Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THE CELL
I. ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS:
A. Cellular Composition:
1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell Membrane
1. BRAIN
a. Cerebrum
b. Cerebellum
c. Basal Ganglia
d. Brainstem
e. Diencephalon
PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES:
2. SPINAL CORD
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Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
a. Descending Tracts
b. Ascending Tracts
3. PNS
a. CN – 12 pairs
b. SN – 31 pairs
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
I. BONES: (206)
a. Types of Osseous Tissue
- Compact Bone
- Spongy Bone
d. Bone Marrow
- Yellow Marrow – storage of adipose tissue
- Red Marrow – produces RBC & WBC
e. Skeleton
- Axial Skeleton – skull, vert. column, thorax
- Appendicular Skeleton – bones of the limbs
II. JOINTS:
Synarthrosis
Ampiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
IV. LIGAMENTS:
V. TENDONS:
VI. CARTILAGE
a. Hyaline Cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Yellow Cartilage
FUNCTIONS:
I. BONES:
⮚ Protects Vital Organs
⮚ Support Body Tissues
⮚ Muscle Attachment
⮚ Hematopoeisis
⮚ Storage of Mineral Salts
II. JOINTS:
a. Ball & Socket
b. Hinge
c. Saddle
d. Pivot
e. Gliding
f. Condyloid
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III. SKELETAL MUSCLES
⮚ Provide Movement
⮚ Posture
⮚ Heat Production
IV. LIGAMENTS
⮚ Jt. Stability & Restriction of Motion
V. TENDONS
⮚ Bind Muscle to Bone
VI. CARTILAGE
⮚ Shock Absorption
⮚ Protects Bones & Joints
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A. Structures
2. Lower Respiratory Tract – trachea, mainstem, bronchi, segmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles,
alveoli.
3. Lungs
3 Lobes 2 Lobes
4. Chest Cavity
5. Pleura
a. Parietal Pleura
b. Visceral Pleura
6. Respiratory Muscles
a. Diaphragm
b. Ext. Intercostals
c. Accessory Muscles
8. Neurologic Control
B. Functions:
a. air conduction
b. protection from foreign matter
c. warming/humidifying air
3. Lungs
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a. Ventilation
b. Diffusion of Gases
c. Acid-Base Regulation
4. Chest Cavity
5. Pleura
6. Respiratory Muscles
7. Pulmonary Blood Supply
8. Neurologic Control
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
I. THE HEART
2. Heart Wall
a. Epicardium or Visceral Pericardium
b. Myocardium
c. Endocardium
3. Chambers
b. Right Atrium
c. Right Ventricle
d. Left Atrium
e. Left Ventricle
4. Heart Valves
a. Antriovertricular Valves
- Tricuspid
- Bicuspid or Mitral
b. Semilunar Valves
- Pulmonic Valve
- Aortic Valve
* Papillary Muscles
* Chordae Tendinae
5. Cardiac Conduction System
a. Electrical pathways
- Sinoatrial (SA) node) - Pacemaker
- AV Node - @ Sinus Rhythm 60-100 Dpm
- Bundle of His
- Purkinje Fibers
6. Coronary Arteries
a. Right Coronary Artery
b. Left Main Coronary Artery
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Arterial Blood Gases
Type Causes Clinical Manifestations Treatment
Respiratory acidosis Respiratory failure, respiratory arrest, If sudden onset: increased heart rate, - Improve ventilation (chest
pH < 7.35 partial pressure of pulmonary edema, chronic decreased level of consciousness (LOC), physiotherapy: turn, cough,
arterial carbon dioxide (Paco2) > obstructive pulmonary disease, feeling of fullness after vasodilation from deep breathe; suction; oxygen
45 mm Hg (too much carbon pneumonia, pneumothorax, CO2 in head, dysrhythmias, (O2)
dioxide (CO2) = too much acid = atelectasis, overdose, aspiration If chronic: weakness, dull headache - Assess vital signs, breath
acidosis sounds, and neurologic
assessment signs.
- Monitor arterial blood gases
(ABG) and pulse oximetry
readings.
Respiratory alkalosis Hyperventilation, pain, anxiety, Lightheadedness, unable to concentrate, - Treat the cause.
pH > 7.45; Paco2, <35 mm Hg hypoxemia, ventilators numbness, tingling, tinnitus. - Encourage slow breaths.
(too little CO2= too little acid –
alkalosis)
Metabolic acidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis; starvation Changes in LOC (confusion, drowsiness), - Administer sodium
pH < 7.35; bicarbonate (HCO3) < (ketoacidosis), lactic acidosis; renal headache, nausea and vomiting, bicarbonate, monitor intake
22 mEq/L (too little HCO3 = too failure, diarrhea; acetylsalicylic acid Kussmaul’s respirations (increased rate and output, ABGs, vital signs,
little base acidosis poisoning and Increased depth), dysrhythmias) and dyshythmias; use seizure
precautions
Metabolic alkalosis Vomiting, nasogastric tube; diuretics Tingling, dizziness and bradypnea - Restore fluid volume and
pH < 7.35; HCO3 > 26 mEq/L (too antacids, too much HCO3; too much (conserve O2), hypertonic muscles, electrolytes.
much HCO3 = too much base - IV, HCO3 ordered by health care dysrhythmias - Monitor vital signs, intake and
alkalosis provider output, ABGs, and
dysrhythmias.
- Perform a neurology
assessment.
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II. FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
1. Cardiac Output – SV X HR
a. Stroke Volume – amt. of blood ejected per beat
- Preload
- Afterload
b. Heart Rate - normal 60 – 100 bpm
2. Cardiac Cycle
a. Systole – contraction phase
b. Diastole – relaxation (filling) phase
3. Heart Sounds
a. S1 – tricuspid & mitral valves closure
b. S2 – aortic & pulmonic valves closure
c. S3 – ventricular gallop
d. S4 – atrial gallop
A. STRUCTURE
1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries
4. Venules
5. Veins
- Superficial Veins
- Deep Veins
6. Lymphatic System
- Lymphatic Vessels
- Lymph Nodes
- Lymph Ducts Right Lymphatic Duct
Thoracic Duct
HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM
A. STRUCTURE
1. Bone Marrow
a. Red Marrow
b. Yellow Marrow
c. Stem Cells
2. Blood Cells
- normal Hematocrit – 45%
a. Erythrocytes (RBC)
- 5 million cells/mm3 of blood
- Biconcave disks containing hemoglobin
- normal Life Span is 120 days
b. Leukocytes (WBC)
- 5,000 – 10,000 cells/mm3 of blood
* 2 Major Types
1. Granular Leukocyte
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Artery VS Vein
(Conducting Vessels) (Capacitance Vessels)
3 layers –Tunica Adventitia 3 Layers –Tunica Adventitia
Tunica Media Tunica Media
Tunica Intima Tunica Intima
3. Plasma
- 55% of Blood Volume
- Contains Plasma Proteins – Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
B. FUNCTIONS
2. Bone Marrow
3. Blood Cells
a. Erythrocytes
b. Leukocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes – B – Lymphocytes
T – Lymphoytes
c. Thrombocytes
* Coagulation Factors (Table)
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4. Plasma
a. Plasma Proteins
b. Constituent Substances in Plasma
- Blood Coagulation (Clotting and Hemostasis)
1) Vascular Phase
2) Platelet Phase
3) Coagulation Phase
- Maintenance of Acid-Base Balance
- Clot Lysis
- Transportation of Nutrients and Hormones
IMMUNE SYSTEM
A. Functions
1. Defense Against Infection
2. Maintenance of Homeostasis
B. Organs & Tissues
1. Bone Marrow
2. Thymus
3. Lymph Nodes
4. Spleen
5. Tonsils/Adenoids
6. Hematopoietic System
C. Nonspecific Immunologic Defense (Natural Immunity)
1. Physical Barriers
2. Chemical Barriers
3. Biologic Response Modifiers
4. Actions of White Blood Cells
a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils & Basophils
c. Granulocytes
d. Monocytes & Macrophages
5. Inflammatory Response
6. Natural Killer Cells
7. Complement
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D. Specific Immunologic Defense
1. Types of Immunity
a. Inborn Immunity
b. Acquired Immunity
2. Mechanism of Specific Immunity
2 Types:
a. Humoral Immunity (B-Lymphocyte)
- involves formation of antibodies
5 Types of Antibodies:
- IgG – activates complement, crosses placenta
- IgA – present in body fluids (blood, saliva, breast milk, vaginal secretions)
- IgM – first antibody produced in immune response
- IgD – important for B cell activation
- IgE – allergic & hypersensitivity rxns
– defense against parasites
b. Cell-Mediated Immunity (T-Lymphocytes)
- delayed hypersensitivity reactions
- transplant rejection
- viral, fungal, chronic infections
* T-lymphocytes (devised from thymus)
Types of T-Cells:
- Helper T Cells (T4)
- Suppressor T Cells (T8)
- Memory T Cells
- Cytotoxic T Cells
A. Hormones - chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands directly into blood stream.
1. Types of Hormones:
e. Protein or Peptide Hormone – insulin, vasopression, GH, ACTH.
f. Amine Hormones or Amino Acids – EPI, NE
g. Steroids – cortisol, Estrogen, Testosterone
2. Hormone Regulation
B. PITUITARY GLAND
1. Anterior Lobe
a. GH
b. Prolactin
c. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
d. ACTH
e. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
f. Leutinizing Hormone
2. Posterior Lobe
a. Oxytocin
b. ADH/Vasopressin
C. THYROID GLAND
2. Thyrocalcitonin
D. PARATHYROID GLAND
1. Parathormone
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E. ADRENAL GLANDS
1. Adrenal Medulla
a. Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
b. Nonepinephrine
2. Adrenal Cortex
a. Mineralocorticoids (i.e. Aldosterore)
b. Glucocorticoids (i.e. Cortisol)
c. Adrenal Sex Hormones (i.e. Androgen and Estrogen)
G. GONADS
GI SYSTEM
B. Structures
1. Oral Structures
2. Esophagus
* Esophageal Opening
a. Upper Esophageal Sphincter
b. Lower Esophageal Sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter)
3. Stomach
* 3 Parts
a. Fundus
b. Body
c. Antrum (Pylorus)
4. Sphincters
5. Small Intestine
a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
6. Large Intestine
a. Cecum
b. Colon
c. Rectum
7. Iliocecal Valve
8. Appendix
9. GI Tract Layers (5) – 1. Inner Mucosal Layer
2. Submucosal layer
3. Circular Smooth Muscle Layer
4. Longitudinal Smooth Muscle Layer
5. Outer Peritoneal Layer
- Parietal Peritoneum
- Visceral Peritoneum
C. Function
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HEPATIC SYSTEM
A. Structure
1. Liver – largest glandular organ
– located in right upper abdominal quadrant
– 4 lobes – left, right, caudate and quadrate
– Contains HEPATOCYCTES (Liver Cells) and
KUPFER’S CELLS (Phagocytic Cells)
– BILE is composed of H2O, electrolytes,
lecithin, fatty acid, cholesterol, bilirubin and
bile salts.
– blood supply is from PORTAL VEIN (75%)
and HEPATIC ARTERY (25%)
2. Biliary System
Canaliculi
a. Hepatic Duct
b. Oddi’s Sphincter
c. Gall Bladder
B. FUNCTION
2. Liver
3. Biliary System
a. Draining bile
b. Storing bile in gall bladder
A. Structure
1. Urinary System
a. Ureters
b. Bladder
c. Urethra
d. Urinary Meatus
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2. Kidneys – lie between T12 – L3
– retroperitoneal in location
a. External Structures
- Hilum
- Renal Capsule
b. Internal Structures
- Medulla
- Renal Pyramids
- Papillae
- Renal Pelvis
- Nephron – Glomerulus
– Proximal Tubule
– Loop of Henle
– Distal Tubule
– Collecting Duct
B. FUNCTION
1. Urinary System:
a. Ureters – transport urine to bladder
b. Bladder – reservoir for urine
c. Urethra – carries urine from bladder to the outside of the body.
d. Urine Formation
3 Processes:
1. Filtration – happens in Glomerulus
2. Reabsorption – done by prox & distal convoluted tubules.
3. Secretion – reabsorption in reverse
e. Micturition (voiding)
- under voluntary and involuntary control
- 150 – 300 ml – urge to void
- 400 – 600 ml – normal bladder capacity
- 1.5 L/day – normal urine output
- bladder normally contains no residual urine after voiding.
A. STRUCTURE
3 Layers of Skin:
2. Dermis (Corium)
- Middle Layer
- composed of collagen fibers
- Provide mechanical strength
- Contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, hair follicles, sebaceous & sweat glands
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2 Layers:
3. Epidermis
- 5 Layers – Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
- Appendages:
a. Hair
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b. Nails
c. Sebaceous Glands
d. Sweat Glands
1. Apocrine Glands
- respond to autonomic rather than thermal stimulation
- located in axilla, areola, groin, perineum, circumanal and periumbilical
2. Eccrine Glands
- respond to elevated environmental & body temperature
- distributed in skin all over the body
- secretes sweat which is clear, aqueous solution containing 99% H2O & 1% solid
B. FUNCTIONS:
1. Protective Function
2. Water Balance
3. Sensory Function
Receptors:
- Naked Nerve Endings – mediate all four sensory modalities cold, warmth, pain, touch
- Free Nerve Endings – mediate pain
- Merkel’s Disks / Meissner’s – touch
- Ruffini’s Endings – warmth
- Pacinian Corpuscles – pressure
- Krause’s End Bulb – cold
4. Vitamin D Production
5. Thermoregulatory Function
- Heat Production
- Heat Loss
a. Radiation
b. Conduction
c. Convection
6. Immunologic Functions
b. Wheal & Flare Reaction
c. Release of Histamine & Bradykinin
d. Immune Complexes
7. Circulatory Function
8. Aesthetic Function
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is the study of the structure, shape of the body and the body parts, and their
relationships to one another?
a. Anatomy c. Homeostasis
b. Genetics d. Physiology
2. Which of the following sections is made along a horizontal plane dividing the body or organ into superior and
inferior parts?
a. Coronal c. Sagittal
b. Intermediate d. Transverse
3. Which of the following cavities is inferior to the diaphragm and contains the digestive, urinary and
reproductive organs?
a. Abdominopelvic c. Spinal
b. Cranial d. Thoracic
4. Which directional term is defined as more internal and away from the body surface?
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a. Deep c. Medial
b. Lateral d. Superficial
6. Abdominopelvic cavity is divided into nine (9) separate regions. The region located superior to the umbilical
region is called:
a. Epigastric c. Iliac
b. Hypogastric d. Lumbar
7. It is the area of the back between the ribs and the hips:
a. Deltoid b. Gluteal
c. Lumbar d. Occipital
9. The skin can increase the body temperature through the following methods, except:
a. Sweating through the sweat glands
b. Activation of the erector pili muscles
c. Vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the skin
d. Shunting of blood from the skin to the internal organs
10. Which of the following glands is adjacent to a hair follicle and produces a greasy secretion?
a. Sweat glands c. Cerumenous glands
b. Sebaceous glands d. Sudoriferous glands
13. In what layer of the skin can you find the basale?
a. Dermis c. Adipose tissue
b. Epidermis d. Subcutaneous tissue
15. Which of the following structures is found in roughly the same amount in both dark-skinned and light skinned
individuals?
a. Keratin c. Melanocytes
b. Melanin d. Receptors
18. Which of the following cells have the primary function of laying down lamella?
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a. Osteoblast c. Osteocytes
b. Osteoclast d. Osteophytes
19. What is the largest joint in the body commonly affected with osteoarthritis?
a. Ankle c. Knee
b. Hip d. Shoulder
20. Which of the following parts of the skeletal system is associated with the appendicular skeleton?
a. Clavicle c. Sacrum
b. Radius d. Sternum
21. Paracentesis is the removal of excessive peritoneal fluid such as in cases of ascites. If the cannula is inserted in
the flank, which of the following muscles will not be passed through?
a. Internal oblique c. Rectus abdominis
b. External oblique d. Transversus abdominis
24. Which neurotransmitter has the primary function of stimulating skeletal muscles?
a. Acetylcholine c. Dopamine
b. Catecholamine d. Serotonin
25. Which of the following bones extends from the pelvis to the knees and is referred to as the largest and
longest bone in the body?
a. Femur c. Patella
b. Fibula d. Tibia
26. According to the food guide pyramid, which of the following foods should have the highest daily servings?
a. Cereals c. Meat products
b. Fruit group d. Vegetable group
29. Which sphincter will open to allow the contents of the stomach to pass to the duodenum?
a. Antral c. Duodenal
b. Cardiac d. Pyloric
30. Which of the following refers to the rhythmic, wavelike intestinal contraction that moves food through the
garstointestinal tract?
a. Absorption c. Ingestion
b. Defecation d. Peristalsis
31. What structure serves as a common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems?
a. Esophagus c. Mouth
b. Larynx d. Pharynx
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a. Liver c. Sigmoid colon
b. Rectum d. Spleen
34. Which of the following statements is not true about the circulatory system?
a. There are three principal circulatory divisions namely the pulmonary, coronary and systemic division.
b. The coronary arteries branching out from the ascending aorta supplies blood to the myocardium of
the heart.
c. The systemic circulation includes all blood vessels that transport blood in all the body other than those
of the pulmonary circulation
d. The pulmonary circulation includes the blood vessels that carry blood from the right ventricle through
the lungs and to the left atrium
38. Which of the following valves separate the right atrium from the right ventricle?
a. Mitral valve c. Tricuspid valve
b. Bicuspid valve d. Seminilunar valve
d. Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxides
42. The following are actions of the parasympathetic fibers, except:
a. Stimulates peristalsis
b. Promote secretion of lacrimal glands
c. Induce bile and insulin release
d. Constrict peripheral blood vessels
43. Which of the following muscles (or groups of muscles) is responsible for forced expiration?
a. Abdominals c. External Intercoastals
b. Diaphragm d. None of the above
44. Most aspirates commonly go to the right mainstem bronchus. What is the explanation for this?
a. The left mainstem bronchus is shorter
b. The right mainstem bronchus is narrower
c. The right mainstem bronchus is nearly vertical
d. The left mainstem bronchus has fewer branches
45. What lobe is found in the right lung but not in the left lung?
a. Apical lobe c. Middle lobe
b. Lower lobe d. Upper lobe
46. What part of the lung will most likely be damaged by penetrating injuries in the Supraclavicular area?
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a. Lingula c. Upper lobe
b. Apical lobe d. None of the above
47. Which of the following lung volumes and capacities tend to increase with old age and during cases of
obstructive lung disease?
a. Vital capacity c. Total lung capacity
b. Residual volume d. Expiratory reserve volume
48. Which of the following lobes of the right lung are separated by the horizontal fissure?
a. Upper and lower lobes c. Upper and middle lobes
b. Middle and lower lobes d. Upper, middle and lower lobes
49. Which of the following refers to the collection of multipolar nerve cells along the course of the sympathetic
trunk?
a. Sympathetic ganglion c. Sympathetic irritation
b. Sympathetic imbalance d. Sympathetic nerve
51. The following statements pertaining to the kidneys are true, except:
a. The kidneys are located retroperinoneally.
b. Each kidney moves 1 inch during full inspiration
c. The left kidney is palpable in the left lumbar region.
d. The right kidney is lower due to the bulk of the liver.
53. What hormones do the kidneys secrete in response to a lowered blood pressure?
a. Aldosterone c. Anti-diuretic hormone
b. Angiotensin d. Renin
54. How many percent of blood volume is passed through the kidneys with each heartbeat?
a. 20% b.25% c.30% d.50%
56. Which of the following is true about the anatomy of the renal system?
a. The kidneys are located anteroperitoneally.
b. The kidney has an outer renal cortex and inner medulla.
c. It consists of two kidneys, two ureters, two urethras and one urinary bladder.
d. The renal cortex is composed of the renal pyramid separated by the renal column.
57. Which organ system is responsible for eliminating nitrogenous wastes from the body and regulating water
and electrolytes?
a. Urinary system c. Lymphatic system
b. Digestive system d. Integumentary system
58. What is the covering of most long nerve fibers that protects and insulates the fibers and increases the
transmission rate of nerve impulses?
a. Cell body c. Myelin
b. Dendrite d. Nucleus
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a. Hypothalamus c. Midbrain
b. Medulla oblongata d. Pons
60. Following a tonsillectomy, a patient noted loss of taste on the posterior one-third of the tongue. Which of the
following cranial nerves was probably injured?
a. Facial nerve c. Lingual nerve
b. Vagus nerve d. Glossopharyngeal nerve
61. When a patient attempts to protrude his tongue, it is deviates to the right. What nerve is affected?
a. Lingual nerve c. Hypoglossal nerve
b. Accessory nerve d. Glossopharyngeal nerve
62. When injecting an anesthetic agent into the subarachnoid space, which of the following is an important
landmark for determining where to insert the needle through the skin of the back?
a. Coccyx c. 3rd sacral vertebra
b. Iliac crest d. Inferior angle of the scapula
64. The end of the spinal cord is an apex to which a prolongation of the pia mater descends to be attached to the
back of the coccyx. What do you call this extension of the pia mater?
a. Cauda equine c. Conus medullaris
b. Filium terminale d. Ligamentum dendiculatum
66. Which of the following lobes of the brain functions for the conscious perception of vision?
a. Frontal c. Parietal
b. Occipital d. Temporal
67. Sore-eyes, which is common in the summer months, affects which of the following parts of the eyes?
a. Cornea c. Vitreous humor
b. Conjunctiva d. Aqueous humor
69. Photoreceptors are found all throughout the retina, except where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball. This
“blindspot” corresponds to which of the following sites?
a. Choroid c. Optic chiasma
b. Optic disc d. Fovea centralis
71. Which of the following statements best describes the middle ear?
a. Lines with ceruminous glands
b. Contains hairs, hair cells and nerve fibers
c. Flanked medially by oval and round windows
d. Subdivided into 3: cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals
72. Smell sensation is transmitted by the brain by the olfactory nerve. Which of the following cranial nerves is the
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olfactory nerve?
a. 1st cranial nerve c. 3rd cranial nerve
b. 2nd cranial nerve d. 7th cranial nerve
73. The only function of the 4th cranial nerve is to innervate which of the following muscles in the eyes?
a. Medial rectus c. Inferior oblique
b. Lateral rectus d. Superior oblique
74. The following cranial nerves transmit taste sensations from the tongue except:
a. Facial nerve c. Trigeminal nerve
b. Vagus nerve d. Glossopharyngeal nerve
75. Which of the following is part of both endocrine and reproductive systems?
a. Pancreas c. Testis
b. Pituitary d. Uterus
76. Which o f the following is considered both an endocrine and exocrine glad?
a. Ovary c. Adrenal glands
b. Pancreas d. Thyroid gland
80. Which of the following structures secretes the male hormone testosterone to maintain spermatogenesis?
a. Leydig cells c. Sertoli cells
b. Seminal vesicles d. Spermatogenic cells
81. Which of the following is the chief means of regulating hormonal blood levels?
a. Baroreception c. Positive feedback
b. Chemoreception d. Negative feedback
82. Which of the following endocrine glands also functions as the site of maturation of a special type of white
blood cells?
a. Adrenals c. Thymus
b. Pancreas d. Thyroid
83. The following hormones are released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and are regulated by
hypothalamic hormones, except:
a. Oxytocin c. Luteinizing hormone
b. Prolactin d. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
84. To which part of the female reproductive system does the cervix belong?
a. Fallopian tube c. Vagina
b. Uterus d. Vulva
85. In what part of the fallopian tube does fertilization commonly occur?
a. Ampulla c. Isthmus
b. Infundibulum d. Fimbriae
86. Which of the following hormones from the anterior pituitary gland is required to stimulate spermatogenesis?
a. Growth hormone c. Follicle stimulating hormone
b. Luteinizing hormone d. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
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a. Vulva c. Vestibule
b. Vagina d. Fourchette
88. In which of the following structures of a sperm can you find the mitochondria?
a. Head c. Body
b. Neck d. Tail
89. How many chromosomes are there in the female egg cell and male spermatozoa?
a. 18 chromosomes c. 23 chromosomes
b. 20 chromosomes d. 26 chromosomes
90. In which phase of the sexual contact does the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system take a
major role?
a. Excitement c. Ejaculation
b. Plateau d. Resolution
91. Sperm and egg cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes. The father’s (sperm) chromosome will determine the sex
of the baby.
a. Both statements are true
b. Both statements are false
c. First statement is true; the second is false
d. First statement is false; the second is true
92. Which of the following urogenital muscles primarily cause erection of the female clitoris?
a. Bulbocavernosus c. Ischiocavernosus
b. Bulbospongiosus d. Deep transverse perineal muscle
93. Which of the following structures found in the female breast is not located superficially?
a. Ampulla c. Nipple
b. Areola d. Tubercles
94. What term is used to refer to the basic nerve cell of the nervous system which contains a nucleus within a cell
body?
a. Nephron c. Cranial nerves
b. Neuron d. Peripheral nerves
95. What hypersensitivity reaction appears immediately after exposure to an allergen and is considered as the
most common type of allergic reaction?
a. Type I (Anaphylactic reaction)
b. Type II (Cytotoxic reaction)
c. Type III (Immune complex reaction)
d. Type IV (Cell-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity)
97. Which of the following cells is the immunologic system’s chief site of filtering response to antigens?
a. Spleen c. Thymus
b. Tonsils d. Peyer’s patches
98. Which of the following cells is responsible for the production of antibodies and acts as mediator of the body’s
humoral response?
a. B cells c. Basophils
b. T cells d. Macrophages
100. What is the best way to establish artificially acquired active immunity?
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a. Vaccination
b. Transplacental route
c. Contact with pathogen
d. Injection of immune serum
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