EE-221 Digital Logic Design

DE-41 EE
Instructor: Lec. Aamir Javed

Chapter # 1: Introduction
 Introduction
➢ This course is about Digital hardware. You will study
➢ Basics of digital logic
➢ How to analyze digital logic circuits
➢ How to synthesize (design) digital logic circuits
➢ Semester project: Build an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs various
functions on inputs
➢ Digital Hardware: Digital hardware uses logic circuits as building
blocks to build a system that performs a specified function
➢ Examples: Computers, Smartphones, Calculators etc
➢ Lets try to understand logic circuits

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 Analog and Digital Systems
➢Analog system
➢Physical quantities, variables or signals may vary V(t)
continuously over a specified range
➢Analog circuit manipulates analog input signals to get
an analog output
➢Examples: Voltage divider, Audio Amplifer, Integrator

t
Analog signal

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 Analog and Digital Systems
➢Digital system
V(t)
➢Physical quantities, variables or signals can assume only
discrete values
➢Digital circuit manipulates digital input signals to get a
digital output

t
Digital signal

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 Binary Digital Signal
➢Two level, or binary values are the most prevalent
➢Binary values are represented abstractly by:
V(t)
➢Digits 0 and 1
➢Words False (F) and True (T)
➢Words Low (L) and High (H)
➢Words ON and OFF

t
Binary digital signal

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 Logic Circuit
➢Logic circuit is a circuit that manipulates binary signals
➢These circuits are an important part of smartphones, computers,
digital watches, cameras, and many household appliances
➢In this course we will learn
➢The design of logic circuits
➢How to derive complex circuits from simple circuits
➢Designing logic circuits using computer aided design (CAD) software tools
➢Verilog HDL (hardware description language)

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
Structure of a Computer

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 Digital Hardware
➢Until the 1960s logic circuits were constructed with
bulky components
➢These components such as transistors and resistors, came
as individual parts
➢Integrated circuits made it possible to place an entire
circuit (containing many transistors) on a single chip
➢Integrated circuits are manufactured on a silicon
wafer and cut into individual chips and then packaged
➢By 70s, a complete microprocessor (limited
capabilities compared to contemporary processor)
could be manufactured on a single chip

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 Digital Hardware
➢Moore’s Law: Integrated circuit technology is progressing at a rate
such that the number of transistors that could be placed on a chip
doubles every 1.5 to 2 years

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 Standard Chips
➢Chip contains small amount of circuitry (usually involving fewer than
100 transistors) which performs a simple function
➢Can be used as building block for circuits with complex functionality

➢Drawbacks
➢Functionality of a standard chip is fixed and cannot be changed
➢Inefficient in terms of physical space to build circuits from standard chips

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 Programmable Logic Devices
➢Programmable chip that contains millions of transistors
➢Circuitry contains programmable switches which can be configured
by the user to implement a wide range of different logic circuits
➢The largest FPGAs contain billions of transistors and support the
implementation of very complex digital systems.
➢The most commonly-used type of PLD is known as a field-
programmable gate array (FPGA)
➢Drawbacks
➢Programmable switches in PLDs consume valuable chip area and limit the
speed of operation of implemented circuits.

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 Custom Designed Chips
➢Design the logic circuitry for your specific need and then the chip is
manufactured by a company that has the fabrication facilities.
➢Such chips are often called application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
➢Advantages
➢Optimized for a specific task; hence it usually leads to better performance.
➢Cost effective in high volume.
➢Drawbacks
➢Manufacturing a custom chip often takes a considerable amount of time, on the
order of months
➢High cost (low volume)
➢No customization possible after manufacture

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
Textbook
➢ Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL
Design by Stephen Brown and Zvonko Vranesic
(3rd Edition)

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 CLOs
CLOs Description PLOs
Understanding the basics of digital logic circuits e.g. the
number systems, Boolean algebra, logic gates, and
CLO1
simplification of logic expressions through Karnaugh PLO1
maps.

CLO2 Analysis of combinational & sequential circuits PLO2

CLO3 Design of combinational & sequential circuits PLO3

Application of theoretical knowledge obtained in class-

CLO4 PLO4
room in the lab through standard chips and software.

Demonstrate ability to work effectively as an individual

CLO 5 PLO 9
or in a team
EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
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Positional Number Representation for Decimal
Numbers
• A Decimal Number can be represented by n decimal digits
• Each digit is allowed to take on one of the ten possible values i.e.
0,1,…9.
• 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑑𝑛−2 … 𝑑1 𝑑0
• Example: 4578 (n = 4)

𝑑3 𝑑2 𝑑1 𝑑0
Value 4 5 7 8
Weight 103 = 1000 102 = 100 101 = 10 100 = 1

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
Positional Number Representation for Decimal
Numbers
• Example: 4578 (n = 4)
𝑑3 𝑑2 𝑑1 𝑑0
Value 4 5 7 8
Weight 103 = 1000 102 = 100 101 = 10 100 = 1
• Value:
𝑛−1

𝑉 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑛−1 × 10𝑛−1 + 𝑑𝑛−2 × 10𝑛−2 + ⋯ +𝑑1 × 10 + 𝑑0 = ෍ 𝑑𝑖 × 10𝑖

𝑖=0
• 𝑉 𝐷 = 4 × 103 + 5 × 102 + 7 × 101 + 8 × 100 = 4578
• This is referred to as the positional number representation

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 Positional Number Representation for Binary
Numbers
• A Binary Number can be represented by n binary digits (called bits)
• Each bit is allowed to take on only two possible values i.e. 0 and 1.
• 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑏𝑛−2 … 𝑏1 𝑏0

• Left-most bit (𝑏𝑛−1 ) is known as the most-significant bit (MSB)

• Right-most bit (𝑏0 ) is known as the least-significant bit (LSB)
• A group of four bits is called a nibble. A group of eight bits is called a
byte.

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 Positional Number Representation for Binary
Numbers
• Example: 1011 (n = 4)
𝑏3 𝑏2 𝑏1 𝑏0
Value 1 0 1 1
Weight 23 = 8 22 = 4 21 = 2 20 = 1

• Value:
𝑛−1

𝑉 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑛−1 × 2𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛−2 × 2𝑛−2 + ⋯ +𝑏1 × 2 + 𝑏0 = ෍ 𝑏𝑖 × 2𝑖

𝑖=0
• 𝑉 𝐵 = 1 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1 = 11

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 Binary to Decimal Conversion
Convert 110010 2 to decimal

Answer: 110010 2 = 50 10

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EE-221 Digital Logic Design (FALL 2020) Chapter 1
 Decimal to Binary Conversion

Convert 857 10 to binary

Answer: 857 10 = 1101011001 2

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Binary Numbers

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