CHAPTER 14: Reciprocity In the lowland Philippines

Written by: Marry R. Hollnsteiner

The three domain types of the reciprocity of lowland in the Philippine had been
distinguish as contractual, quasi-contractual and utang na loob. The characteristic of the three
had been summarized in the accompanying chart and in all but has just one feature because it
doesn’t had any further discussions to elaborate it. The call for some additional explanation had
been function to be called as Hiya or shame and also the way it much differs in utang na loob.

Whether thus the contractual, quasi-contractual or utang na loob, Hiya is the very
sanction of payment. If the person fails to fulfill the contract had experiences a sense of shame
because he didn’t kept his words. Thus, the man that not pay his Utang , or contractual debt, to
the sari-sari store owner at the end of the month, as per the agreement, is Hiya. There are no
more sentiment of gratitude is been involved, however. Hiya also dictates of repayment on
utang na loob, but there are an intervening factors that emerges because on Hiya in this case
are no more the product to failure that recognize the one’s debt of gratitude than the shame at
simple non-payment of it as contractual or quasi-contractual by its nature.

The Hiya is distinguishable from utang na loob that the latter being form on principle
that operates the Philippine society and the former universal on sanction that reinforcing the
desirability or feeling and honoring the utang na loob. The Hiya is necessarily accompanied by
utang na loob and the nonetheless self joins from itself to recognized its own kindness to help
on feeling the Hiya despite the assurance of its benefactor in manners knows that he has failed
to recognize primal debt of gratitude to others.

Our group opinions is that to express the manifestation of life in utang na loob and Hiya
is to experience some latter feelings to know how does the gratitude must accompany on
everyone, however, this is just necessary to obtain a manner of a someone to achieve the
manner of keeping the own words of a person.

The groups’ recommendation are to give value on someone’s gratitude and its manner
so the latter mean of Hiya will not just end on waiting other person to recognize them so
everyone will not lose other principle of good manner on their on words.
CHAPTER 15: An anarchy of Families: The Historiography of State and Family in the Philippines

Written by: Alfred W. McCoy

This chapter reveals how the power of Filipino family-based oligarchies both derives
from and contributes to a weak, corrupt state. From provincial warlords to modern managers,
prominent Philippine leaders have fused family, politics, and business to subvert public
institutions and amass private wealth—an historic pattern that continues to the present day. 

An Anarchy of Families explores the pervasive influence of the modern dynasties that
have led the Philippines during the past century. From the Osmeñas to the Lopezes and Pardo
de Taveras, elite Filipino families have acted as formidable coalitions —controlling capital,
dominating national politics, and deploying paramilitary force. Beyond Manila, strong men such
as Ramon Durano, Ali Dimaporo, and Justiniano Montano have used “guns, goons, and gold” to
accumulate wealth and power in far-flung islands and provinces. 

In our group’s opinion about this chapter, it includes the details about the family , types
of family, and what is the family’s state in the community. There are familys that are came from
a politician family, family from warlords, druglords, kingpin and other masterminds.

In our group, we recommend that in every family members should respect each other in
order to gain peace for the country. We also should avoid the bad habits from our families. The
students should learn this because they need to know what kind of family they have and how
do they manage it.
CHAPTER 16: State and Society in the Process of Democratization

Written by: Jose Magandia S.J.

This chapter provides insight into the ways that politics is done in the Philippines. But he
also illuminates an arena of politics central to all democracies. We know about electoral,
parliamentary, and party politics, but only generalities about what shapes the complex arenas
where interest groups, grassroots organizations, NGOs and public opinion impact the policy
process, and often, shape the authoritative debates. This chapter offers a theory that begins to
explain the dramatic variations in these arenas, even within one political system.

In our group’s opinion about this chapter, the politics has a big part on the community
especially in the Philippines. This chapter make us realized about what is the real happening in
our politics or our government and how do the politicians behave.

In our group, we recommend that all the politicians should be honest to every citizen
when they’re telling or making us something good for the country. The politicians should also
be helpful to everyone in the community or country.

STEM – 2

Group Members:

Dipalac, Ruel

Elduayan, Mark Angelo

Feguis, Jayson

Gabinay, Vladimir

Ignacio, Mark Alfred

Jamolangue, Reimark