Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Memebrane Transport
1. 2019 Jan Q5
5 Liposomes are spherical structures composed of phospholipids. They can be made
by adding phospholipids to water.
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4 3
V= πr
3
(2)
Answer ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain the arrangement of phospholipids in liposomes.
(2)
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(b) The presence of cholesterol in the membrane affects membrane permeability.
A student investigated the effect of cholesterol on the permeability of liposomes
200
Permeability
of membrane 20% cholesterol
to glycerol
/ a.u.
100
50% cholesterol
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2. 2018 Jan Q5
5 All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane.
The diagram below shows a model of a section through a muscle cell membrane.
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Z
(a) Put a cross ( ) in the box that completes each of the following sentences.
(i) The surface of this membrane, labelled Y, is occupied by
(1)
A hydrophilic fatty acid chains
B hydrophilic phosphate groups
C hydrophobic fatty acid chains
D hydrophobic phosphate groups
(ii) The model represents a membrane with a thickness (Z) of
(1)
A 4 mm
B 4 nm
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C 10 mm
D 10 nm
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(b) One role of cell membranes is to control the movement of substances into and
out of cells.
(ii) Explain why the movement of potassium ions into a muscle cell requires ATP.
(2)
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PMT
3. 2017 Oct Q3
3 The fluid mosaic model can be used to explain the properties of cell membranes.
(a) Explain what is meant by the term fluid mosaic.
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(b) A drop of blue dye was placed in the middle of a large tray of water. The time
taken for the blue dye to travel 10 cm from the centre of the tray was 2 minutes.
(i) Put a cross in the box to complete the following sentence.
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(c) Read through the following passage about the effect of solute concentration on
potato cells.
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(i) Write on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the
passage.
(4)
A cube of potato tissue was placed in a beaker of distilled water at 25 qC. After 20 minutes,
(ii) A cube of potato tissue was placed in boiling water before being placed in the
beaker at 25 qC. After 20 minutes, this cube had decreased in mass.
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4. 2017 Jun Q6
6 The fluid mosaic model describes the structure and properties of cell membranes.
(a) The diagram below shows the structure of a cell membrane based on this model.
(i) Name the molecule labelled A.
(1)
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(ii) Explain how the properties of molecule A contribute to the fluid mosaic
model of cell membranes.
(3)
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Beetroots are root vegetables that appear red because the vacuoles in their cells
contain a water soluble red pigment. This pigment cannot pass through membranes.
‑
Seven cubes of beetroot were cut, rinsed and blotted dry. One piece of beetroot
was placed into a tube containing 10 cm3 of a solution with a pH of 2. This tube
was left for 20 minutes at 5 °C.
The beetroot cube was then removed from the tube after 20 minutes and the
absorbance of light by the red fluid left in the tube was measured using a colorimeter.
As the intensity of the colour increases, the absorbance of light increases.
The procedure was repeated using solutions with six other pH values.
The graph below shows the results of this experiment.
0.20 –
0.18 –
0.16 –
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0.14 –
Absorbance / a.u.
0.12 –
0.10 –
0.08 –
0.06 –
0.04 –
0.02 –
0.00 –
–
–
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH
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(i) Use the information in the graph to describe the effect of pH on membrane permeability.
(2)
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(b) Molecules can enter and leave a cell through the cell membrane.
In an experiment, red blood cells were placed in three different sodium chloride solutions,
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Magnification ×5000
Place a cross in the box next to the correct words to complete the following statement.
(i) The solute concentration in solution P is
(1)
A greater than the concentration in solution Q
B greater than the concentration of the control solution
C less than the concentration in the cell in solution Q
D the same as the concentration in the cell in the control solution
(ii) Suggest an explanation for the appearance of the red blood cell in solution Q.
(3)
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6. 2016 Oct Q5
5 Cell membranes control the movement of materials into and out of cells.
(a) The fluid mosaic model can be used to explain the properties of a cell membrane.
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(b) Several different processes are used to control the movement of materials into
and out of cells.
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Facilitated Active
Feature of the transport process
diffusion transport
can transport molecules against a concentration
A no no
gradient
0.9% sodium
chloride solution partially permeable
membrane
0.9% sodium
chloride solution
This was repeated with a second tube containing 15 cm3 of 20% sodium chloride
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solution.
Every 5 minutes the tubes were removed from the beakers, dried and reweighed.
The results are shown in the graph below.
19.0
18.5
18.0
Mass of tube / g
Key
17.5
20% sodium chloride
17.0
0.9% sodium chloride
16.5
16.0
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(ii) Explain the change in mass of the 20% sodium chloride tube during this
experiment.
(4)
.
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(iii) Suggest an explanation for the changes in the mass of the 0.9% sodium chloride
tube during this experiment.
(2)
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(b) Put a cross in the box that completes each of the following statements.
(i) Cells take up very large molecules or particles by
(1)
A endocytosis, which is an active process
B endocytosis, which is a passive process
C exocytosis, which is an active process
D exocytosis, which is a passive process
(ii) A partially permeable cell membrane
(1)
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glycogen
glucose glucose
membrane
protein
(i) The transport of glucose across the cell membranes of liver cells does not
require energy.
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Using information in the diagram, suggest how glucose is taken into liver cells
from the blood.
(2)
(ii) The hormone insulin activates an enzyme that converts glucose to glycogen
in liver cells.
Explain how insulin increases the rate at which glucose is taken into liver cells.
(2)
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Glycoprotein
Phospholipid
{
Protein Cholesterol
(a) Put a cross in the box that completes each of the following statements.
(i) In phospholipids, the fatty acid tails are
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(b) Cholesterol is a component of the cell membrane.
The graph below shows the effect of cholesterol to phospholipid ratio on
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membrane fluidity.
1.5 –
1.4 –
1.3 –
Membrane fluidity / au
1.2 –
1.1 –
1.0 –
0.9 –
0.8 –
0.7 –
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0.6 –
0.5 –
–
–
0.3 0.8 1.3 1.8
Ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid
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(ii) Calculate the percentage change in membrane fluidity when the ratio of
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(iii) Suggest how cholesterol affects membrane fluidity.
(2)
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(c) The concentration of potassium ions in red blood cells is higher than the
concentration in blood plasma.
Explain how this difference in potassium ion concentration is maintained.
(2)
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9. 2015 Jan Q6
6 Cell membranes contain a bilayer of phospholipid molecules.
(a) Explain how phospholipid molecules form a bilayer.
(3)
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(b) The fluid mosaic model can be used to explain the properties of a cell membrane.
Explain what is meant by the term fluid mosaic.
(2)
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16
*P45028A01628* 14
(c) A student carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of alcohol on the
permeability of beetroot cell membranes.
Beetroot cells contain a red pigment.
One cube of beetroot was placed in a tube containing 5 cm3 of water and left for
30 minutes.
After 30 minutes the cube of beetroot was removed and the intensity of the
colour of the liquid was measured using a colorimeter.
A colorimeter is an instrument that can be used to measure the intensity of the
colour of a liquid.
The procedure was repeated using four different concentrations of alcohol
instead of water.
The results are shown in the table below.
0 0.03
10 0.03
20 0.33
30 0.65
40 0.90
(i) Using the information in the table, describe the effect of alcohol on the
permeability of beetroot cell membranes.
(2)
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Turn over
(ii) The temperature of the solutions and the size of the beetroot cubes should be
controlled in this investigation.
Explain how each of the following would affect the results of this investigation.
(4)
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18
*P45028A01828*
10. 2014 Jun Q3
3 The diagram below shows part of a cell surface membrane.
C
B
⎧
A ⎪⎨⎪
⎩
(a) (i) Place a cross in the box next to the part of the membrane that is a
glycoprotein.
(1)
A
B
C
D
(ii) Place a cross in the box next to the part of the membrane that contains
only carbon and hydrogen.
(1)
A
B
C
D
8
*P42920A0824*
(iii) Explain how the properties of the parts labelled A and B contribute to the
structure of the cell surface membrane.
(3)
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Turn over
(b) When pieces of carrot tissue are placed in distilled water, chloride ions are
released from the cells into the water.
The graph below shows the effects of temperature on the release of chloride ions
from carrot cells.
10 –
8–
Concentration of 6–
chloride ions in
water / arbitrary units 4 –
2–
0–
–
–
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Temperature / °C
(i) Using the information in the graph, describe the effect of temperature on the
release of chloride ions from the cells of the carrot.
(3)
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10
*P42920A01024*
*(ii) Explain the reasons for the changes you have described.
(4)
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Turn over
11. 2014 Jan Q3
.3 Cholera is a disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
This bacterium produces a toxin (choleragen) that binds to the cell surface
membranes of the cells lining the intestine. This stimulates an increase in the active
transport of chloride ions into the lumen of the intestine.
This results in diarrhoea and the loss of large volumes of fluid from the body.
(a) The diagram below shows the movement of chloride ions, water and digested
food through the wall of the small intestine during digestion in a healthy person.
wall of
small
intestine
lumen of
Stage 1 small
Chloride ions actively intestine
transported from the blood
Stage 2
Movement of water from the
blood
Stage 3
Chloride ions, water and digested
food absorbed into the blood
(i) Explain why ATP is needed for the active transport of chloride ions into the
lumen of the small intestine.
(2)
8
*P42910A0828*
(ii) Using the information given in the question, suggest why a person with
cholera loses large volumes of fluid as diarrhoea.
(4)
(iii) Some of the chloride ions are reabsorbed into the blood by facilitated
diffusion.
Compare the processes of facilitated diffusion and active transport.
(2)
9
*P42910A0928* Turn over
(b) One way of treating diarrhoea is to use a food-based oral rehydration therapy that
contains a lot of starch and water.
Suggest why this therapy is effective in the treatment of cholera.
(4)
10
*P42910A01028*
Marking Scheme (Membrane and Transport)
1. 2019 Jan Q5
2. 2018 Jan Q5
3. 2017 Oct Q3
4. 2017 Jun Q6
5. 2017 Jan Q7
6 2016 Oct Q5
7. 2016 Jun Q7
X
8. 2016 Jan Q4
9. 2015 Jan Q6
10. 2014 Jun Q3
11. 2014 Jan Q3