DIESEL ENGINE

FUEL SYSTEM
Comparison of diesel and gasoline engine

ENGINE STROKE GASOLINE ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE

INTAKE Air-fuel mixture is drawn into Air only drawn in
combustion chamber by vacuum
COMPRESSION Piston compresses air-fuel Piston compresses air to
mixture increase both pressure to
approximately 3Mpa and
temperature to approximate
500-800 0C
COMBUSTION Spark plug ignites compressed Fuel is injected into heated,
mixture highly compressed air, where it
ignites due to heat of
pressurized air
EXHAUST Piston forces exhaust gases out of Piston forces exhaust gases out
the cylinder of the cylinder
 ENGINE OUTPUT CONTROL

DIESEL ENGINE
GASOLINE ENGINE
DIESEL ENGINE CUMBUSTION PROCESS
a. First stage: Ignition delay (A-B)

• This is the phase preparatory to combustion

in which the fine particles of the injected fuel
evaporate and mix with the air in the cylinder
to form an ignitable mixture.
b. Second stage: Flame propagation (B-C)

• These flames propagate at extremely high

speed so that the mixture burns almost
explosively, and causes the pressure within
the cylinder to rise rapidly.
c. Third stage: Direct combustion (C-D)

• Direct combustion of the fuel still being

injected takes place during this stage due to
immediate fuel ignition by the flame in the
cylinder. The combustion can be controlled
by the amount of fuel injected in this stage,
so this is also described as the controlled
combustion period.
d. Fourth stage: After burning (D-E)

• The injection ends at point D, but the fuel not

yet in the combusted state continues to burn.
If this stage is too long, the exhaust gas
temperature will rise, causing a drop in
efficiency.
 KNOCK / DETONATION
high frequency vibrations caused by the
premature burning of fuel inside the
engine's cylinders.
 HOW TO PREVENT KNOCKING

ITEMS DIESEL ENGINE GASOLINE ENGINE

Compression ration Raise Lower
Air supply temperature Raise Lower
Compression pressure Raise Lower
Cylinder temperature Raise Lower
Fuel ignition point Lower Raise
Ignition delay Shorten lengthen
 DIESEL ENGINE COMBUSTION CHAMBER

PRE-COMBUSTION CHAMBER

OPEN COMBUSTION CHAMBER

• Advantages of Open Combustion Chamber
1. It has high brake thermal efficiency.
2. All energy produced by the fuel acts directly on the piston
head.
3. The cylinder and piston suffer minimum effects of
combustion due to the low temperature.

• Disadvantages of Open Combustion Chamber

1. Emission control is difficult.

2. The engine tends to run rough due to a shorter delay
period. This delay causes a high and rapid pressure rise.
3. It is sensitive to fuel and timing.
4. The multi-orifice nozzles and high injection pressure tends
to increase fuel-injection problems.
• Advantages of pre-Combustion Chamber
1.low injection pressure can be used.
2. It can use wide range of fuel.
3. Smooth combustion resulting in quieter engine.
4. Knocking tendency is totally removed due to short
or practically no delay

• Disadvantages of pre-Combustion Chamber

1. The fuel consumption is high.

2. Heat loss from the pre-combustion is high.
3.The cylinder requires special type of materials.
4.Starting is difficult.
ROTARY(VE) TYPE INJECTION
PUMP
a. A vane type feed pump draws fuel from the fuel
tank through the water sedimenter and fuel
filter, and sends it to the inner pump housing.

b. A pressure regulating valve controls the fuel

pressure inside the injection pump.

c. Excess fuel is returned to the fuel tank through

the overflow tube via the overflow screw. This
helps to cool the moving parts of the injection
pump.
d. The cam plate is driven by the pump drive
shaft. The pump plunger fits into the cam
plate and fuel is delivered by the rotating and
reciprocating motion of this plunger.

e. Injection volume is controlled by the

mechanical governor assembly
f. Injection timing is controlled by the timer
piston, which is operated by fuel pressure.
g. A fuel cut-off solenoid shuts off the fuel
passage to the pump plunger when the
engine starter switch is turned off

h. The delivery valve performs the dual function

of preventing the fuel in the injection pipe
from flowing backward to the plunger and
removing from the nozzle (by suction) the fuel
remaining in it after injection.
FEED PUMP
• The vane type feed pump has four blades and
is driven by the drive shaft . It sends fuel into
the pump housing under pressure.
 REGULATING VALVE
• The regulating valve regulates fuel pressure in
proportion to engine rpm to operate the
automatic timer
FUEL DELIVERY & INJECTION
a. The feed pump, cam plate and plunger are
driven by the drive shaft.
b. Two plunger springs force the plunger and cam
plate against the rollers.
c. As illustrated, the cam plate has four face- cams
(one for each cylinder). When the cam plate
rotates, the face-cams ride on the rollers,
simultaneously turning the plunger and pushing
it in and out. Therefore, with one turn of the cam
plate, the plunger makes one complete turn and
reciprocates four times.
d. Fuel for one cylinder is delivered with each 1/4
turn and one reciprocating motion of the
plunger (4-cylinder engine).

e. The pump plunger has four suction grooves and

one distribution port, and there are four
distribution passages in the distributive head.
f. When one of the four suction grooves in the
plunger is aligned with the suction port,
suction is accomplished and fuel passes from
the suction port to the suction groove.

g. Fuel delivery is accomplished when the

distribution port of the plunger is aligned with
one of the four distribution passages. In this
manner, fuel is delivered to each nozzle.
 1. SUCTION

• When the pump plunger moves to the left,

one of the four suction grooves in the pump
plunger will align with the suction port and
fuel will be drawn into the pressure chamber
and from there into the passage in the
plunger.
Suction
 2. DELIVERY
• As the cam plate and plunger turn, the suction
port is closed off and the distribution port of
the plunger will be aligned with one of the
four distribution passages in the distributive
head. As the cam plate rides onto the rollers,
the plunger turns and moves to the right,
causing the fuel to be compressed.
• When the fuel is pressurized to the
predetermined value, it is injected from the
injection nozzle.
delivery
 3. TERMINATION
• When the pump plunger moves even further
toward the right, the two plunger spill ports
will move out from under the spill ring and the
fuel, under pressure, will be forced back into
the pump housing through these spill ports.
Thus, fuel pressure will suddenly drop and
injection will be terminated.
termination
 FUEL CUT-OFF SOLENOID
• Engine cut-off is accomplished by stopping the
fuel supply. The passage from the pump
housing is closed and delivery of pressurized
fuel is terminated by the fuel cut-off solenoid,
which is designed to close the passage when
the engine starter switch is turned off (to the
lock position). This allows the engine to be
turned off in the same manner as a gasoline
engine.
Fuel cut-off solenoid
The diesel engine in-line(reciprocating) type injection
pump fuel system consists of the parts shown below:-
CONSTRUCTION OF IN-LINE INJECTION PUMP