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 for bridging metal industry
sector towards achieving
excellence
n 2D and 3D modelling
n 2D to 3D conversion
Services offered....

n Casting Design and its analysis.

n Casting gating system design and its validation
n Process optimization
n Process design
n Casting Development
n Project and start up consultancy
n Solutions on all foundry related technical and commercial issues.
n Consultancy for technical audits for laboratories.

n Nalinee Nene - Cast Iron & S. G. Iron Foundry Practice,

Our Panel of Experts

Cupola design & operation, Testing of Materials

n Avinash Joshi - Technical, Commercial, Project Management in Ferrous Foundry.

n Shashank Mandre - Ferrous Metallurgy, Training & Skill Development
n Suresh Patil - Quality upgradation, Supply Chain,
Overall Business and Finance Management.

n Roopa Raichur - Testing of Materials, Training,

Technical Lab Audits & NABL Audits

DHATU TANTRA SETU

Contact : services.dtsetu@gmail.com
Mo. 7820822909, 9370286969, 8180862910
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H$aÊ`mda {e¸$m_moV©~ Ho$bo.
5) \o$~«wdmar 2021 _Ü`o Q>mQ>m ñQ>rb - ~rEgEb `m§Zr
gm°âQ>doAa bm°{OpñQ>H$ H§$nZrer H$ama H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr
{S>{OQ>b Q´>mÝg\$m°a_oeZMr à{H«$`o_Ü`o JVr AmUbr.
6) ñQ>rb CËnmXZm§_Ü`o AmË_{Z^©a hmoÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZm§Mm
^mJ åhUyZ ñQ>rb CËnmXZ j_Vo_Ü`o ^maVr`
H§$nÝ`m§Zr dmT> Ho$br. gßQ>|~a 2020 _Ü`o gobZo
Ë`mÀ`m 6 ñQ>rb ßb±Q>Mr j_Vm XþßnQ> H$aÊ`mMm
g§H$ën Omhra Ho$bm.
7) _mM© 2020 _Ü`o A{g©ba {_Îmb {ZîH$m°Z ñQ>rb
B§{S>`mZo ES>bdog A°goQ> [aH$ÝgQ´>ŠeZ H§$nZrH$Sy>Z
hOm[a`m, JwOamV `oWrb ^§S>ma nm°da ßb±Q> IaoXr
Ho$bm.
8) \o$~«wdmar 2020 _Ü`o OrE\$Or AbmEÝgZo AmYw{ZH$
_oQ>°{bŠg d Ë`m§Mr _hÎdmMr H§$nZr {PAm°Z ñQ>rb

425 H$amoS> én`o {H$_VrV IaoXr H$ê$Z ^maVr`
ñQ>rb ~mOmamV àdoe Ho$bm.
9) OoEgS>ãë`y ñQ>rbZo Am{W©H$ df© 2020 _Ü`o
XoemVrb _oQ´>mo aob àH$ënm§gmR>r 1.5 bmI Q>Z Q>rE_Q>r
Q>r~maMm nwadR>m H$aÊ`mMo C{Ôï> {ZpíMV Ho$bo.
10) {S>g|~a 2019 _Ü`o Amg}ba {_ÎmbZo Eñgma
ñQ>rbMr 42,000 H$amoS> én`o XoD$Z Vm~m KoÊ`mMr
à{H«$`m nyU© Ho$br Am{U {Zßnm°Z ñQ>rb H$mnm}aoeZ
gmo~V g§`wº$ H$ama Ho$bm.
11) OoEgS>ãë`y ñQ>rbZo 2020_Ü`o EHy$U ñQ>rbMo
CËnmXZ 18 Xebj Q>ZnmgyZ 23 Xebj Q>Zn`ªV
dmT>{dÊ`mMr A_o[aH$Z S>m°ba 4.14 {~[b`Z BVHo$
H°${nQ>b IMm©Mo {Z`moOZ Ho$bo hmoVo.
12) ñQ>rb _§Ìmb`mZo XoemVrb nyd}H$S>rb àm§VmV ñQ>rb
{Z{_©Vr joÌmÀ`m ÐþVJVrZo d¥ÕrgmR>r 70 Xebj
A_o[aH$Z S>m°ba BVH$s Jw§VdUyH$ Ho$br Amho.
13) gob (ñQ>rb A°Wm°[aQ>r Am°\$ B§{S>`m) Mr EHy$U
CËnmXZ j_Vm gZ 2025 n`ªV 13 Xebj Q>Z
à{Vdf© nmgyZ 50 Xebj Q>Z à{Vdf© H$aÊ`mH$[aVm
24.88 {~[b`Z S>m°ba Jw§VdUwH$sMo C{Ôï> R>odbobo
Amho.
14) Q>mQ>m ñQ>rbZo H$qbJZJa EH${ÌH¥$V ñQ>rb ßbm§Q>Mr
j_Vm 3 Xebj Q>ZnmgyZ 8 Xebj Q>Zmn`ªV
dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r 3.64 {~[b`Z S>m°ba Jw§VdUwH$sMo
C{Ôï> Ro>dboobo Amho.
gaH$maMm nwT>mH$ma …
gaH$maH$Sy>Z `m joÌmgmR>r `m H$mimVrb {deof
nwT>mH$ma Imbrbà_mUo :
1) H|$Ðr` AW©g§H$ën 2020-21 _Ü`o gaH$maZo 39.25
H$amoS> (5.4 {_[b`Z S>m°ba) ñQ>rb _§Ìmb`mbm dJ©
Ho$bob AmhoV.
2) OmZodmar 2021 _Ü`o ^maV gaH$maÀ`m ñQ>rb
_§Ìmb`mZo OnmZ gaH$maÀ`m AW©, ì`mnma Am{U
CÚmoJ _§Ìmb`mer ghH$m`m©Mm H$ama H$ê$Z B§{S>`m-
OnmZ `m§À`m g§`wº$ AmamIS>çmÀ`m A§VJ©V ñQ>rb
goŠQ>abm MmbZm XoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV `oUma
AmhoV.
Owb¡ 2021 7
3) {S>g|~a 2020 _Ü`o ^maV gaH$maMo noQ´>mo{b`_ _§Ìr
Y_]Ð qgJ `m§Zr emók g_wX`mbm ZdrZ g§emoYZ
H$ê$Z Xoembm _oH$ BZ B§{S>`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
AmË_{Z^©a H$aÊ`mMo AmdmhZ Ho$bo hmoVo.
4) gßQ>|~a 2020 _Ü`o ñQ>rb _§Ìmb`mZo
Xoem_Ü`o ñQ>rb ŠbñQ>g© {dH${gV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm
\«o$_dH©$ nm°{bgrMm S´>mâQ> V`ma Ho$bm.
5) 1 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2020 _Ü`o S>m`aoŠQ>moaoQ> OZab Am°\$
\$m°aoZ Q´>oS> `m§Zr XoemVrb ñQ>rb CËnmXH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m
g[ìh©g g|Q>a, {dVaH$, {S>bg© Am{U ñQ>m°H$ `mS>©_YyZ
nwadR>m H$aÊ`mH$[aVm S>çwQ>r S´>m°~°H$Mm \$m`Xm XoÊ`mMo
Omhra Ho$bo Amho.
6) gaH$maZo Am`mV H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñQ>rb ^§Jma
nwZdm©na `moOZm Omhra Ho$br Amho.
7) Xoem§VJ©V gwairV nwadR>m hmoÊ`mMr ImÌr H$aÊ`mH$[aVm
bmoI§S>mÀ`m I{ZOmda {Z`m©VrgmR>r 30% H$a
bmdÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
8) ^maV gaH$maMm nm`m^yV gw{dYm d añVo {Z{_©Vrda
àmYmÝ`mZo ^a XoÊ`mÀ`m YmoaU, ñQ>rbMr _mJUr
dmT>Ê`mbm ghmæ`^yV Pmbobo Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a
J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm d nm`m^yV gw{dYm `mbm JVr
XoÊ`mÀ`m YmoaUm_wio XoIrb ñQ>rbMr _mJUr dmT>Uma
Amho.
9) ^maV gaH$maÀ`m H|$Ðr` H°${~ZoQ>Zo amï´>r` ñQ>rb YmoaU
2017 bm _§Owar XoD$Z OmJ{VH$ ñVamda ^maVr`
ñQ>rb CÚmoJ ñnYm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r gj_ ìhmdm `m
(nmZ 17 da)
 8 Owb¡ 2021
Vm§{ÌH$

nwUo {dÚmnrR>mVyZ 1966 gmbr ~r.B©. _oQ>bOu nXdr

KoVbr. _moR>o H$mñQ> Am`Z© H$mpñQ>¨1⁄2O ~Z{dUmè`m
H$mñQ> Am`Z© \$m¢S´>rV 25 dfmªhÿZ A{YH$ H$mi
ì`dñWmnH$ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo. gÜ`m \$m¢S´>r
Z{bZr ZoZo CÚmoJmgmR>r gëbm XoÊ`mMm VgoM _oQ>bOuH$b
\$m¢S´>r g„mJma Q>opñQ>¨J H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm ì`dgm` Amho.

Yyga {~S>mMo
YmVwemñÌ
Metallurgy of Grey Iron

{~S>mMo JwUY_© ho nwT>rb JmoîQ>tda Adb§~yZ AgVmV.
1) amgm`{ZH$ KQ>H$
2) MmO©_Yrb KQ>H$
3) A§VJ©V aMZm
`mn¡H$s amgm`{ZH$ KQ>H$ d Ë`m§Mm JwUY_m©da hmoUmam
n[aUm_ `m{df`r `m ^mJmV _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoD$.
à_wI KQ>H$ d Ë`m§Mm JwUY_m©darb n[aUm_
1) H$m~©Z :
agmMm àdmhrnUm _w»`V… H$m~©Zda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
H$m~©Z H$_r Pmë`mg ag AmoVÊ`mnyduM KÅ> ìhm`bm
bmJVmo. åhUyZM H$m~©Zbm Life Giving Element Ago
åhUVm `oB©b. H$m~©Z dmT>ob VgVer {MbtJMr àd¥Îmr
(Chilling Tendency) H$_r hmoVo Ë`m_wio H$R>rUnUm
H$_r hmoVmo d VmH$Xhr H$_r hmoVo. H$m~©Z dmT>ob VgVgm ag
IoMbm OmÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr (Shrinkage Tendency) nU H$_r
hmoVo. agm_Yrb H$m~©Z hm XmoZ ñdê$nmV AgVmo.
A) _wŠV H$m~©Z (Free Carbon) J°\$mBQ> âboH$À`m
ñdê$nmV.
~) bmohm~amo~a OIS>bobm H$m~©Z (Combined
Carbon) nbm©BQ> qH$dm Am`Z© H$m~m©BS>À`m ñdê$nmV à`moJ
emioV n¥WH$aU (Analysis) Ho$ë`mg darb XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Mo
à_mU g_Oy eH$Vo. OIS>bobm H$m~©Z 0.60-0.80 Q>ŠHo$
Amë`mg A§VJ©V aMZoV (Microstructure) ~hþVm§er nbm©BQ>
Amho Ago g_Om`bm haH$V Zmhr. OIS>bobm H$m~©Z 0.60
Q>ŠŠ`mhÿZ {OVH$m H$_r hmoB©b {VVHo$ \o$amBQ>Mo à_mU dmT>V
OmVo. OIS>bobm H$m~©Z 0.80 Q>ŠŠ`mhÿZ A{YH$ Agë`mg

A§VJ©V aMZoV H$m~m©BS>g² AmhoV Agm {ZîH$f© {ZKy eH$Vmo.
2) {g[bH$m°Z :
{g[bH$m°ZMm n[aUm_ ~hþVm§er H$m~©ZgmaImM Amho.
{g[bH$m°Z_wio agmMm àdmhrnUm dmT>Vmo, {M[b§JMr àd¥Îmr
H$_r hmoVo. AmHw§$MZ (Shrinkage) H$_r hmoVo. H$R>rUnUm
d VmH$X H$_r hmoVmV. {g[bH$m°Z J«°\$mBQ> V`ma hmoÊ`mÀ`m
{H«$`og _XV H$aVo d \o$amBQ>Mo à_mU dmT>dVo.
3) _±JoZrO :
H$mhr _±JoZrO gë\$a~amo~a OIS>bo OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va Oo
OmXm _±JoZrO Ë`m_wio nbm©BQ> V`ma hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoD$Z
hmS>©Zog d VmH$X dmT>VmV. _±JoZrOMo H$_rV H$_r à_mU
1.7 gë\$a (Q>ŠHo$) + 0.30 BVHo$ Agmdo. _°{Q´>Šg_Ü`o
~hþVm§er nbm©BQ> nm{hOo Agob Va _±JoZrOMo à_mU
H$_rV H$_r 3 X gë\$a (Q>ŠHo$) + 0.35 BVHo$ Agmdo.
4) gë\$a :
{~S>m_Yrb gë\$aMo à_mU 0.05 Vo 0.10 `m
Xaå`mZ Agmdo. gë\$a 0.05 Q>ŠŠ`mhÿZ H$_r Pmë`mg
A§V…jonUmMr (Inoculation) n[aUm_H$maH$Vm H$_r hmoVo d
Ë`m_wio undercooked åhUOo - D nÕVrMm J«°\$mBQ> V`ma
hmoVmo. {~S>m_Ü`o gë\$a XmoZ ñdê$nmV AgVo.
A) bmohmer OIS>bobo Am`Z© gë\$BS> (Fes) `m
ñdê$nmV
~) _±JoZrOer OIS>bobo - _±JoZrO gë\$mBS>
(Mns) `m ñdê$nmV _±JoZrO nwaoem à_mUmV CnbãY Zgob
Va Am`Z© gë\$mBS>g V`ma hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio H$R>rUnUm
dmTy>Z H$mpñQ>¨J _{eqZJbm AdKS> hmoVo. gë\$a_wio AmHw§$MZ
dmT>Vo d agmMm àdmhrnUm H$_r hmoVmo. Am`Z© gë\$mBS>g
ñ\$[Q>H$m§À`m gr_maofm§da (Grain Boundaries) V`ma hmoV
Agë`mZo {~S>mMr VmH$X d AmKmV ghZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm
(Tensile and Impact Strength) H$_r hmoVmV. `mCbQ>
_±JoZrO gë\$mBS>g² _°{Q´>Šg_Ü`o gd©Ì gma»`m à_mUmV
{dIwabobr AgVmV. _±JoZrO_wio gë\$aMo hmoUmao Xþîn[aUm_
~è`mMem à_mUmV H$_r hmoVmV.
5) \$m°ñ\$ag :
\$m°ñ\$agMr Ðd {~S>mVrb {dÐmì`Vm (Liquid
Solubility) OmñV AgVo. KZ {~S>m_Yrb {dÐmì`Vm
(Solid Solubility) 0.10 Q>ŠHo$ `mnojmhr H$_r AgVo.
Owb¡ 2021 9
Ë`m_wio J«°\$mBQ> âboH$ d Am°ñQ>oZmBQ>Mo ñ\$Q>rH$ V`ma
hmoV AgVmZm Caboë`m agmVrb \$m°ñ\$agMo à_mU
gmaIo dmT>V OmVo. n[aUm_r \$m°ñ\$agMo ñ\$[Q>H$m§À`m
gr_maofm§da (Grain Boundaries) H|$ÐrH$aU (Con-
centration) hmoVo. \$m°ñ\$agMo à_mU OmñV Agob Va
ñ\$Q>rH$m§À`m gr_maofm§da bmoh d \$m°ñ\$ag `m§Mo `wQ>opŠQ>H$
AmT>dyZ `oVo. Ë`m_wio hmS>©Zog dmT>Vmo. `m H$maUm_wioM H$mhr
àH$maÀ`m PrO{damoYr (Wear Resisting) H$m[ñQ>§JgmR>r
\$m°ñ\$ag_wio VmH$X d AmKmVj_Vm H$_r hmoVo.
bmoh d \$m°ñ\$ag `m§§Mo `wQ>o[ŠQ>H$ 10000C `m
Vn_mZmg KZpñWVrV OmVo. ho Vn_mZ bmoh d H$m~©Z `m§À`m
`wQ>o[ŠQ>H$ Vn_mZmnojm åhUOoM 11300C `mnojm H$_r Amho.
Ë`m_wio Á`mdoir \$m°ñ\$ag `wQ>o[ŠQ>H$ KZ pñWVrV OmVo
Ë`mdoiog Ë`mMo AmHw§$MZ ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r bmJUmam
OmXm ag CnbãY hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU Ë`mdoiog
\$sS>a d \$m°ñ\$ag `wQ>o[ŠQ>H$ `m Xaå`mZMo gd© _mJ©
(Feeding Passages) KZpñWVrV Joë`mZo ~§X Pmbobo
AgVmV. Ë`m_wio \$m°ñ\$ag OmV Agboë`m H$m[ñQ>§J_Ü`o _ya
(Micro porosity) AmT>iyZ `oVo.
\$m°ñ\$agMo à_mU eŠ`Vmo 0.10 Q>ŠHo$ OmñVrV
OmñV BVHo$ R>odmdo. \$m°ñ\$ag_wio agmMm àdmhrnUm dmT>Vmo.
Ë`m_wio A{Ve` nmVi d H$bmHw$garÀ`m (Decorative)
H$m[ñQ>§J_Ü`o \$m°ñ\$agMo à_mU OmñV R>odmdo bmJVo.
 10 Owb¡ 2021
{~S>mMo JwUY_© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV `oUmè`m
_ybVÎdm§Mm n[aUm_ :
(Effect of Alloying Elements)
1) H«$mo{_`_ :
H«$mo{_`_Mm {~S>mda hmoUmam n[aUm_ _yi YmVyÀ`m
(Base Metal) A§VJ©V aMZoda Adb§~yZ Amho. _yiÀ`m
aMZoV \o$amBQ> Agob Va H«$mo{_`_Mm n{hbm n[aUm_
\o$amBQ> H$_r H$ê$Z nbm©BQ> dmT>dÊ`mH$S>o hmoVmo. _yi aMZoV
\o$amBQ> OdiOdi Zgob Va àW_ nbm©BQ>Mm gyú_nUm
(Fineness) dmT>Vmo d Ë`mZ§Va _wŠV H$m~m©BS> (Free
Carbides) nU V`ma hmoD$ eH$VmV. F4 200 d F4 260
`m Jo«oS>Mo JwUY_© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r 0.30-0.50 `m à_mUmV
H«$mo{_`_ dmnabo OmVo. Ë`m_wio _yi {~S>mMr VmH$X d H$R>rUnUm
XmoÝhr dmT>VmV. H«$mo{_`_Mm Cn`moJ CîUVmamoYH$ (Heat
Resisting) H$m[ñQ>§J_Ü`o nU Ho$bm OmVmo. CîUVo_wio
H$m[ñQ>§Jda nwT>rb n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmV.
A) nbm©BQ>Mo {dKQ>Z (Decomposition) Pmë`m_wio
H$m[ñQ>§JÀ`m AmH$ma_mZ dmT> (Growth) hmoVo.
~) {~S>mMm àmUdm`yer g§`moJ hmoÊ`mMr {H«$`m
CîUVo_wio dmT>Ë`m à_mUmV hmoVo. Aem arVrZo
Am°ŠgmBS>Mo H$dM hmoVo d {ZIiyZ nS>Vo d
hr {H«$`m gVV Mmby amhVo. (Oxidation and
Scaling)
H«$mo{_`__wio nbm©BQ>À`m {dKQ>Zmg {damoY hmoVmo VgoM
H«$mo{_`_ Agboë`m {~S>mMo V`ma Pmbobo Am°ŠgmBS>Mo
H$dM {ZIiyZ nS>V Zmhr d AmVë`m YmVyMo g§ajU hmoVo.
~m°`baMo gwQ>o ^mJ, _o[ëQ>§J nmQ>© B. H$m[ñQ>§JgmRr 1 Vo 2
Q>ŠHo$ H«$mo{_`_ Agbobo ~rS> dmnaÊ`mV `oVo. 10 Vo 30
Q>ŠHo$ H«$mo{_`_ Agbobo ~rS> CîUVm d J§OamoYH$ (Heat
and Corrosion) H$m[ñQ>§JgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV `oVo.
2) _m°{b~S>oZ_ :
{ZHo$b-_m°{b~S>oZ__wio A§VJ©V aMZoV ~oZmBQ> V`ma
hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio VmUeŠVr d hmS>©Zog XmoÝhr
dmT>VmV. _m°{b~S>oZ_ d {ZHo$b `m§Mm EH${ÌV n[aUm_hr `m
~m~VrV Mm§Jbm {XgyZ `oVmo. gd©gmYmaUnUo _m°{b~S>oZ_
0.30-0.50 Q>ŠHo$ d {ZHo$b 0.50-1.00 Q>ŠHo$ `m
à_mUmV dmnabo OmVo.
3) {ZHo$b :
{ZHo$b eŠ`Vmo 0.50 Vo 1.00 Q>ŠHo$ `m à_mUmV
dmnabo OmVo. {ZHo$b_wio J«°\$mBQ> âboH$ ~marH$ hmoVmV
(Refinement of Graphite) {ZHo$b \o$amBQ>_Ü`o
{daKiVo d Ë`m_wio \o$amBQ>Mr VmH$X d hmS>©Zog dmT>VmV.
{ZHo$b_wio Am°ñQ>oZmBQ>-nbm©BQ> ê$nm§VamMo Vn_mZ 7000C
nojm H$_r hmoVo. Ë`m_wio gyú_ (Fine) nbm©BQ> V`ma hmoVo
d {~S>mMr VmUeŠVr VgoM AmKmV ghZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm
`m dmT>VmV.
4) Vm§~o :
Vm§ã`mMm J«°\$mBQ> d nbm©BQ>darb n[aUm_
{ZHo$bgmaImM nU Vrd«VoZo WmoS>m H$_r AgVmo. dmnaÊ`mMo
à_mU gd©gmYmaUnUo 0.50-1.00 Q>ŠHo$ BVHo$ AgVo.
5) H${Wb :
H${Wb 0.05 Vo 0.10 Q>ŠHo$ `m à_mUmV dmabo
OmVo. H${Wbm_wio A§VJ©V aMZoV nbm©BQ> V`ma hmoVo.
Ë`m_wio Ë`mMm Cn`moJ Fg 200, Fg 260 `m J«oS>Mo JwUY_©
gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r hmoD$ eH$Vmo. H${Wb KmVboë`m {~S>mMm
Cn`moJ CîUamoYH$ H$m[ñQ>§J_Ü`o (Vn_mZ OmñVrV OmñV
6500C Vo 7000C) AmH$ma_mZ dmTy> Z`o (Growth
Resistent) `mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. H${Wb 0.05-0.10
Q>ŠHo$ d H«$mo{_`_ 0.30-0.50 Q>ŠHo$ `m§Mm EH${ÌV
n[aUm_hr Aem H$m[ñQ>§JgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>abobm Amho.
 Owb¡ 2021 11

H$moëhmnyapñWV S>m°. EZ. S>r. Vm§~Q> ¶m§Zr ñQ>rb

S>m°. EZ. S>r. Vm§~Q>
Á¶oîµR> A{^¶m§{ÌH$s emók
ßbm§Q>‘ܶo emók åhUyZ XrK©H$mi godm Ho$bobr
AgyZ AZoH$ emoY{Z~§Y d noQ>|Q>g² ˶m§À¶m Zmdmda
AmhoV. ’$m¢S´>r d ñQ>rb CÚmoJm~Ôb àM§S> AmñWm
Am{U dmMZmMm ì¶mg§J OnV Vo ¶m joÌmVrb
¶wdH$m§Zm ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$arV AmhoV.

^mVmMo
Vyg
bmoI§S> d nmobmX CÚmoJmV Cn`wŠV
RICE MUSK AS INSULATING MATERIAL

^m aV hm eoVràYmZ Xoe Agë`m_wio doJdoJù`m

F$Vy_Ü`o doJdoJir {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV.
^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr d Xoe {VÝhr ~mOyZo g_wÐmZo doT>bm
{Jbmdm H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mVr, nmUr, JdV d Vyg EH$Ì
{_giyZ KÅ> bmXm Ho$bm H$s Ë`mZo q^Vrbm {Jbmdm H$aV
AgV. hm {Jbmdm dmië`mZ§Va hr q^V CîUVm d W§S>r
Agë`m_wio nmD$g OmñV Agboë`m {H$ZmanÅ>çmV åhUOo (dmVmdaUmVrb) `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$mnmgyZ g§ajU H$aVo.
Vm{_iZmSy>, Am§Y«, H$Zm©Q>H$, _hmamîQ´> d ~§Jmb `oWo W§S>rÀ`m {XdgmV KamV Ja_ d CÝhmù`mV KamV W§S>.
^mVeoVrMo CËnmXZ gdmªV OmñV AgVo. AmO AmnU Aem nXmWm©§Zm 'eÝí`yboqQ>J' nXmW© åhUVmo.
^mV hm eãX CÀMmabm H$s àW_ Vm§Xÿi AmR>dVmo.
àË`jmV Amnbo ImÚ Vm§Xÿi nU Vm§XimÀ`m da EH$ Q>UH$
AmdaU AgVo Ë`mbm AmnU 'Vyg' Ago åhUVmo. ho Vyg
doJio Ho$ë`mZ§Va amhVmo Vmo Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ OodUmVrb
_hÎdmMm KQ>H$. am{hbobo Vyg ho \o$Hy$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m `mo1⁄2`VoMo.
nU Wm§~m.
\$ma nydu IoS>oJmdmVyZ Ka ~m§Yë`mZ§Va q^Vrbm
 12 Owb¡ 2021

`m nXmWmªÀ`m dmnam_wio doJdoJù`m H$_r-OmñV Vn_mZmMm B§{Q>Jo«Q>oS>/{_Zr ñQ>rb ßb±Q>_Ü`o 100-150 Q>Z
n[aUm_ OmUdV Zmhr H$maU Ë`m Vn_mZmnmgyZ AbJrH$aU {dVibobm YmVy/nmobmX H$mpñQ>¨JgmR>r {_b_Ü`o {H$Q>brVyZ
Ho$bo OmVo. `mbmM AmnU 'BÝí`yboqQ>J n[aUm_' (Effect) Zobm OmVmo. `m {H$Q>brÀ`m ~wS>mVyZ H$mpñQ>¨JgmR>r ag gmoS>bm
åhUVmo. OmVmo d H$mpñQ>¨JgmR>r doi bmJVmo d Ë`m Xaå`mZ {H$Q>brÀ`m
ho Vyg CÀM Vn_mZmbm Omibo Va Ë`mVyZ EH$ n¥îR>^mJmdarb nmobmX agmda dmVmdaUmMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo d
àH$maMm dm`y ~mhoa nS>Vmo d Vyg g§nyU© Oië`mZ§Va n¥îR>^mJmdarb nmobmX agmda dmVmdaUmMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo
{h_mb`mVrb ~\$m©à_mUo nm§T>ar ew^« Aer amI {eëbH$ d n¥îR>^mJmVrb Vn_mZ bdH$a Imbr CVaVo. H$mpñQ>¨JÀ`m
amhVo d VrM `m AbJrH$aU (Insulating) à{H«$`o_Yrb Xaå`mZ hm àH$ma Q>miÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ ^Å>rVyZ {H$Q>br_Ü`o
à_wI KQ>H$ Amho. `mMo H$maU Ë`mMo amgm`{ZH$ JwUY_©. ag AmoVë`mjUr Ë`m n¥îR>^mJmda ^mVmMo Vyg Agboë`m
`mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda Ë`mÀ`m AbJrH$aUmMr gË`Vm 25/50 {H$bmoÀ`m JmoÊ`m Ë`mda Q>mH$VmV. Q>mH$VmjUr
nQ>Vo. JmoÊ`m d Vyg noQ> KoVo d Ë`mdoir EH$ CîUVmdY©H$ à{H«$`m
Vyg (Omië`mmZ§Va) Ë`mMo JwUY_© : hmoD$Z Vyg Oimë`mda am{hbobm {g{bH$mMm ^mJ nmobmX
(Free of Ignition Loss) agmÀ`m n¥îR>^mJmda ~gVmo d Ë`mMm EH$ nm§T>am ew^«
Vyg OiVmZm H$~© dm`y ~mhoa nS>Vmo d Ë`mdoir hr MmXargmaIm Wa O_m hmoVmo. hm Wa A§XmOo 2'' Vo 6''
{H«$`m CîUVmdY©H$ Amho. (Exorhermic) gmYmanUo 90 B§M OmS>rMm AgVmo d Ë`m_wio dmVmaUmnmgyZ agmMo
à{VeV dm`y ~mhoa nS>Vmo. AbJrH$aU hmoVo d Vyg OiVmZm CîUVmdY©H$ à{H«$`m
JwUY_© … amgm`{ZH$ {díbofU (Omië`mZ§Va) Pmë`m_wio d AbJrH$aU Wa O_m Pmë`m_wio Ë`mMo
(Free of Ignition Loss) Vn_mZ Imbr Z `oVm H$mpñQ>¨JÀ`m doioV dmT> H$aVm `oVo hm
1. {g[bH$m (Silica) 9.5 Q>ŠHo$ _hÎdmMm \$m`Xm Am{U nmobmX agmda H$moUVmhr {dnarV
2. A°ë`w{_Zm (Al203) 1.5 Q>ŠHo$ n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr.
3. bmoI§S>^ñ_ (Fe203) 0.5 Q>ŠHo$ ñQ>rb ßb±Q>{da{hV ^mVmMo Vyg ho CîUVmamoYH$ nXmW©
4. AëH$br (Amåbmar) {eëbH$ (Refactory) ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r `mMm Cn`moJ H$aVmV. Vmo
(Ca, Mg, Na, K) (Balance) `m nXmWm©À`m Z¡g{J©H$ JwUY_m©_wio, CnbãYVo_wio d H$_r
BVa JwUY_© : {H$_Vr_wio `mMm _moR>çm à_mUmda YmVy{Z{_©Vr_Ü`o
1. CÀM {dVaU q~Xÿ 16000C-24000F dmnaUmè`m AbJrH$aUmÀ`m JwUY_m©_wio `mMm Mm§Jë`m
2. Low Coeff of Exp. H$_rV H$_r {dñVma àH$mao Cn`moJ hmoV Amho.
3. High Micro porosity A[Vgyú_ {N>ÌVm
4. Exothermic Reaction Yya{da[hV, OiVmZm
CîUVmdY©H$
5. Good Flowability CÎm_ dmhH$Vm ngaUo

A{Zb Hw$bH$Uu
Á`oð> YmVy A{^`m§{ÌH$s g„mJma
H$mñQ> Am`Z© (~rS>)Mo
CîUVmonMma
g d©gmYmaUnUo J«o H$mñQ> Am`Z©_Ü`o 2.5 Vo 4.1
H$m~©Z, 1 Vo 3 % {g{bH$m°Z Am{U gyú_
g§aMZoÀ`m JaOoà_mUo Amdí`H$ _±JoZrO AgVo. (\o$arQ>rH$
J«o Am`Z©H$[aVm 0.1% _±JoZrO Va n{b©{Q>H$ J«o Am`Z©H$[aVm
OmñVrV OmñV 1.2$% _±JoZrO)
`m ì`{V[aº$ {ZHo$b, Vm§~o, _m°brãS>oZ_ Am{U
~«o[_`Z Ago BVa KQ>H$ `m g§{_lm_Ü`o AgVmV. H$m[ñQ>§J
~Z{dVmZm V`ma Pmboë`m J«m\$mB©Q> ßboŠgMm AmH$mam_Ü`o
H$moUVmhr ~Xb Z H$aVm gy²ú_ g§aMZoVrb$ BVa KQ>H$
nyU©nUo ê$nm§VarV H$aUo CîUVmonMmamÛmao eŠ` Amho. N>moQ>o
J«m\$mB©Q> âboŠg AgUmè`m H$m[ñQ>§JMo CîUVmonMma H$aUo
gwb^ AgyZ Ë`m§À`m `m§{ÌH$s JwUY_m©_Ü`o CÎm_ gwYmaUm
H$aVm `oVo H$mñQ> Am`Z©gmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV dmnaÊ`mV
`oUmao CîUVmonMma åhUOo A°{ZqbJ d ñQ´>og [abrìhtJ.
A°{ZqbJ …
J«o H$mñQ> Am`Z©gmR>r Vn_mZmÀ`m {d{dY loUr
AgUmè`m VrZ àH$maÀ`m A°{ZqbJ CîUVmonMmam§n¡H$s EH$m
nÕVrMm dmna H$aVmV. \o$arQ>m`qPJ A°{ZqbJ, _Ü`_
A°{ZqbJ Am{U J«m[\$Q>m`qPJ A°{ZqbJ Ago Ë`mMo ho VrZ
Owb¡ 2021 13
H$m°boO Am°\$ B§{O{ZA[a¨J, nwUo `oWrb YmVy
A{^`m§{ÌH$s Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va
hrQ> {Q´>Q>_|Q>, ¹$m{bQ>r A°í`waÝg,
_oQ>b{O©H$b Q>opñQ>¨J, ñQ>°{Q>pñQ>H$b àmogog
H§$Q´>mob Am{U àemgH$s` `m_Ü`o 47
dfmªMm àXrK© AZw^d.
àH$ma AmhoV.
\o$arQ>m`qPJ A°{ZqbJ …
H$m{R>Ê` H$_r H$éZ _erZm°{~brQ>r_Ü`o gwYmaUm
H$aÊ`mH$[aVm n{b©{Q>H$ H$m~m©B©S>Mo ê$nm§VaU \o$amB©Q>_Ü`o
H$aUo ho C{Ôï> AgVo. `m H$[aVm H$m[ñQ>§J 700-7600C
Vn_mZmbm Ja_ H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m amgm`{ZH$ KQ>ZoÀ`m
AZwf§JmZo R>am{dH$ doiogmR>r pñWa Ho$bo OmVo. `m Vn_mZmbm
Am`Z© H$m~m©B©S>Mo \o$amB©Q> d J«m\$mB©Q> `m XmoZ KQ>H$m§_Ü`o
{dKQ>Z hmoVo. `m à{H«$`o_Ü`o W§S> H$aÊ`mÀ`m JVrbm
\$mago _hÎd Zgbo Var \$Z©og_Ü`o g§WJVrZo W§S> H$aUoMo
Ano{jV Amho.
H$mpñQ>¨J 180HBW 7600C bm 1 Vmg
A°{ZqbJ - 120 HBW
 14 Owb¡ 2021

_Ü`_ (nyU©) A°{ZqbJ … H$mR>rÊ`, VmUeº$s `m `m§{ÌH$s JwUY_m©da n[aUm_

Ooìhm \o$arQ>m`qPJ A°{ZqbJ H$ê$Zhr g§{_l KQ>H$m§À`m hmoVmo. VmUeº$s d H$mR>rÊ` g§`wº$ H$m~©Z (VmUeº$s d
A{YH$ à_mUm_wio H$m[ñQ>§JMo H$m{R>Ê` H$_r hmoV Zmhr Voìhm H$mR>rÊ` XmoKm§_Ü`o d¥Õr hmoVo) nbm©B©Q>_Yrb KQ>H$m§À`mVrb
790-9000C Vn_mZ loUrg _Ü`_ A°{ZqbJMm dmna A§Va, J«m\$mB©Q>Mo ñdê$n J«m\$mB©Q>À`m âboH$À`m N>moQ>çm
H$aVmV. (amgm`{ZH$ KQ>Zoà_mUo Vn_mZ pñWa H$aÊ`mMm AmH$mam_Ü`o Zm°_©bm`PoeZ AË`§V Aën doio_Ü`o gmÜ`
H$mi ~XbVmo) g§WJVrZo W§S> H$aÊ`mgmR>r 790 Vo 7650C hmoVo.
Vn_mZmMr loUr Amdí`H$ Amho. `m§{ÌH$r JwUY_m©darb n[aUm_
Q>|natJ Vn_mZ 0F
J«m[\$Q>m`qPJ A°{ZqbJ … 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Ooìhm J«o H$mñQ> Am`Z©À`m gyú_ g§aMZo_Ü`o Anwè`m 2000
(290)
BZm°Š`wboeZ_wio _moR>o H$m~m©B©S>Mo H$U V`ma hmoVmV ho _moR>o 1750
(255) VmUeº$s
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(220)
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Am{U PrO amoYH$Vm H$m`_ R>odÊ`mH$[aVm H$m[ñQ>§J A°{ZqbJ (180)
1000
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70
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KZVm %
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dmVmdaU {_iVo. Ooìhm OmñVrV OmñV _erZm°{~brQ>rMo 500 VÊ`Vm 30
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600
10

\${Z©g_Ü`o W§S> Ho$bo OmVo. 500 §

H$mR>rÊ`

400
300 H$mR>rÊ`
A°{ZqbJ Am{U Zm°_©bm`qPJ_Yrb VwbZm
200
205 315 425 540 650 760
Ja_ H$aÊ`mMr
W§S> H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Q>|onatJ Vn_mZ 0C
à[H«$`m
Q>|n[a§J …
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e_Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va H$m[ñQ>§1⁄2O gd©gmYmaUnUo 370
Am°ñQ>oZmB©Q>
Vo 5200C Vn_mZmbm Q>|n[a§J Ho$bo OmVo. ho Vn_mZ
Vn_mZ

ê$nm§VaU loUrhÿZ Imbr AgyZ goŠeZ OmS>rÀ`m EH$ Vmg

nbm©BQ>+
Am°ñQ>oZmB©Q>
doi
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J«o H$mñQ> Am`Z© Zm°_©bm`qPJ à{H«$`o_Ü`o 885 Vo
9250C n`ªV Ja_ H$ê$Z `m Vn_mZmbm EH$ Vmg à{V B§M
goŠeZ OmS>rà_mUo H$mbmdYr_Ü`o pñWa R>odyZ gd©gmYmaU
Vn_mZmn`ªV W§S> Ho$bo OmVo. Am°ñQ>oZmB©Q> ê$nm§VaUmÀ`m
Vn_mZmMm gyú_ g§aMZm (microstructure) Am{U
à{V B§M H$mbmdYrn`ªV Ë`mbm pñWa H$amdo. e_Z Ho$bobo
Am`Z© Q>|n[a§J Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m H$mR>rÊ`_Ü`o KQ> hmoVo d
VgoM VmUeº$s, H$S>H$nUm Am{U AmKmV {damoY 3700C
Vn_mZmÀ`m Odi `m_Ü`o d¥Õr hmoVo.
Am°ñQ>on[a§J …
H$m[ñQ>§J 840-9000C Vn_mZ loUr_Ü`o Ja_ Ho$bo
OmVo. `m Vn_mZmg pñWa R>odÊ`mMm H$mbmdYr H$m[ñQ>§JMm
AmH$ma Am{U Ë`mMr amgm`{ZH$ KQ>Zm (Chemical
Composition) `mda Adb§~yZ AgVmo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va
jma, Am°B©b qH$dm boS>Mm ~mW_Ü`o Am°ñQ>oZmB©Q> ê$nm§VaU
nyU© hmoB©n`ªV R>odmdo. ê$nm§VaU Vn_mZmà_mUo Q>moH$Xma
(accicular) \o$amB©Q> qH$dm ~oZmB©Q> `mì`{V[aº$
 Owb¡ 2021 15

Am°ñQ>on[a¨J
H|$ÐñWmZ gmYmaU H|$ÐñWmZ Am°ñQ>|natJ
n¥ð>^mJ e_Z d Q>|natJ n¥ð>^mJ
Vn_mZ

Q>|natJ
Vn_mZ

Q>|nS>©
_°1⁄2ZogmB©Q> ~oZmB©Q>
_°3⁄4ogmB©Q>
doi doi
_mQ>]n[a§J
n¥ð>^mJ n¥ð>^mJ n¥ð>^mJ
H|$ÐñWmZ H|$ÐñWmZ H|$ÐñWmZ

Q>onatJ Q>onatJ Q>onatJ

Vn_mZ Vn_mZ Vn_mZ
Vn_mZ

Vn_mZ

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_|Q>ogmB©Q> _|Q>ogmB©Q> _|Q>ogmB©Q> _|Q>ogmB©Q> _|Q>ogmB©Q> _|Q>ogmB©Q>
doi doi doi
(a) (b) (c)

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PrO {damoY, H$S>H$nUm Am{U \$[Q>§J Am`w_m©Z `m§_Ü`o
gwYmaUm hmoVo d A§{V_ Q>|natJMr JaO ZgVo.
_mQ>]n[a§J …
H$m[ñQ§>1⁄2O 840-9000C `m Vn_mZ loUr_Ü`o Ja_
H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo jma, Am°B©b qH$dm boS> ~mW_Ü`o e_Z Ho$bo
OmVo. `m e_ZmMo Vn_mZ _[Q>©ZgmB©Q> ê$nm§VaU Vn_mZmÀ`m
WmoS>o da (gmÜ`m J«o Am`Z©gmR>r 200-2600C) R>odyZ
H$m[ñQ>§J pñWa H$ê$Z Ë`mg ~mWÀ`m Vn_mZmn`ªV AmUbo
OmVo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va Vo gd©gmYmaU Vn_mZmn`ªV W§S> Ho$bo
OmVo. _mQ>]natJ Z§Va J«o Am`Z© H$m[ñQ>§J_Ü`o {R>gyinUm
h_Img `oV Agë`mZo Ë`mMo Zoh_rM Q>|n[a§J Ho$bo OmVo.
hmS>©qZJ Am{U Q>|n[a¨J …
Am°ñQ>oZQ>m`qPJ -
J«o Am`Z©À`m hmS>©qZJ à{H«$`o_Ü`o H$m[ñQ>§J ê$§nmVaU
Vn_mZ loUr_Ü`o Ja_ H$ê$Z Am°ñQ>oZmB©Q> V`ma hmoÊ`mbm
(nmZ 30 da)
 16 Owb¡ 2021
JwUdÎmm {Z¶§ÌU d VnmgUr

H$moëhmnya \$m¢S´>r CÚmoJ joÌm_Ü`o 40 dfmªMo

^ard `moJXmZ. AZoH$ N>moQ>çm, _moR>çm \$m¢S´>r
CÚmoJm§Zm C^maUrnmgyZ {dñVmamn`ªV g„mJma
åhUyZ g{H«$`. H$moëhmnwamVrb \$m¢S´>r CÚmoJmÀ`m
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\$m¢S´>r g„mJma VÁk à{ejH$ åhUyZ H$m`©aV.

\$m¢S´>r Xmof
S>Q>©
(Dirt)

Am OÀ`m A§H$mnmgyZ Amnë`mbm \$m¢S´>r_Yrb

_hÎdmMm _wÔm Aä`mg H$aUoMm Amho. Vmo
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AmOÀ`m A§H$mV {Xbo Amho.
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KmU (Dirt) hm eãX Á`m{R>H$mUr dmnabm
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Á`mXm Pmbobm Šbo Va§JV Hw$R>ohr AS>H$Vmo.
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[aOoŠeZ `oVo.
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_moH$ir nS>bobr g±S> hdm Z _mabog H$m[ñQ>§Jda `oD$
eH$Vo. hm Pmbm {ZîH$miOrnUmMm ^mJ.
4) H$Yr H$Yr n°Q>Z© qH$dm JoqQ>J ì`dpñWV Z ~gë`mZo
H$monao VwQy>Z Vo dmhÿZ OmD$Z H$m[ñQ>§Jda `oD$
eH$VmV.
ñQ>rb {Z{_©VrV ^maVmMr {Z`moOZ~Õ dmQ>Mmb
(nmZ 7 dê$Z)
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Q>Z ñQ>rb {Z{_©VrMr j_Vm ~Z{dÊ`mMo d 160
{H$bmo à{V ì`º$s ñQ>rbMm dmna 2030 n`ªV BVHo$
dmT>{dÊ`mMo C{Ôï> Amho.
10) ñQ>rb _§Ìmb`mZo CÚmoJ H|$[ÐV ñQ>rb g§emoYZ Am{U
V§ÌkmZ {_eZ npãbH$ Am{U àm`ìhoQ> ñQ>rb goŠQ>a
Owb¡ 2021 17
5) H$Yr H$Yr Q>onaÀ`m H$S>m d àdmhmMm doJ
{Z`§ÌUmV Zgob PrO hmoD$Z g±S> dmhÿZ OmVo d
AewÕVm `oVo.
6) YmVyagmVrb nmVi Pmboë`m ñb°J_wio.
`m gdm©da Cnm` åhUOo `mo1⁄2` Vr MmoH$, ãbmo d âbmo
Am°\$Mr nÕV. nU àË`oH$ {R>H$mUr `m gd© Jmoï>r eŠ` hmoV
ZmhrV. Ë`mdoir YmVy {dViU d _mopëS>¨J g§Vw{bV nmVirV
Agbo nm{hOo.
H$mñQ>tJ à{H«$`oVrb KQ>H$m§Mo g§VwbZ …
H$m~©Z B{¹$ìh°b§Q> - 3.8 Vo 4.0
nmoAatJ Vn_mZ - 1360 Vo 14000C
nmoAatJ Xa - 1 {H$.J«°./ñ¹o$. go_r.
_moëS> hmS>©Zog - 70 Vo 85
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g{N>ÐVm - 120 Vo 150
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S>Q>©_wio `oUmao [aOoŠeZ Imbrb H$maUmZo hmoD$ eH$Vo
Vo hþemarZo emoYmdo bmJob.
1) n°Q>©ZMo {S>PmB©Z d n°Q>Z©Mr gmYZgm_wJ«r
2) JoQ>tJ Am{U am`P[a¨J, _mopëS>¨J ~m°Šg.
3) H$moAa ~Z{dÊ`mMr nÕVr
4) _moëS> ~Z{dÊ`mMr nÕVr
5) YmVy {dViU à{H«$`m
6) YmVyagmMo AmoVH$m_
7) _|Q>ZoÝg XþéñVr d XoI^mb
(H«$_e…)
gmo~V am~dyZ Am`Z© Am{U ñQ>rb CÚmoJmH$[aVm
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CnbãY Ho$bobm Amho.
11) ^maV gaH$maZo ~hþVoH$ ñQ>rbÀ`m dñVy§À`m
Am`mVrdarb H$a XþßnQ> Ho$bobm AgyZ A°ÊQ>rS>§[n§J,
Am`Z© Am{U ñQ>rbÀ`m dñVy§darb H$ambm ghmæ`
H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo `mo1⁄2` nmdbo CMbbobr AmhoV.
18 Owb¡ 2021

a§OH$ 1) Q>±Q>°bgMm emn …

àm. gw^mf Xoenm§S>o
{Zd¥Îm àmÜ`mnH$, S>r. dm`. nmQ>rb H$m°boO Am°\$
B§{O{ZA[a¨J A±S> Q>oŠZm°bm°Or, H$moëhmnya.
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g§JrVmMm ì`mg§J.
hr J«rH$ nwamUmVbr H$Wm Amho. PoD$gMm _wbJm
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gVV ^wHo$bobm, VhmZbobm Am{U ^rVrÀ`m XS>nUmImbr
Agob!
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hmV C§MmdÊ`mMrhr eŠVr Ë`mÀ`m A§JmV am{hbr Zmhr.
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jUr Vmo nS>ob `mMm Zo_ ZìhVm, Ago J«rH$ nwamUmV dU©Z
AmT>iVo!
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B.g.1802 _Ü`o ñdr{S>e agm`ZemñÌk A°{S´>g
EH$~J© `mbm EH$ Zdo _ybÐì` AmT>ibo. Ë`mMo Am°ŠgmB©S>

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{ZamemM nXar nS>br. Ë`mdoir Pmboë`m _Z…ñVm_wio

OÝ_ Ë`mbm Q>±Q>°bgÀ`m `_`mVZm§Mr AmR>dU `m`Mr.

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hm Zdm YmVy doJim H$aÊ`mV Ë`mbm An`eM `oB©! AIoa

Amnwbm! Ë`mZo Ë`mMm ZmX gmoS>bm. nU Pmbobm _ZñVmn Ë`mÀ`m

bjmV am{hbm. åhUyZ Ë`mZo Ë`m _ybÐì`mMo Zmd 'Q>±Q>°b_'
Ago R>odbo.
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Ë`mZ§Va AmUIr EH$ ^mZJS> Pmbr. Mmb©g
h°MoQ> `mZo 1801 gmbr emoYbobo H$mob§{~`_ ho
_ybÐì` Q>±Q>b_Mm Owim ^mD$ dmQ>V hmoVo. hr
XmoÝhr _ybÐì` nañnam§er BVH$s {_iVrOwiVr
hmoVr H$s agm`ZemñÌkm§Mr {Xem^yb Pmbr.
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H$m` Pmbo Va XmoÝhr _ybÐì`o EH$M AmhoV. hm J¡ag_O

gw_mao 40 df} Mmby hmoVm!
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emñÌkmZo {gÕ Ho$bo H$s ho XmoÝhr YmVy doJdoJù`m ñdê$nmMo
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amhÿ bmJbo Am{U _J Ë`m§À`m Z{e~mMm IS>Va àdmg
gwê$ Pmbm!
5) Cnojm …
nwT>rb {H$Ë`oH$ XeHo$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ OJVmZo Q>±Q>°b_H$S>o
Xþb©jM Ho$bo. dñVwpñWVrhr Aer hmoVr H$s Am¡fYmnwaVo
hr Q>±Q>°b_ CnbãY
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COmS>mdo bmJbo!
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`mM dfu Q>±Q>°b_Mm n{hbr H$m_{Jar {_imbr.
Q>±Q>°b_ hm A{VCÀM Vn_mZmbm {dViUmam YmVy
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Q>±Q>°b_ Amnë`m H$m_mnmgyZ d§{MV Pmbo!
7) Ë`m_wio nwT>rb H$mhr df} Q>±Q>°b_bm ~oH$marV
KmbdUo ^mJ nS>bo. nU nwT>o 1822 gmbr Ë`mMo Zer~
CKS>bo d aopŠQ>\$m`a_Ü`o Ë`mÀ`m MmMÊ`m `eñdr
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Cn`wŠV Agë`mMo AmT>ibo. `mZ§Va _mÌ hm YmVy
Owb¡ 2021 19
Am¡Úmo{JH$ nmVirda {dH${gV H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr {dH${gV
hmoV Joë`m.
8) _OoMr JmoîQ> hr 1922 _Ü`o Am¡Úmo{JH$
nmVirda {dH${gV Pmbobr Q>±Q>°b_Mr ebmH$m hr
AmJH$mS>rEdT>r hmoVr. Z§Va V`ma Pmboë`m {eJm `mÀ`m
hOmanQ>rZo _moR>çm hmoË`m!
n¥ÏdrÀ`m H$dMmV Q>±Q>°b_Mo à_mU \$ŠV 0.0002
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Vo 900 Q>Z hmoVo. nU 1944 Z§Va Vo 12 nQ>rZo dmT>bo!
9) JwUY_© :
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Ë`mMr amgm`{ZH$ amoYH$Vm. `m~m~VrV Ë`mMm Z§~a ßb°{Q>Z_
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df©^a ~wS>dyZ R>odë`mg \$ŠV 0.006 {_._r. nojm OmñV
20 Owb¡ 2021
Owb¡ 2021 21
22 Owb¡ 2021
n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr. `m H$maUm_wioM Q>±Q>°b_ hm amgm`{ZH$
CÚmoJm§_Ü`o EH$ _hÎdmMm YmVy åhUyZ »`mVH$sV© Pmbm.
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Imdr bmJVo!
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eH$V Zmhr.
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XoVm Q>±Q>°b_ Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o gm_mdyZ OmVo. `m A{ÛVr`
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13) YmVw{dkmZ joÌ …
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`m§À`m_wio AmYr Ambobm {R>gyinUm Zmhrgm hmoVmo.

14) CîUVmamoYH$ …
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\$ma _hÎdmMm Amho. Ap1⁄2Z~mU Am{U AdH$me
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15) {dÚwV joÌ …
{dÚwV A{^`m§{ÌH$s d BboŠQ´>m°Z CnH$aU CÚmoJ `mV
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`§ÌUm `mV Q>±Q>°b_Mm dmna hmoVmo. Q´>mpÝPñQ>g©, a°S>ma `§Ì
d BVa BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ `§ÌUoV Q>±Q>°b_Mm _moR>çm à_mUmda
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Q>±Q>°b_ CËH¥$îQ> dm`wemofH$ Amho. 8000C bm Amnë`m
AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m 740 nQ> BVH$m dm`y Vmo emofyZ KoD$ eH$Vmo.
BboŠQ´>m°Z Q>çyãO {Zdm©V Ho$ë`mdahr Omo A§e {eëbH$
amhVmo Vmo Aem dm`wemofH$ YmVy_wio emofbm OmD$Z {Zdm©V
AdñWoMr n[anyU© _`m©Xm JmR>br OmVo.
16) XmJXm{JÝ`m§À`m joÌmVhr Q>±Q>°b_Zo CS>r
KoVë`mMo {XgVo. Q>±Q>°b_nojm ßb°{Q>Z_Mr qH$_V 15 nQ>
A{YH$ AgVo. Xm{JÝ`m§gmR>r Q>±Q>°b_Mm dmna hmoÊ`mMo
H$maU åhUOo Q>±Q>°b_À`m n¥îR>^mJmda AË`§V AmH$f©H$
Aem B§ÐYZwfr a§JmMm qH$dm _moan§Ir a§JmMm Am°ŠgmB©S>Mm
M_H$Xma nmnwÐm V`ma hmoVmo. Q>±Q>°b_Mr KS>çmio,
~m§JS>çm d BVa Am^yfUo AmOH$mb nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.
\$mC§Q>ZnoZÀ`m {Z~mMm q~Xÿ Q>±Q>°b_Mm ~ZdVmV Ë`m_wio
AË`§V _hmJS>çm Aem B[a{S>`_Mm dmna Q>iVmo.
17) ßb°{Q>Z_ qH$dm B[a{S>`_ `m§À`mBVHo$ Q>±Q>°b_
_hmJ Zgbo Var Ë`mMr qH$_V _moR>rM åhUmdr bmJob.
EH$Q>Z Q>±Q>°b_ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 3000 Q>Z I{ZOmda
à{H«$`m H$amdr bmJVo. nU hm gmam IM© gì`mO naV
{_iVmo.
18) ^{dî`H$mi …
Amnë`m VéUnUr H$m_ emoYÊ`mMo Q>±Q>°b_Mo {Xdg
^yVH$mimV O_m Pmbo AmhoV. AmO AmnU nmhVmoM
AmhmoV H$s AZoH$ joÌmV `m YmVyg H$m_ {_imbo Amho. nU
ho H$mhrM Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o \$ma CÁÁdb ^{dî`H$mi dmQ>
nmhV C^m Amho `mV H$mhr e§H$m Zmhr!
 24 Owb¡ 2021
bmoI§S>-nmobmX CÚmoJ
B{Vhmg d {dH$mg
àmMrZ H$mb
nw amVZ H$mbmnmgyZ bmoI§S> hm YmVy ‘mZdmg kmV
Amho. AmH$memVyZ n¥Ïdrda doimodoir CëH$m
`oD$Z nS>VmV, Ë`mV {H$Ë`oH$Xm bmoI§S> AgVo d Vo àmMrZ
‘mZdmg gmnS>bo Agmdo. àmMrZ ^maVr`, {MZr d
B{Opße`Z g§ñH¥$VrV YmVwH$mnmgyZ (ore) bmoUmar
H$moiemÀ`m (charcoal) gmhmæ`mZo bmoI§S>mMo CËnmXZ
H$aÊ`mMr nÕV àM{bV hmoVr. `m N>moQ>çm PmoV^Å>`m§Mo
(blast fornace) Adeof CnbãY AmhoV. Hw$Vw~{‘ZmamÀ`m
Odi Agbobm {X„rMm bmohñV§^ hm àmMrZ ^maVmVrb
àJV emómMm EH$ CËH¥$ï> nwamdm ‘mZbm OmVmo. `m H$mimV
^Å>`m N>moQ>çm AgV d bmoI§S> KZpñWVrV V`ma hmoV Ago.
{dVibobo bmoI§S> V`ma hmoÊ`mBVHo$ Vn‘mZ `m N>moQ>çm
^Å>rV eŠ` Zgo. ^Å>rV 20-25 {H$bmo bmoI§S> EH$m doir
V`ma hmoB©. qH$~hþZm B. g. 500 n`ªV bmoI§S> ho Vm§ã`mnojm
A{YH$ ‘hmJ hmoVo. {dVibobo bmoI§S> àmMrZ H$mir ‘mhrV
ZìhVo Agm EH$ àdmX Amho. nU OwÝ`m H$miÀ`m AmoVH$m‘m§Mo
MrZ‘Yrb Z‘wZo bjmV KoVm, àmMrZ H$mir ’$m°ñ’$moag`wº$
bmoI§S> AmoVÊ`mMo H$m‘ MrZ‘Ü`o hmoV Ago, Ago {XgyZ `oVo.
‘Ü``wJmV O‘©Z ñQ>KwH$mo’o$Z (stuckofea) hm PmoV^Å>rMm
Oam àJV àH$ma `wamonmV àM{bV hmoVm. gw‘mao 2 ‘rQ>a
ì`mg d 5 ‘rQ>a C§M Aem `m ^Å>`m§VyZ bmoI§S>mMo I{ZO d
bmoUmar H$moigm (charcoal) `m§nmgyZ Ðd bmoI§S> ({dS>mMo
bmoI§S> pig iron) V`ma hmoV Ago. ‘moR>r ^Å>r d nwîH$i
H$moigm KmVë`mZo V`ma Pmbobo Cƒ Vn‘mZ, `m‘wio Ðd
~rS> V`ma hmoB©. bmoI§S> Ago Ðd pñWVrV `oD$ eH$Vo hr
Jmoï> `m H$mam{Jam§Zm àW‘V… EImÚm AnKmVmZoM H$ibr
Agmdr. qH$~hþZm KZpñWVrV V`ma Pmbobo OwÝ`m
nÕVrVrb bmoI§S> ñn§Or bmoh (Sponge iron) A{YH$
bd{MH$ Agë`mZo Ðd bmoI§S> V`ma hmoUo åhUOo ^Å>r
{~KS>br Ago ‘mZbo OmB©. H$mbm§VamZo Ðd {dS>mMo A{YH$
bd{MH$ Aem KS>rd bmoI§S>mV (wrought iron) ê$nm§Va
H$aÊ`mMr H¥$Vr ‘mhrV Pmbr. AR>amì`m eVH$mn`ªV bmoI§S
>nmobmXmÀ`m Y§ÚmV ‘w»`ËdoH$ê$Z YmVwH$mnmgyZ (ore)

{dS>mMo bmoI§S>, Ë`mnmgyZ KS>rd bmoI§S> d Ë`mnmgyZ
nmobmX-{Z{‘©Vr `m nÕVr dmnamV hmoË`m.
PmoV^Å>rMr nÕVr :
PmoV^Å>`m§gmR>r nydu bmoUmar H$moigm (char-
coal) dmnaV AgV. gVamì`m eVH$mV B§1⁄2b§S>‘Ü`o
àW‘V… S>S>bo `mZo d Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV S>mdu `mZo bmoUmar
H$moiemEodOr H$moH$ (XJS>r H$moiemnmgyZ V`ma Ho$bobm)
dmnaÊ`mMr nÕVr gwê$ Ho$br. bmoI§S>mÀ`m Y§ÚmV nwîH$i
bmoUmar H$moigm IM© hmoV Ago d Ë`m‘wio VËH$mbrZ
dmoQ>r ~m§YÊ`mÀ`m Y§Úmbm bmHy$S> nwadR>m H$‘r nS>V Ago.
Ë`m‘wio bmoI§S> d nmobmXmMo CËnmXZ B§1⁄2b§S>‘Ü`o nmb©‘|Q>Zo
bmoUmar H$moiemÀ`m nwadR>çmda H$moH$À`m dmnamMr nÕVr
gwê$ Ho$br, d Ë`m~m~V noQ>§Q>hr {_i{dbo. `m H$mimV ^Å>rVyZ
AmR>dS>çmbm 7-8 Q>Z bmoI§S> {ZKV Ago d {dS>mMm ^md
Q>Zmbm 12 nm¢S> Ago. H$moH$ dmnaÊ`mMr H$ënZm Oar S>S>bZo
gwM{dbr Var Ë`m H$mimV Vr gmd©{ÌH$ àMmamV Ambm Zmhr.
nwT>o B.g. 1730-35 `m H$mimV S>m~uZo Vr Am¡Úmo{JH$
Ñï>`m `eñdr H$ê$Z XmI{dbr. `m Ë`mÀ`m à`ËZmV
EH$Xm Ë`mZo ^Å>rnmer gVV 6 {Xdg d amÌr Z PmonVm
H$m‘mV Kmbdë`m. ghmì`m {Xder à`moJ `eñdr hmoD$Z
bmoI§S> `mo1⁄2` arVrZo ~mhoa dmhV Ambo. ‘J ‘mÌ ^Å>rnmerM
Vmo BVH$m JmT> Pmonbm H$s Ë`mÀ`m ghH$mè`m§Zr Ë`mbm
PmonbobmM CMbyZ Kar nmohmoM{dbo. S>mduZo AmR>dS>çmbm
20-22 Q>Z bmI bmoI§S> V`ma H$aUmè`m _moR>çm
^Å>`m ~m§Yë`m d ^anya g§nÎmr {‘i{dbr. nwT>o 1768
‘Ü`o Ooåg d°Q>Zo dm’o$À`m B§{OZmMm emoY bmdbm d
Owb¡ 2021 25
PmoV^Å>çm§À`m eº$s‘Ü`o dmT> H$aUo gwb^ Pmbo. Ë`mnydu
^Å>rgmR>r nmÊ`mda MmbUmè`m M¸$sZo hdm nwa{dbr OmB©.
`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV `wamonmV Or Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr Pmbr,
VrV bmoI§S>-nmobmXmÀ`m Y§ÚmMr dmT> ho à‘wI A§J hmo`. `m
CÚmoJmVrb H$mhr ‘hÎdmMo emoY B§1⁄2b§S>‘Ü`o bmJbo d
bmoI§S>-nmobmXmÀ`m Y§ÚmVrb à‘wI amï´> åhUyZ B§1⁄2b§S>
nwT>o Ambo. AR>amì`m d EH$moU{dgmì`m eVH$mV B§1⁄2b§S>Mo ho
à‘wI ñWmZ H$m`‘ am{hbo. eo’$sëS>gma»`m B§1⁄2b§S>À`m H$mhr
joÌm§Zm ’$ma ‘moR>o ‘hÎd àmá Pmbo. {dgmì`m eVH$mV ‘mÌ
A‘o[aHo$H$So> `m CÚmoJmVbo à‘wIËd Jobo.
AR>amì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>À`m H$mimV PmoV^Å>`m
gw‘mao 3 ‘rQ>a ì`mg d 12 ‘rQ>a C§M AgV. CËnmXZ
AmR>dS>çmbm 30-40 Q>Z hmoB©. hdoMm PmoV 0.10-0.15
{H$bmo/g|.‘r2 `m Xm~mZo nwa{dbm OmV Ago. EH$ Q>Z
bmoI§S>mgmR>r gw‘mao 3(1/2) Q>Z H$moH$ Omimdm bmJo.
Ë`mZ§Va hdoMm PmoV Ja‘ H$ê$Z dmnaÊ`mMr H$ënZm
ZrëgZZo 1828 ‘Ü`o dmnabr. Ja‘ PmoVm‘wio CËnmXZ
dmT>bo d H$moH$ H$‘r à‘mUmV IM© hmoD$ bmJbm. àW‘
hdm 1500 g|. n`ªV VmndrV AgV, Ë`m‘wio H$moH$
3(1/2) Q>ZmEodOr 2.5 Q>Z (à{V Q>Z bmoI§S>mgmR>r)
IM© hmoV Ago. hdm 3500 go. n`ªV Vmn{dÊ`mg gwédmV
Ho$ë`mZ§Va H$moH$Mo à‘mU 1&& Q>Zmda Ambo. 1857 ‘Ü`o
Hy$naZo hdm Ja‘ H$aÊ`mMr ñQ>moìhMr (stove) nÕV gwê$
Ho$br d hdoMm PmoV 600-8000 g|. n`ªV Ja‘ H$aUo
eŠ` Pmbo. Ë`m‘wio à{V Q>Z bmoI§S>mgmR>r H$moH$Mo à‘mU
1 Q>Zmda Ambo. PmoV^Å>rÀ`m AmH$ma‘mZmVhr `m H$mimV
dmT> Pmbr. Mm¡H$moZmEodOr JmobmH$ma, ÁdbZ joÌmMo (bosh)
 26 Owb¡ 2021
^mJmVrb {Z‘yiVm AmH$ma, `m§gmaIo ‘hÎdmMo ~Xb
AZw^dmZo H$aÊ`mV Ambo. 1854 ‘Ü`o hßË`mbm 300 Q>Z
XoUmè`m ^Å>`m hmoË`m; Va 1886 gmbr nopÝgëìhm{Z`mV
hßË`mbm 2000 Q>Z XoUmar ^Å>r ~m§YÊ`mV Ambr. 1930
gmbmn`ªV ^Å>rÀ`m hmW©Mm AmH$ma 25 \y$Q> ì`mgmn`ªV
dmT>bm d j‘Vm {Xder 1000 Q>Zmn`ªV nmohmoMbr. AmOÀ`m
CÚmoJmV {Xder 1000 Q>Z Vo 2000 Q>Z XoUmè`m ^Å>`m
dmnamV AmhoV.
PmoV^Å>rVyZ Omo dm`y dmhoa nS>Vmo Vmo nyduÀ`m H$mir
ZwgVm hdoV gmoSy>Z {Xbm OmB©. qH$~hþZm ^Q>çm daÀ`m
Q>moH$mbm CKS>çmM AgV d Ë`mV hmVmZo dm N>moQ>çm JmS>rZo
YmVwH$ d H$moH$Mm à^ma (charge) Q>mH$bm OmB©. ^Å>rMm
dm`y Ja‘ d hdoÀ`m g§`moJmZo OiUmam Agë`mZo ^Å>rV ‘mb
Q>mH$`mMo H$m‘ Agø hmoV Ago. {Xdgm YwamZo AmÀN>m{XV
d amÌr ÁdbZmZo YJYJUmar Aer ^Å>rÀ`m daÀ`m Q>moH$mMr
AdñWm hmoV Ago. dm`y OiyZ dm`m OmV Ago d Ë`m~amo~a
à^mamVbo ~maHo$ H$U PmoVm~amo~a daMo da CSy>Z OmV
AgV. hm dm`y ÁdbZmg `mo1⁄2` Agë`m‘wio Ë`mMm Cn`moJ
H$ê$Z ^Q>rMr CîUr` j‘Vm (thermal efficiency)
dmT>dmdr hr H$ënZm 1845 gmbr ~ÝgoZ d ßbo’o$Aa `m§Zr
‘m§S>br. dm`y ÁdbZmgmR>r dmnaÊ`mnydu Ë`mVrb à^mamMo
d YwirMo H$U ~mOybm H$mTy>Z Vmo ñdÀN> H$aUo Amdí`H$
hmoVo, VgoM Hy$naÀ`m ñQ>moìh‘Ü`o (stove) hdoMm PmoV
Ja‘ H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm dm`y dmnaÊ`mnydu Ë`mVrb Yy{bH$U
~mOybm H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio PmoV^Å>rMm dm`y ewÕ
H$aÊ`mÀ`m Yy{b-J«mhH$ (dust catcher) d Yy{b‘mOH$
(dust washer) nÕVr `m H$mimV CX`mg Amë`m.
{dÚwVeº$sÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Yy{bH$U ~mOybm H$aÊ`mMr
H$moQ´>obMr nÕVr (cottrell electrontatic precipitator-
H$moQ´>ob {dÚwV²-{ZjonH$) ‘mÌ AbrH$S>rb H$mimV (1919)
nwT>o Ambr. YmVwH$, H$moH$ B. ^Å>rMo da MT>{dÊ`mÀ`m `m§{ÌH$
nÕVr Joë`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r gwê$ Pmë`m. àW‘ Cä`m
AmamohH$mZo (vertical hoist) ‘mb ^ê$Z JmS>çm da
nmR>dV d ^Å>rV Ë`m [aH$må`m H$arV AgV. 1883 gmbr
{nQ²g~J©bm 'ë`wgr' ZmdmÀ`m EH$m ^Å>rda S>mobAmamohH$mMr
(slip-hoist) nÕVr gwê$ Pmbr. AmOÀ`m CÚmoJmV Va
PmoV^Å>rMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU ’$maM àJV d Jw§VmJw§VrMo Pmbobo
Amho.
nmobmXmMo CËnmXZ :
PmoV^Å>rVyZ {‘iUmao {~S>mMo bmoI§S> AmoVH$m‘mg `mo1⁄2`
nU KS>mB©bm d bmohmaH$m‘mg A`mo1⁄2` Ago. KS>mB©gmR>r
KS>rd bmoI§S> (wrought iron) bmJo. Ë`mgmR>r ñn§O
bmoI§S> VmndyZ EoaUrda R>moHy$Z EH$Ord H$arV d Ë`mnmgyZ
dñVy dZdrV AgV. AR>amì`m eVH$mnmgyZ {~S>mMo KS>rd
bmoI§S>mV ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r namdV©Z ^Å>r (reverbera-
tory furnace) dmnaÊ`mMr nÕVr gwê$ Pmbr. `m nÕVrg

g§bmoS>Z nÕVr (puddling process) Ago åhUVmV. nwT>o
150 df} Mm§Jë`m XOm©Mo KS>rd bmoI§S> (wrought iron)
`m nÕVrZoM CÚmoJY§ÚmV V`ma hmoV Ago. nmobmXmÀ`m
emómVrb àJVr‘wio KS>rd bmoI§S> d OwZr g§bmoS>Z nÕVr
`m eVH$mV Zm‘eof Pmbr Amho.
KS>rd bmoI§S> bmohmaH$m‘mg `mo1⁄2` d bd{MH$ Agbo
Var Vo nwaogo H$R>rU Zgë`mZo hË`mao dJ¡ao V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r
A`mo1⁄2` Ago. `m H$m‘mgmR>r nmobmXmMr JaO Ago. àmMrZ
H$mimnmgyZ AR>amì`m eVH$mn`ªV nmobmX V`ma H$aÊ`mMr
H$mdm©{YemofU nÕVr (cementation process) hr EH$‘od
nÕV hmoVr. KS>rd bmoI§S> H$moiemÀ`m AmdaUmImbr
^Å>rV VmndrV AgV d H$m~©ZMo bmoI§S>mV emofU hmoD$Z
nmobmX ~ZV Ago. nmobmX H$R>rU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mg
nmUr XoÊ`mMr qH$dm CîUVmg§ñH$aU (heat treatment)
XoÊ`mMr H$bm àmMrZ g§ñH¥$VtZm ‘mhrV hmoVr. B{VhmgmV
à{gÕ Aem X‘mñH$gÀ`m Vbdmar ^maVmV V`ma hmoUmè`m
nmobmXmnmgyZ ~ZdrV AgV. CîUVm g§ñH$aUm{df`r VÎdo
‘mhrV Zgbr Var {nT>çmZw{nT>çm EImXr Jwá {dÚm OVZ
H$amdr Ver nmobmXmÀ`m H$m‘mMr {dÚm {Q>H${dbr Jobr. `m
{dÚobm {H$Ë`oH$Xm bmoH$^«‘, OmXwQ>moUm qH$dm ewÕ H«$m¡`m©Mo
ñdê$n Ambo. X‘mñH$gbm Vbdmar V`ma H$aVmZm ^Å>rV
VmndyZ bmb Pmbobr Vbdma Zy~r`mVrb Jwbm‘m§À`m nmoQ>mV
IwnerV AgV d `mM nÕVrZo Vbdmarbm H$m{R>Ê` `oVo
Aer Ë`m H$mam{Jam§Mr g‘OyV Ago.
B. gZ 1740 À`m gw‘mamg ~|O{‘Z hÝQ>g²_Z `mZo
‘werV nmobmX {dVidyZ Vo AmoVÊ`mMr nÕV `eñdr Ho$br.
H$m~m©{YemofUmnojm hr ‘yg-nÕVr (crucible process)
Owb¡ 2021 27
A{YH$ gmo`rMr Agë`mZo `wamon^a ngabr d nwT>o 150
df} hr nmobmX V`ma H$aÊ`mMr ‘hÎdmMr nÕV åhUyZ
{Q>Hy$Z am{hbr. ‘yg-nÕVr‘wio OwZr H$dm©{YemofU nÕVr
(cementation process) ‘mJo nS>br. ‘yg-nÕVrMo
nmobmX åhUOo Mm§Jë`m XOm©Mo nmobmX Aer H$sVu `m
nÕVrZo {‘i{dbr. `mZ§Va nmobmXmÀ`m emómVbm ‘hÎdmMm
emoY åhUOo 1855 À`m gw‘mamg hoZ«r ~ogo‘a `mMr {~S>mÀ`m
agmVyZ hdoMm PmoV nmR>dyZ nmobmXmV ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mMr
~ogo‘a nÕVr hm hmo`. A‘o[aHo$V Ho$br `mZohr hm emoY
ñdV§ÌarË`m `mM gw_mamg bmdbm Am{U ~ogo_a d Ho$br
`m_Ü`o noQ>§Q>À`m A{YH$mamdê$Z dmXhr Pmbo. eodQ>r `wamon-
_Ü`o ~ogo_aMo h¸$ d A_o[aHo$V Ho$brMo h¸$ ‘mÝ` Pmbo.
~ogo_aMr hr nÕV ñdñV Agbr Var Ë`mV ~è`mM Vm§{ÌH$
AS>MUr Amë`m. àW_ V`ma Pmbobo nmobmX (Am°ŠgrOZ`wº$
Agë`mZo) {R>gyi Ago d Vo nwÝhm ‘wg-nÕVrV {dVidmdo
bmJo. nwT>o 1856 ‘Ü`o am°~Q>© ‘weoQ>Zo Ago XmIdyZ {Xbo H$s
AmoVÊ`mAmYr nmobmXmV \o$amo-_±JoZrO Q>mH$bo Va nmobmX
bd{MH$ ~ZVo. (Am°ŠgrOZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bm Joë`m_wio ho
eŠ` hmoVo). `m `wº$s_wio ‘mÌ ~ogo_a nÕVrZo Mm§Jbo
nmobmX V`ma hmoD$ bmJbo. VgoM ~ogo_aÀ`m H$maImÝ`mV
ñdrS>Z_Yrb {~S>mMo (gë’$a d \$m°ñ’$moag H$_r Agboë`m
{~S>mMo) Mm§Jë`m nmobmXmV ê$nm§Va hmoV Ago, nU B§1⁄2b§S>-
_Yë`m AZoH$ VèhoÀ`m {~S>mMo bmoI§S>mda (Ë`mV gë’$a d
\$m°ñ’$moag OmñV Agë`mZo) Vr nÕV `eñdr hmoV Zgo. `m
d Aem BVa AS>MUr_wio ~ogo_a nmobmX ho ‘yg-nÕVrÀ`m
nmobmXmnojm H$_r XOm©Mo AgVo Aer g_OyV nmobmX-Y§ÚmV
H$m`_ am{hbr. H$mbm§VamZo ~ogo_a nmobmX ñdñV d ‘moR>çm
 28 Owb¡ 2021
à_mUmV V`ma hmoUmao Agë`mZo Ë`mbm ~mOmamV ñWmZ
{‘imbo. ~ogo_aZo ^anya g§nÎmr {‘i{dbr. Ho$brZo ‘mÌ
Ë`m_mZmZo AS>MUrVM {Xdg H$mT>bo. nwT>o \$m°ñ’$moag A{YH$
Agboë`m {dS>mH$[aVm Wm°_g{Jb{H«$ñQ> `m§Zr g_mjmar`
~ogo_a nÕVr (basic benemer process) gwê$ Ho$br
d `amon_Yrb ~aoM YmVwH$ \$m°ñ’$moag`wº$ Agë`mZo Ë`m
^mJmVrb {~S>mbm Vr Mm§Jbr bmJy nS>br.
{dë`_ gr_oÝg hm A{^`m§{ÌH$sVrb AZoH$ emoYm§~Ôb
à{gÕ Agm V§Ìk hmoVm. dm’o$Mr B§{OZo, hdoMo n§n BË`mXr
AZoH$ `§Ìm§V gwYmaUm d g§emoYZ Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo H$mM
{dVidUmè`m ^Å>`m§Mr j_Vm (efficiency) dmT>{dÊ`mMo
H$m_ hmVr KoVbo d Ë`m_Ü`o Ë`mZo nwZéÕmaU VÎd
(regenerative principle) ^Å>rÀ`m CîUVobm dmnabo.
`m nÕVrZo ^Å>rÀ`m dmhoa OmUmè`m X1⁄2Y dm`y§Mr CîUVm
dm`m Kmb{dÊ`mEodOr ÁdbZmMr hdm Vmn{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mm
Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. hdm VmndyZ ÁdbZmg dmnabr Va
^Å>rMo Vn_mZ dmT>Vo d à{H«$`m gwb^ hmoVo. Aem VèhoMr
^Å>r H$mM {dVi{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo 1857 ‘Ü`o `eñdr
Ho$br. ho VÎd nmobmX {dVi{dUm`m ‘yg-nÕVrÀ`m ^Å>çm§Zm
bmdmdo åhUyZ Ë`mZo à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo d 1865 ‘Ü`o
Iwë`m ^Å>r_Ü`o (open hearth) ~rS> d YmVwH$ {dVidyZ
nwZéÕmaH$ VÎdmZo ^Å>r MmbdyZ nmobmX ~Z{dbo. `moJm`moJmZo
AgoM à`moJ \«$mÝg_Yrb ‘m{Q©>Z ~§YyZr H$ê$Z nmobmXmgmR>r
gr_oÝgÀ`m AmYr 1863 ‘Ü`o noQ>§Q>Mo h¸$ {‘i{dbo.
Ë`m§À`m nÕVrVhr nwZéÕmaH$ VÎd dmnarV d Iwë`m
^Å>rV ~rS> d ‘moS>rVbo nmobmX (YmVwH$ \$magm Z dmnaVm)
{dVidrV. EdT>o ‘mÌ åhUVm `oB©b H$s, nwZéÕmaH$ VÎd
gr_oÝgZo àW_ XmI{dbo d ‘moS>rVbo nmobmX Iwë`m ^Å>rV
{dViy eH$Vo ho ‘m{Q©>Z ~§Yy§Zr àW_ XmI{dbo åhUyZ Iwë`m
^Å>rÀ`m nÕVrg gr_oÝg-_m{Q©>Z nÕVr Ago åhUVmV. `m
nÕVrVrb g_mjmar` Iwë`m ^Å>rMr nÕV (basic open
hearth process) hr \$m°ñ’$moag H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mg gmo`rMr
Agë`mZo gmd©{ÌH$ dmnamV Ambr d ‘moR>çm à_mUmda
nmobmXmMo CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mg gmo`rMr Agë`mZo {VZo ~ogo_a
nÕVrbm `m eVH$mV ‘mJo Q>mH$bo. AmOÀ`m CÚmoJmV V`ma
hmoUmè`m nmobmXmn¡H$s gw_mao 70 Q>¸o$ nmobmX g_mjmar`
Iwë`m ^Å>rV V`ma hmoVo ho ‘hÎdmMo Amho. AWm©V ho à_mU
L. D. nÕVr_wio AmVm H$_r hmoV Amho.
bmoI§S>-nmobmXmÀ`m ^Å>`m§gmR>r {dOoMr CîUVm
dmnaÊ`mgmR>r {dë`_ gr_oÝgZo 1879 gmbr {dOoMr
Á`moV-^Å>r (electric arc furnace) ~Z{dbr. hramo
(Heroult) `m \«o$§M emókmZo {dOoÀ`m ^Å>rMm Cn`moJ
A°ë`w{‘Zr`_, H°$pëe`_ H$m~m©BS>, bmoh-{‘lHo$ (ferro-
alloys) ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo ho XmI{dbo. 1900 gmbr
hmoamoZo nmobmXmgmR>r Á`moV ^Å>r ~Z{dbr. Ë`mM gmbr
`obrZZo (Kjellin) àdV©Z ^Å>r (induction furnace)
`eñdr arË`m dmnabr. Cƒ XOm©Mo d ‘hmJmMo nmobmX d {_l
nmobmX (alloy steel) ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r {dOoÀ`m ^Å>>çm§Mm
AmOÀ`m CÚmoJmV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
OwÝ`m ~ogo_a nÕVrV {dViboë`m {~S>mVyZ hdm
nmR>dyZ Ë`mMo nmobmX H$arV. 1946-48 `m H$mimV
Am°ñQ´>r`mV {bÝP d S>moZm{dËg (Linz-Domavitz) `m
XmoZ {R>H$mUÀ`m H$maImÝ`m§V Zdr nÕV gwê$ H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. `m nÕVrbm Eb². S>r. nÕVr (L. D. Process)
åhUVmV. `m‘Ü`o Ðd {~S>mV ewÕ Am°pŠgOZ ‘moR>çm Xm~mZo
nmR>{dbm OmVmo d AË`§V àjmo^H$ Aem à{H«$`oZo nmobmX
~ZVo. AmOÀ`m CÚmoJmV `m nÕVrMm dmna dmT>V AgyZ
nwîH$i Zì`m H$maImÝ`mVyZ Vr H$mhr à‘mUmV dmnaV
Amho. ^maVmVrb amD$aHo$bm `m nmobmX-àH$ënmV hr nÕV
dmnaVmV.
Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va Pmboë`m ‘hËdmÀ`m àJVrV
Eb. S>r. nÕVrà‘mUoM nmobmXmgmR>r gVV AmoVÊ`mMr
nÕV (continuous casting process) gwê$
Pmbr. `mMm C„oI Amdí`H$ hmo`. Zoh_rÀ`m nÕVrV
nmobmXmMo qnS> (ingot) AmoVVmV d {nS>m§Mo dobZ H$ê$Z
Ë`mMo ãby_, {dboQ>, Zù`m, ê$i B. ~Z{dVmV. gVV

Q>rñH$mo, O_eoXnya
AmoVÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrV Ðd nmobmXmMo EH$X‘ 10-12 g|.
‘r. AmH$mamÀ`m {dboQ>_Ü`o énm§Va hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio ‘moR>o qnS>
AmoVUo, Vo naV Vmn{dUo d Ë`mMo dobZ (rolling) H$aUo
`mVrb ~amMgm Ìmg dmMVmo. AmOÀ`m CÚmoJmV H$mhr
{d{eï> nmobmXmgmR>r `m nÕVrMm dmna gwê$ Pmbm Amho.
^maVmVrb bmoI§S> -nmobmX CËnmXZ …
^maVmV ‘moR>`m à‘mUmda nmobmXmMo CËnmXZ H$aUmam
n{hbm H$maImZm Q>mQ>m Am`Z© A±S> ñQ>rb H§$. (TISCO) hm
O_eoXnya `oWo 1909 gmbr ñWmnZ Pmbm. `m H$maImÝ`mMr
j‘Vm dmT>V dmT>V 1950 gmbmn`ªV 1.3 Xebj Q>Z
BVH$s hmoVr. Z§Va AmUIr dmT> hmoD$Z AmOMr j‘Vm 2
Xebj Q>Z (à{Vdfu) Amho. `m H$maImÝ`mg YmVwH$mMm
nwadR>m Zm¡‘w§S>r, ~Xm‘nhmS>, Jmoé‘{hgmUr BË`mXr {R>H$mUÀ`m
ImUtVyZ hmoVmo. MwZIS>r {~a{‘Ìnwa `oWrb ImUrVyZ `oVo d
H$moigm Par`mVyZ {_iVmo. `m H$maImÝ`mV 5 H$moH$^Å>>çm,
6 PmoV^Å>`m, 7 Iwë`m ^Å>`m d 6 ~oogo‘a nmÌo (àË`oH$s 22
Q>Zm§Mr) AmhoV. H$maImÝ`mVrb nmobmX H$m§Xr, éi, Zù`m,
Xm§S>çm, Vwù`m, nÌo BË`mXr {d{dY ñdê$nmV ~Z{dbo OmVo.
Hw$bQ>r (n. ~§Jmb) `oWo B§{S>`Z Am`Z© A±S> ñQ>rb H§$nZr
hm H$maImZm Amho. `mMr j‘Vm à{Vdfu 1 Xebj Q>ZmMr
Amho. `oWo 5 H$moH$^Å>>çm, 4 PmoV^Å>`m, 3 ~ogo‘a nmÌo d 6
Iwë`m ^Å>`m AmhoV.
^ÐmdVr (åh¡gya) `oWo 1923 gmbr nmobmX H$maImZm
gwê$ Pmbm. àW‘ EH$ 60 Q>Zr PmoV^Å>r hmoVr d Vr gmÜ`m
Owb¡ 2021 29
bmoUmar H$moiemda MmbV Ago. Z§Va EH$ 80 Q>Z j‘VoMr
PmoV^Å>r ~m§Ybr d 2 bhmZ 25 Q>Zr Iwë`m ^Å>`m Pmë`m.
nwT>o bmoUmar H$moigm (O§Jbo VmoSy>Z Q>mH$ë`mZo d Zdr PmS>o
Z bmdë`mZo) nwaogm {_ioZm d ^Å>>çm H$moH$da Mmbdmì`m
bmJë`m. Zì`m H$mimV hm H$maImZm {Zamù`mM {XeoZo
dmT>{dbm Jobm Amho. VoWo 2 {dÚwV-AnM`ZmÀ`m 13,200
KVA À`m ^Å>`m ~g{dë`m AgyZ nmobmX CËnmXZmgmR>r
L.D. nÕVrMr nmÌo d {dÚwV²-^Å>`m dmnaVmV. `m‘wio
CËnmXZ 30,000 Q>Zmdê$Z 1,30,000 Q>Z à{Vdfu
dmT>ob. nmobmXmV ‘w»`ËdoH$ê$Z {‘l nmobmX ~Z{dÊ`mda ^a
{Xbm Jobm Amho.
{^bmB© `oWrb H$maImZm C^mabm Jobm Voìhm (1960)
j‘Vm 1 Xebj Q>Z hmoVr. Ë`mZ§Va 2.5 Xebj Q>Zmda
dmT> H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gÜ`m `oWo 6 H$moH$^Å>`m, 6 PmoV^Å>`m
d 10 Iwë`m ^Å>`m AmhoV. Zì`m ^Å>`m 500 Q>Zm§À`m
AmhoV. `m H$maImÝ`mMr dmT> 4 Xebj Q>Zmn`ªV Ho$br OmV
 30 Owb¡ 2021
Amho. CËnmXZmV ‘w»`ËdoH$ê$Z Vwi`m, ê$i, Xm§S>çm BË`mXr
AmhoV. amD$aHo$bm `oWrb H$maImZmhr ‘wimV 1 Xebj
Q>ZmMm C^mabm Jobm d Ë`mMr dmT> 1.8 Xebj Q>Zmn`ªV
Ho$br OmV Amho. 1 Xebj Q>ZmÀ`m AdñWoV `m H$maImÝ`mV
3 H$moH$-^Å>`m, 3 PmoV^Å>`m, 3 L.D. nmÌo d 4 Iwë`m
^Å>`m C^maë`m Joë`m AmhoV. dmT>rÀ`m H$m`©H«$‘mV 1
H$moH$^Å>r, 1 PmoV^Å>r d 2 L.D. nmÌo C^mabr Jobr AmhoV.
L. D. nÕVrZo nmobmX CËnmXZ d gd© nmobmX nÌo d nÅ>`m `m
ñdê$nmV H$mT>bo OmUo hr `m g§`§ÌmMr ‘moR>r d¡{eï>`o hmoV.
XwJm©nya `oWrb H$maImZm 1 Xebj Q>Z eº$sMm Amho. VoWo
3 H$moH$^Å>`m, 3 PmoV^Å>`m, 2 {g{bH$ZhaU-nmÌo d 8 Iwë`m
^Å>`m AmhoV. dmoH$mamo `oWo Zdm H$maImZm C^mabm OmV AgyZ
Ë`mMr j‘Vm àW‘ 2.5 d Z§Va 4 Xebj Q>Z amhUma Amho.
`m{edm` hmoñnoQ>, gmbo‘ d {demImnÅ>‘ `oWrb H$maImÝ`m§Mr
H$mñQ> Am`Z© (~rS>)Mo CîUVmonMma
(nmZ 15 dê$Z)
ào[aV Ho$bo OmVo. `m Vn_mZmbm Ë`mg pñWa H$ê$Z Ano{jV
H$m~©Z {daKiyZ OmB©n`ªV H$mbmdYr OmD$ XoÊ`mV `oVmo
Am{U Ë`mZ§Va gmo`rñH$a JVrZo Ë`mbm W§S> Ho$bo OmVo.
ê$nm§VaU Vn_mZ AÀ`m da 55-9500C Vn_mZmhÿZ
A{YH$ ê$nm§VaU loUr dmTy> eH$Vo.
gmÜ`m J«o H$mñQ> Am`Z© (g§{_l Zgbobo) gmR>r A1
énm§VaU Vn_mZ emoYÊ`mMo gyÌ Imbrbà_mUo
0C = 730 + 280 (si) - 25.0 (% Mn)
H$m[ñQ>§Jbm VS>m OmD$ Z`o `mH$arVm H$m[ñQ>§J g§W
JVrZo 565-6500C `m Vn_mZ loUr_Ü`o Ja_ H$amdo,
Ë`mZ§Va Ðþd JVrZo Vn_mZ dmT>{dUog haH$V Zmhr.
Am°ñQ>oZmB©Q> Vn_mZmbm pñWa H$aÊ`mMm H$mbmdYr A§XmOo
20 {_{ZQ>o à{V goŠeZ R>odmdm.
e_Z … (Quenching)
~hþVm§er Am¡[îUH$ YŠŠ`mMr (Thermal
Shock) Vrd«Vm H$_r H$aÊ`mH$[aVm e_Z _mÜ`_
(Quenching Media) åhUyZ Ðd jma, Am°B©b qH$dm nmÊ`mV
{daKiUmao nm°br_a dmnabo OmVmV. hdoÀ`m PmoVmZo W§S>
V`mar Mmby Amho. 1972-73 `m dfm©V ^maVmV nmobmXmMo
CËnmXZ Ho$di 5 Xebj Q>Z Pmbo. `mMdoir C^maboë`m
H$maImÝ`m§Mr EH§$Xa ñWm{nV-j‘Vm (installed capacity)
10 Xebj Q>Z EdT>r Amho. OJmMo CËnmXZ Vº$m 1 (~)
‘Ü`o {Xbo Amho.
Q>mQ>mMm O_eoQ>nyaMm H$maImZm dJië`mg ~mH$s gd©
H$maImZo gaH$mar _mbH$sMo AmhoV d bmoI§S nmobmXmÀ`m _yi
CËnmXZjoÌmV _moR>çm Zì`m H$maImÝ`mMr _mbH$s gaH$marM
amhrb Ago amï´>r` Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaU Amho.
H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr hr gdm©V ng§V Ho$br OmVo. H$mñQ> Am`Z©Mr
Cƒ g§{_lo gm_mÝ` dmVmdaUmV W§S> Ho$ë`mg VS>m OmÊ`mMr
eŠ`Vm Agë`mZo Vn_mZ 1500C n`ªV nmohmoMVmM
Ëd[aV e_Z ~mW (Quenching Bath) _YyZ H$mTy>Z
Ë`mMo Q>|n[a§J H$amdo.
ñQ´>og [a[b[ìh§J (VmU_wº$s) :
H$m[ñQ>§JÀ`m {d{dY ^mJm§Mo W§S> hmoÊ`mMr JVr
doJdoJir Agë`mZo Ë`m_wio Ë`mV A{d{eï> (residnal)
VmU CnpñWV amhVmo. `mMm n[aUm_r Ad{eï> VmU VmUeº$s
H$_r H$aVmo, {dénU KS>dVmo Am{U H$_mbrÀ`m doir Ë`mMo
n[aUm_ åhUyZ VS>m OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
VmU _wº$sgmR>rMo Vn_mZ gmYmaUV… nbm©B©Q> Vo
Am°ñQ>oZmB©Q> ê$nm§VaU Vn_mZ loUrÀ`m Imbr AgVo.
gmÜ`m Am`Z©_Ü`o H$m~m©B©Q>Mo {dKQ>Z H$_rV H$_r hmoD$Z
OmñVrV OmñV VmU_wº$s hmoÊ`mgmR>r 540-5650C
Vn_mZ loUr hr nyaH$ Amho. H$mñQ> Am`Z©À`m g§{_lm_Ü`o
VmU_wº$sgmR>r 550-6500C Vn_mZ loUr_Ü`o
VmUeº$s d H$mR>rÊ` à{H«$`m_Ü`o H$mhrhr ~Xb Z H$aVm
Ho$br OmVo.
 Owb¡ 2021 31

H«$mo_mBQ>
H«$mo_mBQ> …
amgm`{ZH$ Am{U CîUVmamoYH$ gm{hË`mMo joÌmV
H«$mo_mBQ>Mm dmna OwZm AgmM Amho. H«$mo{_`_ YmVyÀ`m AZoH$
I{ZOm§n¡H$s H«$mo_mBQ> ho EH$M I{ZO ì`mnmar d Cn`moJmMo
Ñï>rZo _hËdmMo Amho. H«$mo_mBQ>_Ü`o (FeO, Cr3O3)
VËdV… 68 Q>¸o$ H«$mo{_H$ Am°ŠgmBQ> d Cd©[aV ^mJ Am`Z©
Am°ŠgmBS>Mm AgVmo. _mÌ àË`jmV, BVa AewÕ Ðì`m§Mo
ApñVËdm_wio H«$mo{_H$ Am°ŠgmBS>Mo à_mUo 50 Q>ŠŠ`m§nojm
A{YH$ ¹${MVM gmnS>o. CîUVmamoYH$ gm{hË` åhUyZ
dmnaë`m OmUmè`m H«$mo_mBQ> I{ZOmV
30-40 Q>¸o$ H«$mo{_H$ Am°ŠgmBS> AgUo
Amdí`H$ AgVo.
^maVmV Amo[agm, {~hma, _hmamï´> d
åh¡gya hr amÁ`o H«$mo_mBQ>Mo {Z{_©VrV à_wI
R>aVmV. Q>mQ>m Am`Z© A±S> ñQ>rb H§$nZr
Amnë`m {gJ^y_ {OëømVrb I{ZO
gmR>çm§nmgyZ H«$mo_mBQ> {dQ>m§Mr {Z{_©Vr
d _°3⁄4ogmBQ>
(^mJ 1)
H$aVo Va Amnë`m amUrJ§O `oWrb H$maImÝ`mV ~Z© A±S>
H§$nZr V`ma H$aVo. H«$mo_mBQ>Mm {dViZ q~Xÿ 20000C Mo
Z{OH$Mm AgyZ H«$mo_mBQ> {dQ>m§Mo {d{dY Ago Img Cn`moJ
AmO àMmamV Ambobo AmhoV.
^Å>r_Ü`o Á`m {R>H$mUr AmåbY_u Am{U ~o{gH$
{dQ>m§Mm g§~§Y `oVmo Voìhm `m XmoZ àH$mam_Ü`o H«$mo_mBQ>
{dQ>m§Mm ~hþYm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. `m {dQ>m§Mo EH§$Xa ñdén
CXmgrZ Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y Ambm Var {g{bH$m
AWdm _°3⁄4ogmBQ> {dQ>m§da H$moUVmM Xþîn[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr.
_°3⁄4ogmBQ> {dQ>m V`ma H$aÊ`mMo
arVrZwgmaM H«$mo_mBQ>À`m {dQ>m `m BVa
CîUVmamoYH$ gm{hË` V`ma Ho$bo OmVo.
\$aH$ hm H$s _°3⁄4ogmBQ>à_mUo, H«$mo_mBQ>Mo
gm{hË`mda nyd©^OZmMr Oê$ar ZgVo.
AmO _mÌ n[apñWVr Aer Amho H$s {Zìdi
H«$mo_mBQ>nmgyZ V`ma Ho$boë`m {dQ>m§Mm
dmna ¹${MVM Ho$bm OmVmo. H$maU Ë`m§Mr

H«$mo_mBQ>Mo n¥WH$aU (à{VeV)

SiO2 Al2O3 FeO TiO2 CaO MgO AëH$Ðì`o MnO2 Cr2O3
OmÌnya 3.0 - 14 - - - - - 56
åh¡gya 4.7 7.3 12 0.7 0.7 15.0 0.20 - -
H«$mo_{dQ 4.5 10.0 23.7 0.76 0.08 12.0 0.16 0.18 48
Vº$m H«§$. 1
 32 Owb¡ 2021
OmJm AmVm H«$mo_mBQ> d _°3⁄4ogmBQ> `m§À`m g§{_lm§À`m {dQ>m§Zr
C\©$ H«$mo_-_°3⁄4ogmBQ> {dQ>m§Zr KoVbobr Amho. Oa ObX W§S>
Pmë`m Va H«$mo_mBQ> {dQ>m bdH$a Iam~ hmoVmV. VgoM Cƒ
Vn_mZmV dOZmImbr Ë`m {Q>Hy$ eH$V ZmhrV. gd© àH$maMo
_irg Ë`m Mm§Jë`m amoYH$ AgVmV.
Vº$m H«§$. 1 nhm
A{bH$S>o Z ^mOboë`m na§Vw Xm~mImbr AmH$ma
{Xboë`m H«$mo_mBQ> {dQ>m AmonZ hW© ^Å>r_Ü`o q^VrgmR>r
A{YH$ à_mUmV dmnaë`m OmV AmhoV.
H«$mo_-_°1⁄2ZogmBQ>Mo CîUVmamoYH$ gm{hË` …
_°3⁄4ogmBQ> …
jmaY_u nmobmX{Z{_©VrV _°3⁄4ogmBQ>Zo Amnbo àW_
ñWmZ H$m`_ amIbo Amho. `mbm _°3⁄4ogmBQ>Mo Cƒ JwUY_©
H$maUr^yV AmhoV. _°1⁄2ZogmBQ>Mm {db`Zq~Xÿ Cƒ AgVmo.
VgoM Ë`mMo jmaY_u JwUY_©, bmohYmar _irMm à{VamoY
H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm, dOZmImbrb Cƒ CîUVmamoYH$ dJ¡ao
JwUY_mª_wio _°3⁄4ogmBQ>Zo Amnbo àW_ ñWmZ {Q>H${dbo Amho.
_°3⁄4ogmBQ> gmYmaUV… H$m~m}ZoQ>Mo ñdénmV {ZgJm©V
AmT>iVo. `mMo XmoZ à_wI àH$ma AmT>iVmV.
1) ñ\${Q>H$s` àH$ma … hm àH$ma H°$ëgmBQ>`wº$ AWdm
S>obrgmBQ>`wº$ IS>H$m§Mo {dKQ>Z hmoD$Z V`ma hmoVmo. hm
àH$ma Cƒ àVrMm JUbm OmVmo. (cryptocrystalline)
2) Añ\${Q>H$s àH$ma … _°3⁄4ogmBQ>Mm hm àH$ma ~hwVm§er
_°1⁄2Zo{e`_ {g{bHo$Q> IS>H$m§À`m {dKQ>Zm_wio V`ma hmoVmo.
`mV {g{bH$m Am{U \$m°ñQ>}amB©S> hr AewÕ Ðì`o gmYmaUV…
AmT>iVmV.
_°3⁄4ogmBQ>_Ü`o Oa {gS>amB©Q> (Fe2O3) ho I{ZO
AewÕ Ðì`mMo ñdénmV Agob Va hr àV H«$m°nÌamBQ> `m
ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmVo. _°3⁄4ogmBQ>Mo g_wÐObmnmgyZ CËnmXZ
Am{U Ë`mMm CîUVmamoYH$ gm{hË` åhUyZ Cn`moJ hr `m
joÌm§Vrb H«$m§VrH$maH$ àJVr hmo`. gÜ`m A_o[aH$oV CËnm{XV
_°3⁄4ogmBQ>n¡H$s {Zåå`m _°3⁄4ogmBQ>Mo g_wÐObmnmgyZ CËnmXZ
hmoVo. {~«Q>Z_Yrb gd©M _°3⁄4ogmBQ>Mo CËnmXZ g_wÐObm-
nmgyZ Ho$bo OmVo. {~«Q>Z_Yrb _°3⁄4ogmBQ> {Z{_©VrMm H$maImZm
ñQ>rQ>bo [a\«°$ŠQ>arO H§$nZrZo CÎma g_wÐH$mR>r hmQ>obnyb `oWo
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 34 Owb¡ 2021
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Owb¡ 2021 35
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