ECE 2310 Digital Systems

Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital Systems

Design
 Digital Systems and Binary Numbers
• Digital age and information age
• Digital computers
– General purposes
– Many scientific, industrial and commercial applications
• Digital systems
– Telephone switching exchanges
– Digital camera
– Electronic calculators, PDA's
– Digital TV
• Discrete information-processing systems
– Manipulate discrete elements of information
– For example, {1, 2, 3, …} and {A, B, C, …}…
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 Analog and Digital Signal

• Analog system
– The physical quantities or signals may vary continuously over
a specified range.

X(t) X(t)

t
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Analog signal Logic Digital signal
 Binary Digital Signal
• An information variable represented by physical quantity.
• For digital systems, the variable takes on discrete values.
– Two level, or binary values are the most prevalent values.
• Binary values are represented abstractly by:
– Digits 0 and 1
– Words (symbols) False (F) and True (T)
– Words (symbols) Low (L) and High (H) V(t)
– And words On and Off
• Binary values are represented by values Logic 1

or ranges of values of physical quantities.

undefine

Logic 0
t
Binary digital signal
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 Digital Systems
Digital vs. Analog Waveforms

+5 +5

1 0 1
V V
Time Time

–5 –5

Digital: Analog:
only assumes discrete values values vary over a broad range
continuously

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 Creating Digital Systems
Design

Implementation

Debug

Design
Initial concept: what is the function performed by the object?
Constraints: How fast? How much area? How much cost?
Refine abstract functional blocks into more concrete realizations
Implementation
Assemble primitives into more complex building blocks
Composition via wiring
Choose among alternatives to improve the design
Debug
Faulty systems: design flaws, composition flaws, component flaws
Design to make debugging easier
Hypothesis formation and
Chapter troubleshooting
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 Digital Hardware Systems
Boolean Algebra and Logical Operators

Algebra: variables, values, operations

In Boolean algebra, the values are the symbols 0 and 1

If a logic statement is false, it has value 0
If a logic statement is true, it has value 1

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 Digital Hardware Systems
Combinational vs. Sequential Logic

X1 Z1 Network implemented from

X2 - Z2 switching elements or logic
Switching -
gates. The presence of feedback
- Network - distinguishes between sequential
- -
Xn Zm and combinational networks.

Combinational logic
no feedback among inputs and outputs
outputs are a pure function of the inputs
e.g., full adder circuit:
(A, B, Carry In) mapped into (Sum, Carry Out)

A
B Full Sum
Cin Adder Cout
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 Digital Hardware Systems
Sequential logic

inputs and outputs overlap

outputs depend on inputs and the entire history of execution!

network typically has only a limited number of unique configurations

these are called states
e.g., traffic light controller sequences infinitely through four states

new component in sequential logic networks:

storage elements to remember the current state

output and new state is a function of the inputs and the old state
i.e., the fed back inputs are the state!

Synchronous systems
period reference signal, the clock, causes the storage elements to
accept new values and to change state

Asynchronous systems
no single indication of when to change state
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 Representations of Digital Design:
Switches
A switch connects two points under control signal.

Normally Open when the control signal is 0 (false), the switch is open

when it is 1 (true), the switch is closed

Normally Closed when control is 1 (true), switch is open

when control is 0 (false), switch is closed

True True

Control Close d Control Ope n

Switc h Switc h

Fa lse Fa lse
Norma lly Ope n Norma lly Close d
Switc h Switc h

Ope n Close d
Switc h Switc h

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 Switch Representations
Examples: routing inputs to outputs through a maze

EXAMPLE:
Car in Garage Car
IF car in garage garage door open running
AND garage door open
AND car running True Car can
THEN back out car back out

EXAMPLE: Garage door Car in

closed garage Car
IF car in driveway running
OR (car in garage
AND NOT garage door True
Car can
closed) back out
AND car running True
THEN can back out car Car in
driveway
Under all possible control signal settings
(1) all outputs must be connected to some input through a path
(2) no output is connected to more than one input through any path

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