant) frequency in Hz, ϕ0 is the (constant)
initial phase angle and θ = 2πfct + ϕ0 is the angle of the carrier signal. In Amplitude
Modulation (AM), it was shown that the amplitude of carrier Ac is varied as a function of the
message signal m(t). By contrast, in angle modulation, Ac is a constant but θi(t) is a function
of m(t) instead of being equal to 2πfct + ϕ0. The angle modulated wave can be written as:

s (t )  Ac cos i (t )  (4.2)

where θi(t), the instantaneous angle quantity, is a function of m(t). The instantaneous
frequency fi of the angle modulated wave s(t), is given by:

1 di (t )
fi  (4.3)
2 dt

The subscript i in θi(t) or fi indicative of our interest in the instantaneous behaviour of these
quantities. If θi(t) = 2πfct + ϕ0, then fi reduces to the constant fc.

2.2 Phase modulation

The phase modulated signal can be usually written as:

s (t )  Ac cos i (t )   Ac cos  2 f c t  i (t )  (4.4)

where, ϕi(t) is the phase deviation and is proportional to the modulating signal m(t).

i (t )  k p m(t ) (4.5)
 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

where, kp is the phase sensitivity constant of the modulator with the units, radians per volt.
Thus, a phase modulated signal can be represented by:

s(t )  Ac cos  2 f ct  k p m(t )  (4.6)

The term 2πfct is the angle of the un-modulated carrier. In PM, from eq. (4.6), it is evident
that the phase deviation of s(t) from that of the un-modulated carrier phase is a linear function
of the base-band message signal, m(t). In a single tone modulation, m(t )  Am cos(2 f mt ) .
So, i (t )  k p Am cos(2 f mt ) , and maximum phage deviation is   k p Am . Figure 4.1
illustrates PM for both analog and digital modulating signals.

Figure 4.1: PM modulated waves for: (a) Analog message signal (b) Digital message signal

2.3 Frequency modulation:

The Frequency modulated signal can be usually written as:

s (t )  Ac cos i (t )  (4.7)

In FM, the instantaneous frequency is a function of m(t); that is, fi = fc + kf m(t). kf is

frequency sensitivity constant of the modulator with the units Hz/volt. The instantaneous
frequency of the angle modulated wave is given by:

1 di (t )
fi  (4.8)
2 dt
t
i (t )  2  f i dt


t t
i (t )  2   f c  k f m(t )  dt  2 f ct  2 k f  m(t )dt
 

Substituting in eq. (4.7), the time domain equation for FM signal is denoted as:
 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

s (t )  Ac cos  2 f ct  2 k f  m(t )dt 

t
(4.9)
  

In a single tone modulation, m(t) = Amcos(2πfmt). So, fi = fc + kf Amcos(2πfmt) and maximum

frequency deviation is Δf = kf Am. The single tone FM wave is given by:

s(t )  Ac cos  2 f ct  2 k f  Am cos(2 f mt )dt 

t

  

 sin(2 f mt ) 
s (t )  Ac cos  2 f c t  2 k f Am 
 2 f m 

 k A 
s (t )  Ac cos  2 f c t  f m sin(2 f m t )   Ac cos  2 f c t   sin(2 f m t ) (4.10)
 fm 

Where β is modulation index of FM, and is given by:

k f Am f
  (4.11)
fm fm

In FM when β << 1, such a modulation is called as narrow band frequency modulation

(NBFM) and if this condition is not satisfied then such a modulation is called as wide band
frequency modulation (WBFM).

Figure 4.2: FM wave for analog modulation signal

 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

2.4 Narrow Band Frequency Modulation (NBFM)

Expanding FM expression given in eq. (4.10) results:

s (t )  Ac cos  2 f ct  cos 

 sin(2 f mt )   Ac sin  2 f c t  sin 
 sin(2 f mt )  (4.12)
 

For β < 1,

sin( )   and cos( )  1

So,

s (t )  Ac cos  2 f c t   Ac  sin  2 f c t  sin  2 f m t  (4.13)

This is the time domain expression for in NBFM. Expanding eq. (4.13) results:

Ac  A
s(t )  Ac cos  2 f ct   cos  2 ( f c  f m )t   c cos  2 ( f c  f m )t 
2 2

Thus the spectrum of NBFM is shown in Figure 4.4.

S( f )
Ac Ac
2 2
Ac  Ac 
4 4

f
 fc  fm  fc  fc  fm 0 fc  fm fc fc  fm

B  2 fm

Ac  Ac 
 
4 4
Figure 4.4: Spectrum of NBFM

AM signal and NBFM have same modulation index and bandwidth.

Power calculations in NBFM:

Ac2
Power of carrier = Pc  (4.14)
2
Ac2  2
Power of upper side band = PUSB  (4.15)
8
 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

Ac2  2
Power of lower side band = PLSB  (4.16)
8

 2 
Total Power of FM signal = Pt  Pc  1  (4.17)
 2 

There is no application of NFM because it has similarity with AM.

2.5 Generation of NBFM:

One of the principal applications of NBFM is in the (indirect) generation of WBFM as
explained later on in this section. The system shown in Figure 4.5 can be used to generate the
NBFM signal. Applying m(t) directly to the balanced modulator, results in NBFM with a
suitable value for kf .

2  


2

Figure 4.5: Generation of NBFM signal

2.6 Wide Band Frequency Modulation (WBFM)

If the modulation index β > 1, then we have the wideband FM, which has theoretically
infinite bandwidth. However, as will be seen a little later, most of the power of the FM signal
resides in a finite bandwidth, called the transmission bandwidth. From eq. (4.10), the FM
expression is given by:

s (t )  Ac cos  2 f ct   sin(2 f m t )

We know from Euler's formula: cos θ + j sin θ = ejθ → cos θ = Re [ejθ], so

s(t )  Ac Re  e j  2 f ct   sin(2 fmt )  

 Ac Re  e j 2 fct e j sin(2 fmt )  (4.18)

Let e j  sin(2 f mt )  g (t ) and

fm = 1/T0.

Here, g(t) is a periodic signal with period fm. Expressing this term in Fourier series, we have:
 Module – 2: Angle Modulation


2
g (t )  e j  sin(2 f m t )
 ce
n 
n
jn0t
, where 0 
T0
(4.19)

T0 /2
1
cn 
T0 
 T0 /2
g (t )e  jn0t dt

1/2 f m

 fm 
1/2 f m
e j sin(2 fmt ) e  jn0t dt

1/2 f m

cn  f m 
1/2 f m
e j (  sin(2 fmt )  n0t ) dt

Let θ =2πfmt

 
fm 1
 e  e
j (  sin   n )
cn  d  j (  sin   n )
d (4.20)
2 f m 
2 

The term given in eq. (4.20) referred as the nth order Bessel function of the first kind and the
Bessel function is defined as:


1
 e
j ( x sin   n )
J n ( x)  d (4.21)
2 

For argument β, the Bessel function is denoted as:


1
cn  J n (  )   e
j (  sin   n )
d (4.22)
2 

From eq. (4.18), eq.(4.19) and eq.(4.22)

 

s (t )  Ac Re  e j 2 fct  J n (  ) e jn 2 fmt 
 n  

  
s (t )  Ac Re   J n (  ) e j 2 f ct e jn 2 fmt 
 n  

  
 Ac Re   J n (  ) e j 2 ( f c  nfm ) t 
 n  

s(t )  Ac J
n 
n (  ) cos  2 ( f c  nf m )t  (4.23)

Thus, eq. (4.23) is the time domain expression for WBFM.

 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

Properties of Bessel function:

1. Jn(β) is always real (For all n and β)

2. J−n (β) = (−1)n Jn(β)
(  / 2)n
3. For small values of β, J n (  ) 
n!
Hence, for small values of β,
J 0 ( )  1


J1 (  ) 
2
J n (  )  0, n  1

4. J
n 
2
n ( )  1

Using property 2, the WBFM given in eq. (4.23) can be elaborated as:

s(t )  Ac J 0 (  ) cos  2 f ct   Ac J 1 (  ) cos  2 ( f c  f m )t   Ac J 1 (  ) cos  2 ( f c  f m )t 

(4.24)
 Ac J 2 (  ) cos  2 ( f c  2 f m )t   Ac J 2 (  ) cos  2 ( f c  2 f m )t   ...

For the WBFM given in eq. (4.24), the one sided spectrum is as shown in Figure 4.6. From
this figure it is observed that the ideal bandwidth of WBFM is infinite.

S( f )
Ac J 0 (  )
2
Ac J 1 (  )
2
Ac J 2 (  ) Ac J 2 (  )
2 2
Ac J 3 (  )
2
  f
0 fc  3 fm fc  2 fm fc  fm fc fc  fm fc  2 fm fc  3 fm
Ac J 3 (  )

2

Ac J 1 (  )

2
Figure 4.6: Spectrum of WBFM

Analysis of WBFM spectrum:

Figure 4.7 depicts the behaviour of Jn(β). We now make the following observations regarding
the spectrum (f > 0) of a tone modulated FM signal.
 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

1. The spectrum of a tone modulated FM wave contains carrier component and an infinite
set of side-frequencies located symmetrically on either side of the carrier at frequency
separations of nfm, n = 1, 2, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅. So, the ideal bandwidth is infinite.
2. For small β, only J0(β) and J1(β) are significant. Then the FM spectrum has only three
components: at fc, fc ± fm. This situation corresponds to the special case of NBFM.
3. The amplitude of the carrier component varies with β according to J0(β). Thus, in contrast
to AM, this amplitude ‘contains’ part of the message information.
4. The amplitude of spectral components depends on the Bessel function Jn(β). Jn(β)
decreases as n increases. So, the amplitude of the higher order spectral component will be
less than that of lower order components.
5. In FM, the maximum efficiency to be possible is 100% at β = 2.4, 5.5, 8.6, 11.8, etc. The
carrier amplitude of spectrum is zero at these values as shown in Figure 4.7. For this case,
the total power is distributed to side bands.

Figure 4.7: (a) J0(β) vs β for n = 0 (b) Jn(β) vs β for different values of n

2.6.1 Power calculations in WBFM:

All the following power calculations are normalized at R (resistance) = 1.
2
 A J ( )  Ac2 J 02 (  )
Power of carrier: Pfc   c 0  
 2  2

Ac2 J12 (  )
Power of 1st order USB: Pfc  fm 
2
Ac2 J 21 (  )
st
Power of 1 order LSB: Pfc  fm 
2
Ac2 J 22 (  )
Power of 2nd order USB: Pfc 2 fm 
2
Ac2 J 22 (  )
nd
Power of 2 order LSB: Pfc 2 fm 
2
 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

Ac2   2 
The total transmitted power in WBFM: Pt   
2  n 
J n (  )


From Property 4 of Bessel function, we know J
n 
2
n ( )  1

Ac2
Hence Pt  (4.25)
2
This total power in WBFM is equal to un-modulated carrier power. So, power required to
transmit FM signal is lower than AM and FM power is independent of modulation index.

2.6.2 Calculation of practical Bandwidth using Carson’s rule:

The ideal bandwidth (B) of FM signal is infinite. But, the practically the bandwidth of the
signal should be as minimum as possible. So, the WBFM signal passed through a BPF to
eliminate the higher order spectral components. According to Carson’s rule only carrier and
(β+1) upper and lower side bands will have significant amplitudes and contains 99% of the
total power. So the bandwidth of WBFM signal is:

 f 
B  2(   1) f m  2   1 f m (4.26)
 fm 

From eq. (4.26), it is evident that the FM requires more bandwidth than AM and bandwidth
of FM depend on modulation index, whereas bandwidth of AM doesn’t depend on
modulation index.

2.7 Generation WBFM:

There are two distinct methods of generating WBFM signals: Direct method and Indirect
method. Details on their generation are as follows.
2.7.1 Direct method of FM:
An FM signal can be generated by using a varactor diode (also called varicap, or voltacap)
and a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO). A varactor diode is a semiconductor diode that
exhibits a definite capacitance value with the applied (reverse) voltage. The capacitance of
the varactor diode will vary as a function of applied reverse bias. This varactor diode is
connected in parallel with an oscillator consisting a capacitance C and inductance L. The
frequency of oscillator is controlled by the message signal m(t), and any such oscillator
whose frequency is controlled by a message signal is called as a Voltage Controlled
Oscillator. The oscillation frequency fi of a parallel tuned circuit is given by:

1 1
fi  or i  (4.27)
2 LCE LCE

Let the effective tuned circuit capacitance CE be related to the message signal according to:
 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

CE = C − km(t) (4.28)

where k is an appropriate constant associated with the varactor diode.

1 1  km( t )  k m(t )
So, i (t )   1  2C  , where  1
 km (t )  LC C
LC 1 
 C 

1
Let c  be the carrier frequency
LC
kc
Then i  c  c f m(t ), where c f  (4.29)
2C

Hence, the instantaneous frequency of the oscillator is of the form: i  c  k f m(t ) , which
represents the FM equation.

Oscillator

Varactor
CV
Diode
FM Signal
 C L
m( t )


Figure 4.8: Varactor diode frequency modulator

2.7.2 Indirect method (Armstrong’s method):

In this method, first a narrowband FM signal is generated. This is then converted to WBFM
by using frequency multiplication. This is shown schematically in Figure 4.9.

m( t ) NBFM x (t ) Frequency y (t ) WBFM

Mixer
Modulator Multiplier ( n ) Ac cos  2 nf c t  n sin(2 f m t ) 
Ac cos  2 ( n  1) f ct 
c( t ) or
Ac cos  2 ( n  1) f ct 
Figure 4.9: Generation of WBFM (Armstrong method)

A frequency multiplier is a nonlinear device followed by a BPF. Let us take in a non-linear

devise with characteristic vo = avi + bvi2, if b = 0, then that devise will be a linear devise (vo =
avi). Similarly, if a = 0, then that devise will be a square law devise (vo = bvi2), that means
frequency multiplier by 2. Thus, a nonlinear devise of order n can give rise to frequency
multiplication by a factor of n. For simplicity, consider a square law device with output y(t) =
x2(t) where x(t) is the input. Let x(t) be the NBFM signal given by,
 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

t
x (t )  Ac cos  (t )  , where  (t )  2 f c t  2 k f  m(t )dt (4.30)


So, y (t )  Ac2 cos2  (t ) 

Ac2
 1  cos  2 (t )  
2 

Ac2 Ac2  t

  cos  2 (2 f c )t  4 k f  m(t )dt  (4.31)
2 2   

The DC term in eq. (4.31) can be filtered out to give a WBFM output with the carrier
frequency 2fc and frequency deviation twice that of the input NBFM signal. In the same way,
if we take a frequency multiplier by a factor n, then the output of frequency multiplier is:

 t

y (t )  cos  2 ( nf c )t  2n k f  m(t )dt 
  

For a single tone modulation:

y (t )  cos  2 ( nf c )t  n  sin(2 f m t ) 

So, fc and β are increased by a factor n, but there is no change in fm. If necessary, frequency
multiplication can be resorted to in more than one stage. If β is increased by a factor n, the Δf
also increases by a factor n. For example:

m( t ) NBFM x (t ) Frequency WBFM

y (t )
Modulator Multiplier ( 2)
f c  1 MHz f c  2 MHz
  0.8   1.6
c(t )
f m  2 KHz f m  2 KHz

m( t ) NBFM x (t ) Frequency y (t ) f c  1MHz

Mixer
Modulator Multiplier (10)
f c  1 MHz f c  10 MHz
  0.8  8
c( t )
f L = 9 MHz (or) 11MHz

Figure 4.10: Examples of Armstrong’s method

 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

An example of an Armstrong FM System (Commercial FM):

The multiplier scheme used in a commercial FM transmitter is indicated in Figure 4.11.

m( t ) NBFM Frequency Frequency

Mixer
Modulator Multiplier ( 64) Multiplier ( 48)
f c1  200 kHz f c 2  12.8 MHz f c 3  1.9 MHz f c 3  91.2 MHz
f 2  1.6 kHz f 3  1.6 kHz f 3  76.8 kHz
c( t ) f1  25Hz
Crystal Oscillator
10.9 MHz
Figure 4.11: Multiplier chain used in typical commercial FM transmitter

The carrier frequency of the NBFM signal fc1, is 200 kHz with the corresponding Δf1 = 25
Hz. Desired FM output is to have the frequency deviation Δf4  75 kHz and a carrier (fc4) of
91.2 MHz. To obtain Δf4 = 75 kHz starting from Δf1 = 25 Hz, we require a total frequency
multiplication of (75×103)/25 = 3000. In the scheme of Figure 4.9, this has been
accomplished in two stages, namely, multiplication by 64 followed by multiplication by 48,
giving a total multiplication by the factor 64 × 48 = 3072. (Actually each stage of
multiplication is implemented by a cascade of frequency doublers or triplers. Thus
multiplication by 64 is obtained by 6 doublers in cascade whereas multiplication by 48 is
implemented by a cascade of a frequency tripler and 4 doublers.) Multiplication of fc1 = 200
kHz by 3072 gives a carrier frequency fc4 = 614.4 MHz. As the final required carrier
frequency is 91.2 MHz, a frequency conversion stage is used to down convert fc2 (12.8 MHz)
to fc3 (1.9 MHz). In this process of down conversion, frequency deviation is unaffected (Δf2 =
Δf3 = 1.6 kHz). The possible drawbacks of this scheme are the introduction of noise in the
process of multiplication and distortion in the generation of NBFM signal especially for low
modulating frequencies as β could become excessive.

2.8 Relation between Frequency Modulation and Phase Modulation:

A frequency modulated signal can be generated using a phase modulator by first integrating
m(t) and using it as an input to a phase modulator. This is possible by considering FM signal
as phase modulated signal in which the modulating wave is integral of m(t) in place of m(t).
This is shown in the Figure 4.12.

2 k f
Modulating kp  m(t ) dt Phase
Ac cos  2 f c t  2 k f  m(t )dt 
 
Integrator
Wave m(t ) Modulator FM Signal

Accos(2 f ct )
Figure 4.12: Scheme for generating of FM signal from PM generator

Similarly, a PM signal can be generated by first differentiating m(t) and then using the
resultant signal as the input to a FM modulator, as shown in Figure 4.13.
 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

k p dm(t )
Ac cos  2 f c t  k p m(t ) 
Modulating 2 k f dt Frequency
Differentiator
Wave m(t ) Modulator PM Signal

Accos(2 f ct )
Figure 4.13: Scheme for generating of PM signal from FM generator

2.9 Comparison between Frequency Modulation and Phase Modulation:

Table 4.1: Comparison between FM and PM

Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation

Frequency modulated signal: Power required is less

s (t )  Ac cos  2 f ct  2 k f  m(t )dt  s(t )  Ac cos  2 f ct  k p m(t ) 
t

  

In a single tone modulation, In a single tone modulation,

m(t )  Am cos(2 f m t ) m(t )  Am cos(2 f m t )
s (t )  Ac cos  2 f ct   sin(2 f m t ) s (t )  Ac cos  2 f ct   cos(2 f m t )

Frequency deviation f  k f Vm Phase deviation   k pVm

Bandwidth: B = 2(βFM + 1)fm Bandwidth: B = 2(βPM +1)fm

k f Vm
Modulation index  FM  Modulation index  PM    k pVm
fm

2.10 Comparison between AM and FM:

Table 4.2: Comparison between AM and FM

Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation

Power required is more Power required is less

Ac2  m 2  Ac2
Pt  1 Pt 
2  2  2

AM signal power varies with modulation FM signal power is independent of

index modulation index

Maximum efficiency to be possible is: Maximum efficiency to be possible is:

% η = 33% % η = 100 % (at β = 2.4, 5.5, 8.6,...)

 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

AM requires less bandwidth: B = 2fm FM requires more bandwidth: B = 2(β+1)fm

Bandwidth is independent of modulation Bandwidth is dependent upon modulation

index index

Receiver is less complex Receiver is more complex

Effect of noise is more Noise effect is less

Carrier frequency used is (550 – 1650) KHz Carrier frequency used is (88 – 108) MHz

Coverage area is more because of Coverage area is limited because of line of

Ionospheric propagation sight propagation

Frequency reuse is not possible Frequency reuse is possible

Fidelity is less Fidelity is more

2.11 Demodulation of FM Signals:

A variety of techniques and circuits have been developed for demodulating FM signals. The
widely used techniques are Frequency discrimination method (FM to AM conversion
method), Phase discrimination method and Phased Locked Loop method.

Frequency discrimination methods (FM to AM conversion method):

The instantaneous frequency of an FM signal is given by fi = fc + kf m(t). Hence a frequency
selective network with a transfer function of the from |H(f)| = αf + β , ( f > 0, and α and β are
constants) over the FM band would yield an output proportional to the instantaneous
frequency. That is, the circuit converts the frequency deviation into a corresponding
amplitude change, which in this case is proportional to m(t), the message signal. It is assumed
that the time constant of the network is small enough in comparison with the variations in the
instantaneous frequency of the FM signal.
Consider the scheme shown in Figure 5.1, where d/dt represents a bandpass
differentiator with the magnitude characteristic |H(f)| = αf + β, (for f > 0), over the required
bandwidth. The Band–Pass Limiter (BPL) eliminates amplitude fluctuations from the
received FM signal.

Received s (t ) d s '(t ) Envelop DC km(t )

BPL
Signal dt Detector Blocker

Figure 5.1: Schematic of an FM demodulator based on FM to AM conversion

Let s(t) is the constant amplitude FM signal to be demodulated and s'(t) is the output of the
differentiator given by:
 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

 t

s '(t )   Ac c  2 k f m(t )  sin ct  2 k f  m( )d  (5.1)
  

Above equation represents a signal that is both amplitude and frequency modulated. The
envelope of s'(t) is Ac ωc + 2πkf m(t)] (we assume that Δf = kf mp ≤ fc; hence, ωc + 2πkf m(t)]
≥ 0). As Acωc represents a DC term, signal m(t) can be obtained from s'(t) , after the DC-
block.
The need for a BPL is as follows. Assume that the received FM signal (with
amplitude fluctuations) is applied directly as the input to the differentiator. Let Ac(t) denote
the envelope of the FM signal. Then, there would be an additional term, dAc(t)/d t on the RHS
of the above equation. Even if this term were to be neglected, the envelope of s' (t) would be
is Ac ωc + 2πkf m(t)], which implies that the envelope of s'(t) does not contain a term
proportional to m(t). Therefore, it is essential to maintain the FM envelope at a constant level.
(Several factors such as channel noise, fading etc. cause variations in Ac). Band-pass limiter
eliminates the amplitude fluctuations, giving rise to an FM signal with constant envelope.

Problems

P2.1. A FM signal is represented in time domain as: s(t )  cos  2 106 t  4sin (8 103 t )  .
Calculate frequency deviation, modulation index, bandwidth and total power.
P2.2. A 100 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal of amplitude 20 V
and frequency 100 KHz. The frequency sensitivity of the modulator is 20 KHz/Volts.
(a) Calculate frequency deviation, modulation index and bandwidth.
(b) Repeat the whole calculations when message amplitude is doubled and message
frequency is halved.
P2.3. A carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal of frequency 2 KHz. The
frequency deviation is 6 KHz.
(a) Calculate modulation index and bandwidth.
(b) If the amplitude of the message signal is increased by a factor of 2 and its
frequency is decreased to 1 KHz, then calculate frequency deviation, modulation
index and bandwidth.
P2.4. A 10 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal resulting a maximum
frequency deviation of 50 KHz. Calculate the modulation index and bandwidth when
the message frequency is: (a) 500 KHz (b) 500 Hz.
P2.5. A device with input x(t) and output y(t) is characterized by y(t) = x2(t). If an FM signal
with frequency deviation of 90 KHz and a modulating signal frequency of 5 KHz is
applied to this device, then calculate the bandwidth of output signal.
P2.6. An angle modulated signal is represented in time domain as
10cos  2 106 t  5sin (8 103 t )  . Calculate the phase and frequency deviations.
P2.7. An angle modulated signal is represented in time domain as
s(t ) =10cos  2 106 t  3sin (2 103 t )  .
 Module – 2: Angle Modulation

(a) Assume the given signal is frequency modulated. Calculate frequency deviation,
modulation index, bandwidth and total power.
(b) Repeat the above calculations when message frequency is doubled.
P2.8. Repeat the above problem assuming phase modulation.
P2.9. A sinusoidal signal of 4 KHz frequency is used as a message signal for an FM and
AM transmitter. Both of the transmitters use the same carrier. The frequency
deviation in FM transmitter is four times the bandwidth of AM transmitter. The
amplitude of spectral component at fc + 4 KHz is same in AM and FM spectrum.
Determine the modulation index of AM and FM.
P2.10. Let m(t) = cos (4π103t) and c(t) = 5 cos (2π106t)
(a) c(t) and m(t) are used to generate an AM signal. The modulation index of the AM
signal is 0.5. Determine the quantity of total side band power/carrier power.
(b) c(t) and m(t) are used to generate an FM signal. The frequency deviation of the
FM signal is 3 times the bandwidth of AM signal. Determine the coefficient of
5cos  2 (1008  103 )t  .
P2.11. An FM transmitter radiates 100 watts when the carrier is not modulated. The carrier is
now modulated by a sinusoidal signal and modulation index is adjusted such that the
amplitude of 1st order side bands is ‘0’ in the spectrum. Under this condition calculate
power of: (i) carrier (ii) all the remaining side bands (iii) the 2nd order side band.
Note: J0(0) = 1; J0(2.4) = 0; J0(3.8) = –0.4; J0(5.1) = –0.16;
J1(2.4) = 0.52; J1(3.8) = 0; J1(5.1) = –0.33;
J2(2.4) = 0.43; J2(3.8) = 0.41; J2(5.1) = 0;
P2.12. A carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal with amplitude Am and
frequency fm in a certain experiment conducted with fm = 1 KHz and increasing Am
(starting from 0 volts). It was found that the carrier component in the FM spectrum is
reduced to ‘0’ for the first time when Am is 2 volts. Calculate frequency sensitivity of
modulator. Also calculate the value of Am for which the carrier component is reduced
to ‘0’ for the second time.
P2.13. Design a commercial FM system to generate a WBFM signal of bandwidth 480 kHz and
carrier frequency 102.6 MHz using an NBFM signal s(t) = 6 cos [3×105πt + 0.01 sin (2×104
πt)]. Is a frequency conversion stage required? If so, when does it become essential? Draw the
schematic block diagram of this design. The system has the following limitations. Only
frequency doublers and triplers are available. The frequency of the signal generated by the
local oscillator should not exceed 12 MHz.