2.

Answer: Decision-making process is a set of eight steps that includes identifying a problem, selecting
a solution, and evaluating the

effectiveness of the solution.

1. Identification of a problem.

In this step, the problem has to be analyzed.

2. Identifications of decision criteria.

In the process of solving the problem, information has to be gathered and related with the factors and
stakeholders involved in the problem.

3. Allocations of weights to criteria.

In the third step the baseline criteria for judging the alternatives should be set up.

4. Development of alternatives.

In this 4th steps brainstorming to list down all the ideas and choose the option. Before the steps, it is
important that we understand the causes of the problem and prioritization of causes.

5. Analysis of alternatives.

in this steps, By judging the principles and decision-making criteria to evaluate each alternative.

6. selection of an alternatives.

After complete above stages the selection of the best alternative is an informed decision since it already
followed a methodology to derive and select the best at its alternative.

7. Implementation of a alternatives.

In this step, Converting decisions into a plan or a sequence of activities and have to execute your plan by
the help of subordinates.

8. Evaluation of the effectiveness.

In the last steps its very important to evaluate the outcome of the decision and have to see whether
there is anything to learn and then correct in future decision making.

5. Answer:
5. Answer:

5. Answer:

Discussing the eight different types of plans,

1.Strategic.

Plans that are organization-wide, establish overall

objectives, and position an organization in terms of its

environment.

Ex: Growing the sales from the new products..

2. Tactical.

Plans that specify the details of how an organization’s

overall objectives are to be achieved

Ex: As assume for a moment for my company sells insurance products in a large metropolitan area. For
example, if I decide one of the best ways to reach your target consumer is TV advertising, then the
tactical plan needs to carefully spell out the specifics of the TV campaign.

3.Long-term

Plans that extend beyond five years

Ex: invest in a real-state company.

4. Short-term

Plans that cover less than one year

invests in stocks

5. Directional

Flexible plans that set out general guidelines.

Ex: Suppose I'm the manager as I'm the manager I cut costs by 4% to increase revenue by 6%.. in the
next 6 months. I might formulate a directional plans for improving profits by 5-10% over the next six
months.
6. Specific

Plans that have clearly defined objectives and

leave no room for misinterpretation

“What, when, where, how much, and by whom

Ex: Suppose I'm as a manager an I'm seeking to increase her firm's sales by 10 percent over a given 12
month period might establish specific procedures, budget allocations and schedules of activities to reach
that objective. These actions represent specific plans.

7. Single use.

A plan that is used to meet the needs of a

particular or unique situation

Ex: Single-day sales advertisement

8. Standing.

A plan that is ongoing and provides guidance for

repeatedly performed actions in an organization

EX: Customer satisfaction policy

4. Answers:
As a manager its important to have some skills
Conceptual skills:
A manager’s mental ability to coordinate all of the organization’s interests and
activities.
Interpersonal skills:
A manager’s ability to work with, understand, mentor, and motivate others,
both individually and in groups

Technical skills;:
A manager’s ability to use the tools, procedures, and techniques of a
specialized field
Political skills
A manager’s ability to build a power base and establish the right connections
Manager has to perform few roles those are
Interpersonal:
Figurehead
Leader
Liaison

Informational:
Monitor
Disseminator
Spokesperson

Decisional:
Entrepreneur
Disturbance handler
Resource allocator
Negotiator