KIE2008 (Week 3)

Angle Modulation
i. Representation of FM and PM Signals
ii. Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated
Signals
iii. Implementation of Angle Modulators and
Demodulators

Adapted from,
Proakis and Salehi (2014), Fundamental of
Communication Systems, 2nd Ed. Pearson.
 Introduction
• In Week 2, we considered amplitude modulation of the carrier as a means for
transmitting the message signal
• Another class of modulation methods include frequency and phase modulation:
• In frequency-modulation (FM) systems, the frequency of the carrier fc is
changed by the message signal
• In phase modulation (PM) systems, the phase of the carrier is changed
according to the variations in the message signal
• Frequency and phase modulation are nonlinear, and often called angle-
modulation methods

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 Introduction
• Angle modulation is more complex to implement and to analyze
• Some cases on approximate analysis is possible
• It has bandwidth-expansion properties: effective bandwidth of the
modulated signal is many times the bandwidth of the message signal
• Advantage: higher noise immunity, used in high-fidelity music
broadcasting & when transmitter power is limited
• Advantage: Constant envelope, beneficial when signal is amplified by
nonlinear amplifier
 i. Representation of FM and PM Signals
• An angle-modulated signal u (t )  Ac cos 2f c t   (t )  fc : carrier frequency
(t) : time-varying phase
• The instantaneous frequency of this signal
1 d
f i (t )  f c   (t )
2 dt
• If m(t) is the message signal, then in PM system, the phase is proportional to the
message
 (t )  k p m(t )
• In FM system, the instantaneous frequency deviation from the carrier frequency is
proportional with the message signal

1 d
f i (t )  f c  k f m(t ) kp and k(f t:)phase and frequency deviation constants
2 dt
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• From the preceding relationships, we have
 k p m(t ), PM
 (t )   t
2k f  m( )d , FM

• if we phase modulate the carrier with the integral of a

message, it is equivalent to the frequency modulation of
the carrier with the original message
 d
d k m(t ), PM
 (t )   p dt
dt  2k f m(t ), FM

• if we frequency modulate the carrier with the derivative

of a message, the result is equivalent to the phase
modulation of the carrier with the message itself

Figure 4.1 Comparison of frequency

and phase modulators
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Figure 4.2 Frequency and phase modulation of square and sawtooth waves.

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• Demodulation of FM signal involves finding the instantaneous frequency of the modulated
signal and then subtracting the carrier frequency from it
• Demodulation of PM is done by finding the phase of the signal and then recovering m(t)
• Phase deviation in a PM system
 = k p Am

• Frequency deviation in an FM system

f = k f Am

• Modulation index
k f Am f
 p = k p Am =  f = =
fm fm

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Example 1 (Text book 4.1.1)
Modulation indices of PM () & FM ()
 
systems
•For
  a general non-sinusoidal signal

Where and are called the modulation indices of PM and FM systems,

respectively
 ii. Spectral Characteristics of Angle-
Modulated Signals
• Due to the inherent nonlinearity of angle modulation systems, the precise
characterization of their spectral properties, even for simple message signals,
is mathematically intractable.
• Therefore, the derivation of the spectral characteristics of these signals usually
involves the study of simple modulating signals and certain approximations.
• Then the results are generalized to the more complicated messages.

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Angle Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal
• Consider message signal is a sinusoidal signal (sine in PM, cosine in FM)
u (t )  Ac cos( 2 f c t   sin 2 f mt )

 : modulation index (can be either p or f )

• Using Euler's relation: 

u (t )  Re Ac e j 2 f ct e j sin 2 f mt 

• Since sin2fmt is periodic with period Tm = 1/fm, it can be expanded in a Fourier-series

representation

e j sin 2 f m t
  n
J (
n  
 ) e j 2nf m t

Jn() is called the Bessel function of the first kind of order n. 11

  
 
u (t )  Re Ac  J n (  )e j 2nfmt e j 2f ct    Ac J n (  ) cos 2 ( f c  nf m )t 
 n    n  

∞
Ac
U( f ) = ∑J n (  )[  ( f - f c - nf m ) +  ( f + f c + nf m ) ]
2 n= ∞

• The preceding relation shows that, even in this very simple case where the modulating
signal is a sinusoid of frequency fm, the angle-modulated signal contains all frequencies
of the form fc+nfm for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
• Therefore, the actual bandwidth of the modulated signal is infinite.
• However, the amplitude of the sinusoidal components of frequencies fcnfm for large n is
very small
• Hence, we can define a finite effective bandwidth for the modulated signal
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• The
  effective bandwidth of an angle-modulated signal, which contains at least 98% of
the signal power, is given by Carson’s rule
Bc  2(   1) f m

• Let the message signal, m(t )  a cos 2f mt 

 2 k p a  1 f m , PM
 2 k p a  1 f m , PM
Bc  2(   1) f m    k f a  or Bc  
 
2 f  1 f m , FM  2 k f a  f m , FM
  m 
• Increasing (the amplitude of the modulating signal in PM and FM) has almost the
same effect on increasing the bandwidth, Bc.
• Increasing fm (the frequency of the message signal) has more profound effect in
increasing the bandwidth of a PM signal as compared to an FM signal
• In both PM and FM, the bandwidth Bc increases by increasing fm; but in PM, this
increase is a proportional increase, and in FM, this is only an additive increase which
usually (for large ) is not substantial
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• The values of the Bessel function of the first kind of order n

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• Plots of Jn() for various values of n

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• For small , use the approximation
n
J n ( )  n
2 n!
• For a small modulation index , only the sidebands corresponding to n = 0, 1 are
important.
• Also, we can verify the following symmetry properties of the Bessel function:

 J (  ), n even
J n (  )   n
 J n (  ), n odd

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Example 2
Table 4.1: The number of harmonics required to include 80%,
90% and 98% of the total power of the FM signals, respectively
Figure: The harmonics present inside the effective
bandwidth of Example 2 solution
Example 3
 iii. Implementation of Angle Modulators and
Demodulators
• Any modulation and demodulation process involves the generation of new frequencies
that were not present in the input signal.
• Consider a modulator system with the message signal m(t) as the input and with the
modulated signal u(t) as the output
• This system has frequencies in its output that were not present in the input.
• Therefore, a modulator (and demodulator) cannot be modeled as a linear time-
invariant system
• Because a linear time-invariant system cannot produce any frequency components
in the output that are not present in the input signal.

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Angle Modulators
• Angle modulators are generally time-varying and nonlinear systems.
• One method for directly generating an FM signal is to design an oscillator (VCO:
voltage-controlled oscillator), whose frequency changes with the input voltage.
• When the input voltage is zero, the oscillator generates a sinusoid with
frequency fc
• When the input voltage changes, this frequency changes accordingly.
• 2 approaches to design such oscillator
1. Use varactor diode.
• Varactor diode is a capacitor whose capacitance changes with the applied
voltage.
• If this capacitor is used in the tuned circuit of the oscillator and the message
signal is applied to it, the frequency of the tuned circuit and the oscillator
will change in accordance with the message signal.
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 Varactor-diode implementation of an angle modulator.

2. use a reactance tube.

• In the reactance-tube implementation, an inductor whose inductance varies with
the applied voltage is employed
• The analysis is very similar to the analysis presented for the varactor diode.
• Same methods can be applied for the generation of PM signals, due to the close relation
between FM and PM signals.
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Angle Demodulators
• FM demodulators are implemented by generating an AM signal, whose amplitude is
proportional to the instantaneous frequency of the FM signal. Then, using AM
demodulator to recover the message signal.

A general FM demodulator.

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Exercise 1
Exercise 2

Example 3