Wollo University

Kombolcha Institute of Technology

Mechanical Engineering Department
Answer Sheet for I.C. Engines and Recip. Machines (Meng 4331)
1. EFI is a system which delivers fuel into the cylinders in place of the carburetor.
 EFI is the system which supply the air fuel mixture in to the cylinder in all RPM
ranges.
Purpose of ECU in EFI system is to control the supply of fuel to the cylinders
accurately by electronic devices.
2. A. Fractional distillation: is a process of converting crude oil in to more useful substances.
 Using heat to separate any mixture into its various components is also called fractional
distillation.
B. draw and explain the process of fractionating tower?

 Crude oil enters furnace and is heated.

 Hydrocarbons separate at various temps.
 Crude oil vapors condense and separate into trays
C. Volatility: describes how easily various fuels will evaporate at room temperature.
 It is a measure of how easily a liquid evaporates
Viscosity: This refers to a liquid’s resistance to flow.
Cloud point: is the temperature at which paraffin separates out of the fuel.
3. 5 oxygenates which used to enhance octane rating of gasoline
 Toluene
 Ethanol Alcohol
 Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)
 Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE)
 Tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME)
 Deposit control additives

4. There are 3 stages of combustion in si engines.

 Ignition lag stage (sage I)
 Propagation of flame (stage II)
 After burning (stage III)

5. four factors that affect the amount of Air- fuel mixture in SI engine
 Engine displacement.
 Maximum revolution per minute (rpm) of engine.
 Carburetor air flow capacity.
 Volumetric efficiency of engine.

6. Factors affect the flame speed in the combustion chamber

 Turbulence
 Fuel-Air Ratio:
 Temperature and Pressure:
 Turbulence:
The flame speed is quite low in non-turbulent mixtures and increases with increasing
turbulence. This is mainly due to the additional physical intermingling of the burning and
unburned particles at the flame front which expedites reaction by increasing the rate of
contact. The turbulence in the incoming mixture is generated during the admission of fuel air
mixture through comparatively narrow sections of the intake pipe, valve openings etc., in the
suction stroke.
The increase of flame speed due to turbulence reduces the combustion duration and hence
minimizes the tendency of abnormal combustion. However, excessive turbulence may
extinguish the flame resulting in rough and noisy operation of the engine.
Fuel-Air Ratio:
The fuel-air ratio has a very significant influence on the flame speed. The highest flame
velocities (minimum time for complete combustion) are obtained with somewhat richer
mixture which shows the effect of mixture strength on the rate of burning as indicated by the
time taken for complete burning in a given engine. When the mixture is made leaner or richer
the flame speed decreases. Less thermal energy is released in the case of Iean mixtures
resulting in lower flame temperature. Very rich mixtures lead to incomplete combustion
which results again in the release of less thermal energy.
Temperature and Pressure:
Flame speed increases with an increase in intake temperature and pressure. A higher initial
pressure and temperature may help to form a better homogeneous air-vapor mixture which
helps in increasing the flame speed. This is possible because of an overall inert in the density
of the charge.

7. A. general objectives of combustion chamber design are

 Smooth Engine Operation
 High Power Output and Thermal Efficiency
B. Briefly explanation the way to achieve the general objectives;
Smooth Engine Operation
The aim of engine design is to have a smooth operation and a good economy. These can be achieved
by the following:
 Moderate rate of pressure rise: The rate of pressure rise can be regulated such that the
greatest force is applied to the piston as closely after TDC on the power stroke as possible,
with a gradual decrease in the force on the piston during the power stroke. The forces must be
applied to the piston smoothly, thus limiting the rate of pressure rise as well as the position of
the peak pressure with respect to TDC.
 Reducing the Possibility of Knocking: Reduction in the possibility of knocking, in an engine
can be achieved by,
i. Reducing the distance of the flame travel by centrally locating the spark plug and also by
avoiding pockets of stagnant charge.
 ii. Satisfactory cooling of the spark plug and of exhaust valve area which are the source of hot
spots in the majority of the combustion chambers.
iii. Reducing the temperature of the last portion of the charge, through application of a high
surface to volume ratio in that part where the last portion of the charge burns. Heat transfer to
the combustion chamber walls can be increased by using high surface to volume ratio thereby
reducing the temperature.
High Power Output and Thermal Efficiency
The main objective of the design and development of an engine is to obtain high power as well as
high thermal efficiency. This can be achieved by considering the following factors:
i. A high degree of turbulence is needed to achieve a high flame front velocity. Turbulence is
induced by inlet flow configuration or squish. Squish can be induced in spark-ignition engines
by having a bowl in piston or with a dome shaped cylinder head. Squish is the rapid radial
movement of the gas trapped in between the piston and the cylinder head into the bowl or the
dome.
ii. High volumetric efficiency, i.e., more charge during the suction stroke, results in an increased
power output. This can be achieved by providing ample clearance around the valve heads,
large diameter valves and straight passages with minimum pressure drop.
iii. Any design of the combustion chamber that improves its antiknock characteristics permits the
use of a higher compression ratio resulting in increased output and efficiency.
iv. A compact combustion chamber reduces heat loss during combustion and increases the
thermal efficiency.
8. Fuel system of gasoline
Gasoline in the fuel tank enters the fuel filter through a suction tube (fuel line). The filtered
fuel is sucked and sent to the carburetor by the fuel pump. The carburetor mixes fuel with
fresh air in an appropriate ratio to produce the air-fuel mixture. The air fuel mixture partially
evaporates and becomes mist (small particles) as it flows to the intake manifold, and enters
into the cylinders to be burned.

9. Draw and explain the working principle of carburetor

A carburetor is a vacuum-operated device that supplies a fine spray of gasoline into the
incoming air stream. The amount of gasoline drawn in by vacuum is proportional to the
amount of air drawn through the barrel of the carburetor. The barrel is the throat opening or
throttle bore. The amount of air that passes through the carburetor can be controlled by
operating a movable valve called a throttle plate in an opening at the bottom of the carburetor
bore.
The basic circuits within a carburetor are:
• Float
• Idle and low-speed
• Accelerator pump
• Main metering
• Enrichment
• Choke
10. Working principle of the diesel fuel injection system according to the following diagram? And
explain the components of Inline injection pump? (5 point)

 The fuel that is drawn from the fuel tank by the feed pump is filtered through the fuel filter,
and is delivered to the injection pump. The fuel that is delivered to the injection pump is
pressurized into a highly compressed state, and is delivered via the injection steel pipe to the
nozzle. The fuel is then injected in an atomized state into the combustion chamber, where
 combustion takes place. A portion of the fuel that is delivered to the nozzle lubricates the
sliding portion of the nozzle and returns to the fuel tank via the overflow pipe. To prevent
the fuel delivered to the injection pump from becoming excessively pressurized, an overflow
valve is provided in the fuel filter or in the injection pumps itself.

Components of inline injection pump

 Pump Unit
 Governor
 Timer
 Feed Pump
 Coupling