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egknsoh oekZ
(1907-1987)
1907 dh gksyh osQ fnu mÙkj izns'k osQ iQ:Z[kkckn esa tUeha egknsoh oekZ dh izkjafHkd
f'k{kk bankSj esa gqbZA fookg osQ ckn i<+kbZ oqQN varjky ls fiQj 'kq: dhA os fefMy
esa iwjs izkar esa izFke vkb± vkSj Nk=ko`fÙk Hkh ikbZA ;g flyflyk dbZ d{kkvksa rd pykA
ckS¼ fHk{kq.kh cuuk pkgk ysfdu egkRek xkaèkh osQ vkàku ij lkekftd dk;ks± esa tqV
xb±A mPp f'k{kk osQ fy, fons'k u tkdj ukjh f'k{kk izlkj esa tqV xb±A Lora=krk
vkanksyu esa Hkh Hkkx fy;kA
egknsoh us Nk;kokn osQ pkj izeq[k jpukdkjksa esa vkSjksa ls fHkUu viuk ,d fof'k"V
LFkku cuk;kA egknsoh dk leLr dkO; osnuke; gSA budh dfork dk Loj lclss
fHkUu vkSj fof'k"V rks Fkk gh loZFkk vifjfpr Hkh FkkA bUgksaus lkfgR; dks cstksM+ x|
jpukvksa ls Hkh le`¼ fd;k gSA
11 flracj 1987 dks mudk nsgkolku gqvkA mUgsa KkuihB iqjLdkj lfgr izk;%
lHkh izfrf"Br iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA Hkkjr ljdkj us 1956 esa mUgsa
iÁHkw"k.k vyadj.k ls vyaÑr fd;k FkkA
oqQy vkB o"kZ dh mez esa ckjgeklk tSlh cstksM+ dfork fy[kus okyh egknsoh dh
izeq[k dkO; Ñfr;k¡ gSaµuhgkj] jf'e] uhjtk] lkaè;xhr] nhif'k[kk] izFke vk;ke]
vfXujs[kk] ;kek vkSj x| jpuk,¡ gSaµvrhr osQ pyfp=k] Ük`a[kyk dh dfM+;k¡] Le`fr dh
js[kk,¡] iFk osQ lkFkh] esjk ifjokj vkSj ¯pru osQ {k.kA egknsoh dh jQfp fp=kdyk esa
Hkh jghA muosQ cuk, fp=k mudh dbZ Ñfr;ksa esa iz;qDr fd, x, gSaA
2019-2020
www.ncertpdf.in
32 / Li'kZ
ikB izo's k
vkSjksa ls cfr;kuk] vkSjksa dks le>kuk] vkSjksa dks jkg lq>kuk rks lc djrs gh gSa]
dksbZ ljyrk ls dj ysrk gS] dksbZ FkksM+h dfBukbZ mBkdj] dksbZ FkksM+h
f>>d&ladksp osQ ckn rks dksbZ fdlh rhljs dh vkM+ ysdjA ysfdu blls dgha
”;knk dfBu vkSj ”;knk Jelkè; gksrk gS vius vki dks le>kukA vius vki
ls cfr;kuk] vius vki dks lgh jkg ij cuk, j[kus osQ fy, rS;kj djukA
vius vki dks vkxkg djuk] lpsr djuk vkSj lnk pSrU; cuk, j[kukA
izLrqr ikB esa dof;=kh vius vki ls tks vis{kk,¡ djrh ga]S ;fn os iwjh
gks tk,¡ rks u flI+kZQ mldk viuk] cfYd ge lHkh dk fdruk Hkyk gks ldrk
gSA pw¡fd] vyx&vyx 'kjhj/kjh gksrs gq, Hkh ge gSa rks izo`Qfr dh euq";
uked ,d gh fufeZfrA
2019-2020
www.ncertpdf.in
2019-2020
www.ncertpdf.in
34 / Li'kZ
iz'u&vH;kl
2019-2020
www.ncertpdf.in
Hkk"kk vè;;u
1- dfork esa tc ,d 'kCn ckj&ckj vkrk gS vkSj og ;kstd fpÉ }kjk tqM+k gksrk gS] rks ogk¡ iqujQfDr
izdk'k vyadkj gksrk gS_ tSlsµiqyd&iqydA blh izdkj osQ oqQN vkSj 'kCn [kksft, ftuesa ;g vyadkj
gksA
;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- bl dfork esa tks Hkko vk, gSa] mUgha Hkkoksa ij vkèkkfjr dof;=kh }kjk jfpr oqQN vU; dforkvkssa dk
vè;;u djsa_ tSlsµ
(d) eSa uhj Hkjh nq[k dh cnyh
([k) tks rqe vk tkrs ,dckj
;s lHkh dfork,¡ ^lfUèkuh* esa ladfyr gSaA
2- bl dfork dks oaQBLFk djsa rFkk d{kk esa laxhre; izLrqfr djsaA
3- egknsoh oekZ dks vkèkqfud ehjk dgk tkrk gSA bl fo"k; ij tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A
2019-2020