.

I
I I

Measurement
Hat trick at Qatar. In 2009, 23-year-old
Australian Casey Stoner won the MotoGP
in Qatar for the third season in a row.
The 22-lap race was postponed because
torrential rain made it irn}X)SSible to see far
enough ahead on the twists and turns, with
the floodlights reflecting off the wet track. Forum
In swimming and running races, times are
Cosey won the race with a comfortable
measured to the nearest 0.01 seconds. In
7.771 second lead over Valentino Rossi.
this fraction of time the swimmer or runner
Riding his 800 cc motorbike, he reached
can move about 2 cm. How far would a
speeds of up to 324.7 km/ h on the 1.068 km
motorcyclist move in this time? Why are
main straight.
times for Grand Prix and MotoGP races
In 2007. Casey won his first World Motorcycle measured to the nearest 0.001 seconds?
Grand Prix title. aged just 21 . He was the 2008
Casey Stoner rides an 800 cc motorbike.
Young Australian of the Year. What does the ·cc· stand for?
In 2010, Casey won his fourth straight Do you think a knowledge of maths would
Australian MotoGP at Phillip Island. He led all help you become a good MotoGP racer?
the way and cros.sed the line 8.598 seconds
clear of Jorge Lorenzo.

Why learn this?

Measurement helps us keep records, whether for the height of a growing child or the volume
of water in a dam. Good measurement skills are useful in many practical ways. They help
a carpenter to work out how much timber is needed to construct a cupboard, enable a
painter to calculate the volume of paint needed to paint a room and allow a gardener to
determine the area of lawn to be planted or fertilised.
After completing this chapter you wW be able to:
• choose appropriate units for measuring and convert between them
• estimate common measurements using standard units
• calculate the perimeter of different shapes
• calculate the area of different shapes including triangles and quadrilaterals
• calculate the volume of rectangular prisms and related objects.

It 6 Measurement 331. l
1 R I PIii I - ib tUII 22

. . ff you l,Jve difficulty with ,,

. · quest ions.
Prepare for this chnptcr by attempting the fo 11 owm g B k or th e Pearson Places wcbsu, ..
. W ·k I ., tfrom the e oo
queshon, you ca n download a Recoil 01 s 1ee

1 Calculate the foll owing. (c) 54 + 11.3 - 26.04

(b) 45.6 - 5.28
(a) 3.4 + 6.8 + 4.2 + 2.1 (f) 18.96 X 1000
(d) 6 X 4.2 (8) 9.2 X 6.1
(I) 45.9 + 1000
(g) 2780 + 100 (h) 3 + 10

2 State the length of the arrow shown on each ruler:

(I) in millimetres (Ii) in centi metr es.

(a) _ _ _..,. (b)

3 This rectangle is made up of centimetre squares.

Calculate:
(a) the perimeter in cm
2
(b) the area in cm .
4 Copy and complete the following conversions .
(c) Sm= _ _ cm
(a) 2 km= __ m (b) 30 mm = __ cm

(e) 4 L = _ mL
(f) 20k g=_ g
(d) 1500 g = _ kg
(h) 1.75 m =__ mm (i) 500 g= _k g
(g) 250 mL =_L
5 How many sugar cubes are in the stack shown here?

Exploration Task
-
Units of length
S),stern of measurement used in Australia before 1970 was the'imperial', or .
fhe h' I .
·British' system, w .LC 1 uses u~its of length such as inches, feet, yards, miles, c~ams
st
an d furlongs . In this sy em, It can be difficult to convert between different units.
In Iate 1700s, French scientists instituted a new scientific system of
asurernent, known as the metric system. All lengths in the metric - - - -- I
n,e fr di 'd' -- - - - - - ---- - - \
tern come om VI mg or multiplying a standard length, the'metre', ( In the 11 OOs, King Henry I of England rm I
ipowers of 10 (such as 10, 100'. 1000, ...). This makes it easier to convert I decreed that the measure of his own a I

b~tween differen_t lengths and differ_ent units. Over time, it was developed : would be applied as the standard length :
: for a ·yard'. This unit of leng1h was then :
into the International System of Uruts (SI), which is used by scientists and 1 used for nearly 900 years! 1
engineers across the world today.
from 1970, Australia steadily introduced the measurement units of the metric
~---- ,-N ~◊
' , , _I
____ ,
system as the official measurement units to be used. The metric units of length
used most often are:

1mm

._ 1m ➔

kilometre (km) metre (m) centimetre (cm) millimetre (mm)

1 km = 1000 metres 1 m = 100 centimetres 1 cm= 10 millimetres

. ti' ng lengths, i·t helps to be able to picture the size of each unit of length, or
When estuna
compare the object in question to a 'reference' measurement.

Worked example l [;ill

Use the reference measurement
to help you estimate:
(a) the length
{b) the height
of this motor home.

Working
Thinking
(a) The motor home is approximat ely
{a) Look at the reference measurement.
5 m long.
Estimate how many times th is length
would need to be used to match the
length of the motor home.

6 Measurement 333
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- (b)
-::-:-:;:;::-::;;"i
The motor h~ome is aoout 3 m higri.
(b) Again, estimate how many times the
length of the reference measurement
would need to be used to match the
height of the motor home.

Converting units of length . between

th metric system. Converting
Easily converting between units is a great advantage of e ulti 1 or divide by powers of 10.
metric units of length is easy because you only ever need tom PY

X 100 x10
smaller units
~ cm ~ nun
larger units m '-.__,/ '--""
+ 100 + 10

To convert from a larger unit to a smaller unit, you multiply.

To convert from a smaller unit to a larger unit you divide.

The conversion table above shows that when converting from kilometres to metres,
you multiply by 1000. When converting from centimetres to metres, divide by 100.
To convert from kilometres to centimetres you multiply by 1000, then by 100.

Worked example 2 ~
Copy and complete the following conversions.
(a) 62.4km=_m (b) 87.5 cm= _ _ m

Thinking Working
(a) Larger unit to smaller unit, so multiply. (a) 6 2.4 km
There are 1000 m in 1 km, so multiply by = 62.4x1000 m
1000. = 6 2 400m
(b) Smaller unit to larger unit, so divide. (b) 87.5 cm
There are 100 cm in 1 m, so divide = 87.5 + 100 m
by 100. = 0.875m

Worked example 3 ~
Copy and complete the following conversions.
(a) 8.7m= __ mm (b) 530 cm km
Thinking Working
(a) 1 ~ger unit to smaller unit, so multiply. (a) 8.7 m
Ftrst, multiply by 100 to convert = 8.7x100cm
m tocm. = 870 cm
2 Then, multiply by 10 to convert
= 870 X 10 111 ,11
cm tomm.
8700 rrrn

- - --
 b I

(b) 1 Smaller unit to larger unit, so divide. (b) 530 cm

First, divide by 100 to convert = 530 + 100 m
cm tom.
= 5.3m
2 Then, divide by 1000 to convert = 5.3 + 1000 km
m to km. = 0.0053 km

Notice ~hat_in part (a) of the example above, you multiply by 100, then by 10.This is equivalent
to multiplymg by 1000. In part (b) you divide by 100, then by 1000. This is equivalent to
dividing by 100 000.

mlJ Unit s of leng th

Naviga tor
1, 2 (columns 1-2), 1, 2 (columns 2-3), 1, 2 (column 3), 3 (column 3), 5,
3 (columns 1-2), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 3 (columns 2-3), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 17, 18, 19, 20
19 (a-b), 20

Fluency
Use the reference measureme nt to help you estimate the following.
(a) (b)

1 rl1

The adult giraffe's height.

The length of this car.
(d)
(c)

r:,-------.
J~ .ra1 ~ 'i:
iii.1 - -

1Jr rE Tf I ~ ![ '- . - . . . . .

~ · ,. , h-'' :[: /h·< , :

• • -~. __ ' .c·. . LI..;_,. l J1~--
h
t" ,_l.O
The length of this mantis fly.
The height of the tallest part of
this building.

6 Measurement 335
 . . . ~ .

2
Cop y and comple te the foll owing
conversions.
(a) 5k m =_ m
(b) 3.6 km =_ m (c) 0.008 km =_ m
(d) 65 m =_ cm
(e) 0.55 m = __ cm (f) 1.2 m =- cm
(g) 2.9 cm =- m m
(h) 6.1 cm = _ _ mm (i) 0.35 cm =_ m m
0) 90 cm =_ m
(k) 0.3 cm = __ m (I) 3750 cm =_ m
(m) 42 00 m= _k m
(n) 57 0m =_ km (o) 9.2 m= _k m
(p) 80 mm =- cm
(q) 255 mm = __ cm (r) 1.8 mm = __ cm
3
Copy and complete the following
conversions.
(a) 3.2 m= _ _ mm
(b) 4.9 5m =_ mm
(c) 9000 cm =_ km
(d) 34 500 cm =_ km
(e) 0.003 km =_ cm (f) 56 0m m= _m
(g) 97 m m =_ m
(h) 0.3 42 km =_ mm (i) 78 00 mm =_ km
0) l.9 2k m= _c m
(k) 24 00 cm =_ km (I) 0.89 m =_ m m
4 Sta te which metric uni t wou
ld be most app ropriate for measuring:
(a) the len gth of your foot
(bl the distance from Sydney to
Me lbourne
(c) the distance aro und an athl
etics track (d) the length of a shoelace
(e) the distance run in a marath
on (f) the length of your bed.
5 (a) Which of the following
gives the best estimate of the distance acro
ss a suburban street?
A 50 cm B 5m C 50 m D 5 km
(b) Which of the following give
s the best estimate of the length
of a mo use 's tail?
A 0.1 cm B 1cm C 10c m D 100 cm
(c) The diameter of a 20 cen
t coin is about:
A 2.8 mm B 2.8 cm C 2.8 m D 2.8 km
(d) The length of a ball-point
pen could be:
A 15m m B 50m m C 15c m D 15m
(e) The height of Mount Eve
rest is closest to:
A 8.9 mm B 8.9 cm C 8.9 m
D 8.9 km
6 List the lengths below in
order from smallest to largest, by
a common unit. first con verting the m to
(a) 0.4 m, 4000 mm, 4 cm, 0.04
km (b) 3.2 km, 360 m, 290 000 cm,
310 0m
(c) 71.4 m, 0.64 km, 5600 cm,
820 000 mm (d) 0.9 cm, 90 mm, 0.095 m,
0.00 89 km

PEARSON ma the ma tics 7

336 2ND EDITION
 f,
understanding
7 At the Beijing Olympics in 200S
Australia's Steve Hooker won a 'gold
medal and, broke the Olympic record m .
the men _s pole vault, clearing the bar at
596 centimetres. How many metres
is this?

a Situated on Heard Island, Big Ben is

one of Australia's
. . few active volcan oes.
27
Its sumrrut 1s 45 m above sea level.
What is its height in kilometres?

9 The average man is 1·8 metres tall u

· se t h"1s scale diagram
· to estimate the length of the
hammerhead sh ark.

10 The bird-ea~g spider of South America has a body length of 89 mm and a leg span of
254 mm. Wnte these measurements in centimetres.
11 A giant jellyfish was once measured at / -------------- \
2290 mm across and 36 000 mm long. : Jellyfish have no bones, I
1 no heart and no brain. :
Convert these dimensions to metres. \ ___ .; I

12 Claire is building a desk and she wants it to be wide enough so that she can fit the length
of two A4 sheets across it. If the length of an A4 sheet is 298 mm, how wide does Claire's
desk have to be in millimetres? What is this length in centimetres?
13 A carpenter cuts a piece of timber so that it is 1.2 m wide and 3.7 m long. Convert the
width and length measurements into millimetres.

6 Measurement 337
 ., l
. .
Re aso nin g M lb irnc and Adl'i.:l!dc 1s abou t
. flies ' between e ot '
14 The direct dis1·,rncc 'as the crow
een:
800 km . Estim ate the direct dista nce betw

Quee nslan d

Western
Australia

(a) Can berr a and Brisbane

(b) Ade laide and Perth
(c) Sydn ey and Darwin.

15 One of the fastest grow ing plan ts

in the
world is the bam boo plant. Its stem can
grow 300 mm in one day. If, on Mon day
morning, a bam boo plan t was one metr e
tall, and it grew 300 mm eveiy day, how
tall will it be on Satu rday mor ning ?
Writ e the answ er in metr es.
16 An athle te runs 100 m each min
ute.
If she starts runn ing at 10:00 am, how
man y kilometres will she have run
by 10:20 am?

PEARSON mat hem atics 7 2ND EDITI

ON
38
 I- '
nswcr to ' I
17 (a) Gu e!->• 1h e c1 <cac 1 of th e foll • cide.
ni lc r to help you de
>-►--------<<
ta l owing, th en use your
(i) I \' hich ho riz on
li nL' is lo nger? ha s th
~
(ii) W hi ch di ag ra
m
1
(iii) Which is long
er, th e he ig ht of
? e arger
ce ntral circle the ha t or its width?

0 height

ov e
(b) Explain ea ch
ill us io n or effect ab
s.
it ha pp en
an d w hy yo u th in k wid th

Open-ended
ed ed for a do or.
bu ild er w ro te th e m ea su re m en ts ne
18 A

he ig ht of do or 2032 mm

width of door 821 mm

or m ?
in g millim etres in ste ad of cm
w rit e th es e m ea su re m en ts us
e bu ild er ch, explain
W hy did th nve,ting units. Foe ea
ud en t when co er.
ar e m is ta ke s m ad e by a st ct an sw
19 The following ha s be en m ad e an d wr ite th e corre
t m is ta ke
w ha

cm X
X (b) 76 5 mm = 7. 65
(a ) 27 m = 0. 27 cm
56 m X
8 km X (d ) 1356 cm = 1.3
(c ) 38 00 m = 3 .0

no tic e bo ar d.
to m ea su re th e le ng th of th e sc ho ol
20 Two st ud en ts
ha ve be en as ke d

sw er s.
ffe re nc e in th ei r an
S ug ge st poss1.b le re a so ns for th e di

Measurement 339
6
 ..

Perimeter
Perimeter is the distance along th e boundary of a shape.

The word perimeter comes from two Greek words·· Peri meaning 'around' and metron
' '
meaning 'measure' .
Here are some examples:
• A frame goes along the perimeter of a picture.
• A fence is built along the perimeter of a property.
.
• A soccer pitch has a boundary line marked along 1•ts pen·meter (shown here in red) .
1- --- --- - Length 105 m -- -- --;;;:ft'll

To find the perimeter of a shape, you simply add up the

lengths of the sides (first making sure
they are all in the same units).
For example, the perimeter of this soccer pitch is 105
+ 68 + 105 + 68 = 346 m.
Because the pitch is rectangular in shape, it has 2 pairs
of equal sides: 2 lengths and 2 widths.
You can use this to write the perimeter of the pitch as
P = 2 x 105 + 2 x 68 m. If you let the
pronumerals I and w represent the length and the width
, you can write a formula for the
perimeter of a rectangle: P = 21 + 2w.This formula can
also be written asp= 2(/ + w) : Add the
length and the width, then multiply by 2.
A square has 4 equal sides. If you use I to represent the
length of each side, you can write the
perimeter as: P =I + I + I + I. A shorter way to write this
is p =41.
To find the perim eter of a square or a rectangle:

l(t

P=21 +2w
P=41 or
2(1 + w)

Sides that are marked in the same way (with the same
same length. number of small ! dashes) have thl'

340 PEARSON mathematics 7 2ND EDITION

 &2

find the perimeter of each of these sha pes.

1111
(a) 1
(b) 6.3m

4.5 cm ~ ---
4.1 m
I

Thffiking Working
(a) 1 Write the formula for the perimeter (a) P= 4/
of a square.

2 Substitute the side length into =4 X 4.5

the form ula.

3 Evaluate, writing the answer with the = 18 cm

correct units.

(b) 1 Write the formula for the perimeter (b) P= 21+ 2w

of a rectangle.

2 Substitute the side lengths into = 2 X 6.3 + 2 X 4.1

the formula . =12.6 + 8.2
3 Evaluate, writing the answer with the =20.8 m
correct units.

Worked examp le 5 ~
Calculate the perimeter of the shape below. - 2s m -
t
20 m
l 10m
~

l 40m
I
Thinking Working
- 25m -
1 First, find the lengths of the unmarked
t
sides. Label them a and b, then use th e
given lengths to find them. 20m
l 10 m
~ b

l 40m
a

a=20 m-10 m
= 10 m
b=40m -25m
= 15 m

p = 10 + 25 + 20 + 40 + 10 + 15
2 Add up the lengths of all th e sides.
= 120 m

6 Measurement 341
 T rsn?G::Z: ➔=--
s.2

mfJ Perimeter

... Emlm
Navigator
1,2 ,3, 4,5 ,6, 7,8 ,9, 10, 11, 15 1,2 ,3, 4,5
14, 15
,6, 7,8 ,9, 10, 11 , 12I 2, 3, 4, 6, 71 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, I 3,
14, 15

Fluency
1 Find the perimeter of each of the
se shapes.

(a) f. .
-
11
_-- 4+-_
II -
+ 2 cm
.... (b) tL---ttl!_ _13 cm
6cm - I!
8cm

(d) \\\)3c mm (e)

25m

13mm

IE 2 Calculate the perimeter of

the shapes below.

,mb
(a) 4m
(b) 8cm (c) 4 cm

6cm
8cm
2m 5cm
14m 3cm
1 cm
12cm
1 cm 5cm
(d) 23mm (e) 4m (f) 13 mm
7 mm
8m m
19mm 8 mm
5-6 m
14mmQ ,-
2-4 m 20mm
3 (a) What is the perime
ter of a rectangle with a length of 25 cm
and a width of 10 cm?
A 35 cm B 45 cm C 70 cm D 250 cm
(b) What is the perimeter of a square
of side length 460 mm ?
A 18.4m B 9.2 m C 1.8 4m
(c) What is the perimeter
of a squ
D 0.92 m
are of side length 3 km?
A 3 km B 9 km C 12 km
4 Calculate the perimeter of each D 6k m
smaller unit when necessary. of the following, £irst converting side lengths to the
(a)

30mm 6cm
(b) 0 2cm
41 mm

34 2 PEARSON mathematics 7 2ND EDITION

 6.2
1m
(c)

90cm 0.8m

understanding
5 A yacht sails three straight legs of a course which form a triangle. The length of the legs
are 2.5 km, 1-7 km and 3.9 km. What distance does the yacht sail to complete the course?
6 An interior decora~or is making a border to go around the length and width of
a rectangular wall m a house. The wall is 3 m high and 4 m Jong. What is the total length
of the border?
7 A card maker is making a glitter border on cards that are 25 cm long and 20 cm wide.
If there are 4 cards that each need the glitter border, then what is the total length of the
glitter border?
s A group of students run around the perimeter of their gym, which is rectangular and has
dimensions 38 m by 16 m. What distance will they run if they complete 6 laps?
g Juan wants to run two strands of wire around his property to mark its
boundary. A plan of the property is shown at right. If the wire costs
60 cents per metre, how much will the wire for this boundary cost?
10 Estimate the perimeter of each of the following objects.
(a) your desk (b) a basketball court

Reasoning 30 m

11 If the perimeter of a rectangle is 240 mm and its width is 20 mm, then its length is: I- '
1
I
Drawing a diagram lI
A 100 mm B 110 mm C 120 mm D 220 mm I can help. I
I
12 If the perimeter of a square table is 64 cm, then what are its side lengths?
A 8 cm B 16 cm C 32 cm D 6.4 cm
13 The local swimming pool is rectangular, with dimension_s of 25 ?' by 12 m. If it has
a 1 m wide rectangular path around its perimeter, what IS the distance along the
outer edge of the path?

Open-ended
14 The length and width of a rectangle are bo~h whole numbers in centimetres. Write down
some possible dimensions if its perimeter 1s 84 cm.
15 1 am holding a picture of a shape with a perimeter of 16 cm' the teacher_ said,'but it is not
. gle' Draw two possible examples of the shape this may be.
a rectang1e nor a tnan .

Ram's rulers
Ram is planning a wc,oowork model and needs~
' - - For ru)erS, he haS been usmg
draw a IIDe 6 an...,,.""'. '"",,., bUt he
two straight ple08S ot wood with no mar...... ~W•
mows3:)SllgtbSaie lO an ands cm. How can he
-L..--1 to measure a 6 cm line?
\JS8 pec,es (a'W.,.,,...

l 6 Measurement 343
 Ar ea
Before laying tiles on a bathroom floor,
you need to find the area of the floor so
that you know how rnany tiles to buy.

Area is the amount of surface inside a

plane (flat) shape.
Area is measured in 'square' unHs.
When you calculate the area of a shape
you are finding the number of squares
that can fit inside the shape.

Units of area

□
a

One square millimetre, mm 2 (actual size) One square centimetr e, cm 2 (actual size)
(1 mm length x 1 mm width = 1 mm 2) (1 cm length x 1 cm width = 1 cm 2)

One square metre, m 2 One square kilometre, km 2

(1 m length x 1 m width = 1 m 2)
(1 km length x 1 km width = 1 km2)
You can say the names of square units, such as 1 cm2, as'l centimetr e squared' or as'1 square
centimetr e'.

Area of a rectan gle

Consider this rectangle of length 6 cm and
width 3 cm.
The rectangle contains 3 rows of 6 squares.
Its area is equal to 3 cm x 6 cm= 18 cm 2 .
The area (A) of a rectangle is equal to its length (/)
multiplied by its width (w), or A = Ix w.
-- - ,-
This formula can be written as A = lw.
I

'44 PEARSON mathema tics 7 2ND EDITION

 ..
·-
'fhe length and widt h of a squa re are equal s 0 th
formula A = / x I, or A = 12. ' e area of a square can be found using the

Area of a rectangle
Area of a square

II I

w _,_

I
II
I

A=lw A=l 2

Worked exa mp le 6
(;i ll
Calculate the area of the following shape s.
(a) 7 cm (b)

5cm

5.2cm

Thinking Working
(a) A = lw
(a) 1 Write the formula for the area of
a rectangle.
A = 7X 5
2 Identify l and w, and substitute their
values into the formula.
2
A= 35 cm
3 Evaluate, writi ng the answ er with the
correct units .
(b) A= 12
(b) 1 Writ e the form ula for the area of
a squa re.
A = 5 .2 X 5.2
2 Identify land subst itute its value into
the formula. 2
th th e A= 27.04 cm
3 Evaluate, writing the answer wi
correct units.

6 Measurement 345
 63

~ Area
Navigator
• 6• 8• 1 (column 3), 2 (column 1), 3,
1 (columns 1-2), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , , 2, , 3 ,, 4 • 5(a-b),
1 (columns, 2--3),
4 (b, d), 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18,22,23, 10, 111 12 14 15 16 17
24 25
24, 25 18 (a), 20, 21, 22, 23, , 14, 15, 16, 18(a), 19, 20,21,22,
24,25

c Questions 12-16
Equipment required: calculator may b e use d 1or

Fluency
1 Calculate the area of the following shapes.

(a) 5cm (b)

1 cm ::
t...__---tt- t 3cm
2cm

5cm

(d) t t 3cm
(e) (f)
I
I

::
9.4cm
4cm
- - 6cm

6cm I
I

Q'~
(g) (h) 8.7mm (i)

12 m
10mm 16km

3m
0)

12 m
(k) 0 12m (I)

1.2 m
20m
2 2 2
2 State which of the units of area-mm , cm , m or km 2-would be most suitable
for measuring the area of:
(a) a sheet of writing paper (b) your little toenail
(c) a pizza (d) a house block
(e) a football oval (f) Tasmania

(g) a small watch face (h) the floor of a classroom.

3 (a) What is the area of a square of side length 3 km?
2 2
A3 km B 9 km C 12 km 2 D 6 km 2
(b) A square has an area of 25 cm2. What is its side length?

A 5 cm B 12.5 cm C 2.5 cm o 25 cm
2
(c) If the area of a rectangle is 24 cm and its width is 10 mm, then its length is:
A 2.4 mm B 2.4 cm C 11 cm D 24 cm

PEARSON mathematics 7 2ND EDITION

346
 6.3
4 The following shapes have b
and (ii) the area of each one. een drawn on centimetre grid paper. Find (I) the perimeter
(a) ~I (b)

(c) (d)

Understanding
2 / -- -,
5 What is the area in cm of a rectangle of length 40 mm and width 4 cm?
: Convert measurements :
2
6 Find the area in km of a rectangle of length 3 km and width 800 m. 1 to the same unit before 1
: finding the area. :
2
7 What is the area in cm of a rectangle of length 450 mm and width 70 cm? \ I

2
8 Find the width of a rectangle with length 7 cm and area 28 cm .
----.... ---
2
9 Find the length of a rectangle with width 2.6 m and area 13.52 m .
10 Find the area of each of the following triangles by first considering a rectangle.
------------------------ . (b) : ---------- ---------- -----
(a)
' '''
'''
''' :' 6cm
5cm I'
'''
''' '
12cm
''
8cm
2
11 Find the side length of a square table whose area is 40_0 cm and perimete r is 80
cm.
(Check your answer by calculating the area from the side length.)

6 Measurement 347
 l
. h There will be 6 panels attar: , d
I power to their ouse.
12 The Ray family arc installing soar
. root,. eac,I wit. h d.1mens1.ons of 2·4 m x 2.1111.
tot heir
(a) What is the area of each solar panel?
(b) What is the total area of the solar panels? (kWh) f
. 5 kilowatt-hours o energy J> r
(c) If the solar panels generate a maximum of 6· Id the Ray family's new solar systcrn
square metre each day, how much energy cou
produce in a day?

/ ; j
--,-,--·
,1t

13 Guy wants to plant a lawn in a rectangular section of his yard, which is 8.5 m long and
6.9 m wide.
(a) How many grams of lawn seed will he need to use if the recommended seed coverage
is 60 grams per square metre?
(b) What length of timber would Guy need to purchase to create a timber border for
the section?
14 A builder wants to estimate the number of bricks required to build a wall 4.2 m wide and 2.6
m high. If 1 square metre of brick wall contains 48 bricks, how many bricks are needed?
15 Jasmin decided to make a 45 cm square pillow for her study chair. One piece of fabric
will be required for the front of the pillow, and one for the back. Each piece of fabric will
need an extra 1 cm on all edges for the front and back to be sewn together. What area
of fabric will Jasmin need to make the pillow?
16 A farmer wants to create three separate 500m
rectangular paddocks on his farm, as
shown in the diagram.
(a) Find the area of the three paddocks
using the plan provided. 600m
(b) To sow his paddocks, the farmer needs
to spread 60 g of seed for every square 250 m
metre. How many kilograms of seed
will he need? 100 m 400 m
(c) What is the total length of fencing 300m
needed to surround each of the three paddocks?

348 PEARSON mathematics 7 2ND EDITION

 Reasonh.g ·
eb d
7 The foll,,w ing sha pes hav er. Find the shaded are m
a
een rawn on centimetre grid pap
1 each case.
.
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

.,.

se. The squares

gri d to est ima te the are a cov ered by the floor plan of this hou
18 (a) Use the are metres.
on the pla n bel ow represent squ

g ~11 ---- 1-- - + -- - - ,

--- -+dinin
-: =4 ---1
1-- l--l f-l- ----kMcfflffiH '-- -+ room 0

kit en

WC

bedr om 2 bed oom 3

becJr m 1

6 Measurement 349
63
uares o n the grid represent
(b) Use the grid to estimate the area of the lake. The sq
square kilometres.
---- -

--
- --

---- I_

'" \
j1

~ V
- - - ~·
/
v
I--~

/ - ~-
I
I
\ J
V
"'-- r---__
--v
19 Write all the possible whole number dimensions of a rectangle with an area
of 20 cm2.
20 Find the length and width of a rectangular room whose area is 60 m 2 and perimeter is 34 m.

Open-ended
21 Ethan and Magda were asked to each make
a shape using four 1 cm squares, and then find
the perimeter of their shapes. Ethan said the
perimeter of his shape was 10 cm, whereas
Magda said her shape had a perimeter of only
8 cm. Could they both be right? Draw what
their shapes may have looked like.
22 What method would you use to measure the
area of the following objects? Find these areas.
(a) your workbook
(b) your desk

(c) your classroom

23 Trace the shape of your pencil case or phone on centimetre gn'd paper, th en fi n d the a,=.. ,i
o f t h esh ape.

350 PEARSON mathematics 7 2ND EDITION

 I I
II
;-
24 r7--:4m:---::===:::-, r-- --- --- ,. ., . .THIS
■ P = 16 M, A= 16M'
.".".': :-THE: : :~
-: :-:" 'MISS.
. . - :-IS:-:EASY
I
PERIMETER AND AREA ARE THE
SAME THING, EXCEPT FOIi THE
UTTl..f 2 AT THE END.

(a) One of Sam's calculations is not right . Wha t h as h e d one wrong7.

(b) How would you explain the differenc e between area and perimeter to Sam?
(c) What is meant by the'little 2' and why must it be written on the answers for area?
25 List three materials that are sold by the square metre.

Jungle
pathways
Equipment required:
graph paper or grid paper.
2 dice. 2 different coloured
pens or pencils
There are jungles in the
world that have never
been crossed. The race
is on to be the first to find
the way through.

How to win: How to play:

Make an unbroke n path of blocks
from one side of the jungle (graph
paper) to the other. Your opponen t
Will be trying to cut you off as you
both race to finish first.
1 Take turns to roll the dice. The
two numbers rolled represent
the size of the rectangu lar block
you will draw, its length and
its width.
2 Choose which die will be used
for width and which will
represent length. and then
draw your block on the graph.
The block drawn must be a
rectangle or a square.
3 You can draw your block
anywher e on the graph paper;
however. blocks cannot
overlap with another block. or
go off the graph. If the numbers
rolled cannot make a rectangl e
or square that will fit on the grid,
the player does not draw a
block for that turn.
4 The first player to make a path
of their own blocks. connect ed
all the way from one side to the
other. is the winn8II

6 Measurement
 Investigation
Paddocks (a) Copy and complete the table below for th t: ,iree
rectangles.
Equipment required:
graph paper Dimensions Area (m2) Perimeter (rn)
of shape
The Big Question 1 X 12 -
A farmer is planning to
fence an area of 400 m2 for 2x6 -
the calves on the farmer's 3x4 -
property. What dimensions
Oength and width) would (b) Which of the rectangles above has the
-
give the paddock an area shortest perimeter?
that is cheapest to fence?
(c) Why would the farmer be interested in having
the shortest perimeter?

Explore
2 List all possible pairs of whole number dimensions
that would give a paddock with an area of exactly
400 m2.
Strategy options
• Draw a diagram.
• Test all possible combinations.

3 (a) Select three of the paddocks you think are most

Engag e
4 Use the following information to complete the table
1 Shapes with the same area can have different
perimeters. Each of the rectangles below has been
made using 12 squares. Each square has a side
length of 1 m.
IIIIIIIIIIII
~ t1m
suitable for containing the calves. Draw the
three paddocks on graph paper, showing their
dimensions. To show their relative sizes, use a
scale of 1 cm on page = 5 m in real life.
(b) Find the perimeter of each of the three paddocks.
on the following page and calculate the total cost of
the fencing for each paddock.
Fencing wire: Each fence has five strands of wire.
Each strand goes all the way around the fence.The
wire costs 85 cents per metre.
Corner posts: The paddocks will need a large post at
each comer, each costing $40.

1111111 t±rn Standard posts: There must be a post at least every

5 m along a section of fence. If the distance between
the comer posts is longer than 5 m, a standard post
is put along the fence. Mark where the standard
posts will be required on the diagrams of each of
your paddocks, and count the number needed for
each paddock. Each standard post costs $15.

352 PEARSON mathematics 7 2ND EDITION

 This table will help you to cal 1
· cu ate the tot l
the colum ns for each of your three paddoca cost of constructing each paddock. Copy the table and complete
ks.
Paddock Dimensions Perimeter
Metres of Cost of Number Cost of Number of Cost of Total
fencing fencing of comer comer standard standard cost
Wire wire posts posts posts posts
needed needed needed
Paddo ck 1
Paddock 2
Paddock 3

Explain
5 What happ~n s to the perim eter of a paddoc k as it
gets longer m length and shorte r in width? Try to
2
explain why this is. The 12 m rectan gles you used
in 1 may help.
Elaborate
6 Answe r the Big Question by stating which of the
three paddo cks you think the farmer should choose,
giving reason s for your choice .
Evaluate
7 (a) Wha t inform ation did you discover from the
rectan gles in 1 that could be used to determ ine
the dime nsions of a larger paddock with the
shorte st peri m e ter?
(b) Why did you select the three paddo cks that
Exte nd
8 Investi gate the perime ter and the area of other
shapes by looking at the triangles below. Each
2
triangle has an area of 8 cm .
(a) Copy them onto graph paper using the actual
measurements given in the diagrams. Then
measure the perime ter of each triangle with
a ruler.
(b) Which of the three triangles below has the
shortes t perime ter? Is this what you expected?
Explain .
4cm

you did?
(c) Cost is one consid eration when design ing
eration s that
pa dd ocks . What are other consid 7
the farmer would need to take into accoun t . 4cm

1:;;2?: 16 cm
 6.2, 6.3 1 Find (i) the perimeter and (ii) the area of the following shapes.
(a)

m 2 Complete the following conversions.

(a) 45 cm= _ _ m (b) 0.015km=_m (c) 307m=_km

(d) 0.6km=_cm (e) 196000m=_km (f) 2640 cm=_ km

6.2, 6.3 3 A garden bed is 5.2 m long and 3 m wide.

(a) How much fertiliser will be required to cover the garden bed, if the recommended
amount is 0.75 kg per square metre?
(b) What length of wooden fencing will be needed to surround the bed?

m 4 ~ch unit of area-mm2, cm2, m 2 or

km -would be the most appropriate
for measuring the area of:
(a) a soccer field
(b) a postage stamp
(c) a dinner plate
(d) a national park?

m 5 A rectangle has a perimeter of 26 cm

and an area of 30 cm2. What are its
dimensions (length and width)?
6 A netball court is 30.5 m long and
6.2, 6.3

I
15.25 m wide.
(a) At training, players complete
five laps around the boundary
of the court. How many metres
is this?
15.25m O
(b) Calculate the area of the court.

(c) The player in the position of

'goal attack' is allowed to move
around in two-thirds of the
court's area. Calculate this area,
l ~j____J
r---- -- - - 30.5 m _ _ _ _ __,

correct to 1 decimal place.

B54 PEARSON mathematics 7 2ND EDITION

Are a of a
parallelogram
A parallelo~ram is a fou_r-sided shape that has two pairs ' ))

7
I
/
of parallel sides . The pairs of parallel sides are marked by I

;;, and » arrow m~rks. The parallelogram has a base b

:h
I

and a height h, which is perpendicular to the base.

I

L- --~»--',7-'-
Perpendicular means 'at right angles to'.This is shown b
b

the symbol for the right angle 6_ . Y

Developing a form ula for are a

m by cutting and rearranging
You can find a formula for calcul ating the area of a parallelogra
it into a familiar shape : a rectangle.
long and labelling it b. At one end
Construct a parallelogram by ruling a horizontal line 10 cm
ndicular heights of 5 cm. Mark
of the line, and 2 cm in from the other end, measure two perpe
heights to rule a second 10 cm line
them with dotted lines and label them h. Use the marked
one end, and extends 2 cm past
parallel to the first. Make sure that this line starts 2 cm in from
the other end of the first line.
sides of the parall elogram will also
If you have done this accurately, the two shorter, sloping
be parallel when you rule them in.
l--2 cm--!

I
I
I
'I 5cm /J •
I
I

f-- 2 cm--!
1 - - - -10cm

6 Measurement
355