What is Ethernet?

Have you heard of IEEE 802.3?

It has a long history and has to do with our topic today, Ethernet.
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Ethernet is a communication standard that was developed in the
early ’80s to network computers and other devices in a local
environment such as a home or a building.
This local environment is defined as a LAN (Local Area Network)
and it connects multiple devices so that they can create, store and
share information with others in the location.
Ethernet is a wired system that started with using coaxial cable
and has successfully progressed to now using twisted pair copper
wiring and fiber optic wiring.
Let’s break for a trivia question.
Who invented twisted pair wiring?
Alexander Graham Bell invented twisted pair wiring in 1881.
In 1983, Ethernet was standardized into the standard IEEE 802.3
by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).
This standard defined the physical layer and the MAC (media
access control) portion of the data link layer of wired Ethernet.
These two layers are defined as the first two layers in the OSI
(Open Systems Interconnection) model The “physical” layer
consists of the following components:
Cabling and Devices.
First, let’s take a look at Ethernet Cabling;
As stated previously, Ethernet cables come as coaxial cable,
which is not very common except in older installations, twisted
pair, and fiber optic.
The most common cable is twisted pair cables, with the latest
being Category 6 with speeds up to 1 Gbps and Cat6a and Cat 7
with speeds up to 10 Gbps.
Category 5 and 5e cables are both still used in many existing
applications but handle the lower speeds between 10 Mbps
to 100 Mbps but are more susceptible to noise.
The Ethernet twisted pair utilizes RJ-45 eight-pin connectors
at either end of the cable that is pinned for transmitting and
receiving data in either half or full-duplex mode.
Half-duplex transmits data in one direction at a time while “full-
duplex” allows data to be transmitted in both directions at the
same time.
Full-duplex in Ethernet can be achieved by using two pairs of wires
to allow data to travel both directions simultaneously.
Fiber optic cable uses glass or plastic optical fiber as a conduit for
light pulses to transmit data.
It has allowed Ethernet to travel farther distances at higher
speeds.
Fiber optic cables use several different types of connectors that
vary depending on your application needs.
Some of the different types are SFP
(Small Form Pluggable or Small Factor Pluggable)
and SC (Subscriber Connector, also known as Square Connector
or Standard Connector).
In order to use fiber optic in an Ethernet network that utilizes
twisted pair Ethernet cabling, you need to use an Ethernet to fiber
converter that will allow your network to take advantage of the
higher speeds of fiber optic and lengthen the distance that the
Ethernet network can reach.
How about the Ethernet devices?
Ethernet devices are consist of computers, printers or any device
which either have an internal NIC
(Network Interface Card)
or an external one that is USB or PCI based.
“Switches” and “Routers” that act as the director of the network
and connect multiple computers or even networks together to
enable communication between all the different devices.
“Gateways” or “Bridges” are used to connect multiple Ethernet
networks together and allow communication across them.
Gateways connect two dissimilar networks together while a bridge
connects two similar networks together so that you only see one
network. Now that we have discussed the basic physical
components of Ethernet, let’s move into the second layer of the
OSI model, the “data link” layer. The data link layer can be split
into two sections;
the Logical Link Control (LLC)
and the Media Access Control (MAC).
The Logical Link Control establishes paths for data
on the Ethernet to transmit between devices.
The Media Access Control uses hardware addresses
that are assigned to Network Interface Cards (NIC)
to identify a specific computer or device
to show the source and destination of data transmissions.
Ethernet transmits data packets in this data link layer
by using an algorithm called CSMA/CD
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection).
CSMA/CD is used as a standard for Ethernet
to reduce data collisions and increase successful data
transmission.
The algorithm first checks to see if there is traffic on the network.
If it does not find any,
it will send out the first bit of information to see if a collision will
occur.
If this first bit is successful,
then it will send out the other bits while still testing for collisions.
If a collision occurs, the algorithm calculates a waiting time
and then starts the process all over again until the full transmission
is complete.
When you use the faster Ethernets in full-duplex modes
and incorporate switches, then you are utilizing a star topology
between the switch ports and the devices.
This allows for more direct transmission paths and fewer collisions
as compared to a bus topology where all devices share the same
paths.
Ethernet capabilities are quickly changing with new technologies
emerging every day.
And while we are currently on the brink of successfully moving into
speeds higher than the current 1 Gbps with 10 Gbps emerging
over the last few years, these new Ethernet technologies will be
costly.
Also, your possibilities for the information world can seem endless
when you connect this Ethernet local area network to the internet
to create a very large WAN (Wide Area Network).
But that is a story for another day. All in all, Ethernet is popular
because it strikes a good balance between speed, cost, and ease
of installation.
These benefits, combined with wide acceptance in the computer
marketplace and the ability to support virtually all popular network
protocols.
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