Sir Syed University of Engineering &

Technology, Karachi

CS-128T Digital Logic Design

2 ND SEMESTER

Batch – 2021F Department of Computer Science & Information

Technology
1
 Class Administration
Lectures twice a week, Monday-Tuesday
Instructor:
◦ Rabiya Tahir
◦ Office: HS-16
◦ EMAIL: rabiyaa.04@gmail.com
◦ Web Page: https://sites.google.com/site/lectrabiyatahir/

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Cont...
Textbook:
◦ Thomas L. Floyd, “Digital fundamentals, Prentice Hall.
Reference book:
◦ M. Morris Mano, “Digital Logic and Computer Design”, published by
Prentice Hall

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Class Grades
3 Assignments
◦ 10% of grade

3 Quizes
◦ 10% of grade

Midterm exam
◦ 30% of grade

Final exam
◦ 50% of grade

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Why Do Computer science
Students Learn DLD?

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

5
 Cont…
“How in the world could you assert that logic
gates have nothing to do with Computer
Science or Software Engineering? It's like
saying, "I want to learn medicine, but
they're making me take a class about cells."

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

6
Analog & Digital Quantities

Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary

continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
Temperature
(°F)

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.

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 Introduction to Digital Systems
The world around us has become digital.

Personal devices we use, houses we live in, and cars we derive

contain digital system to simplify life for us.

There are four ways to realize a digital system:

1.Discrete logic gates

2.Microcontroller
3.Application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)
4.Field-programmable gate array(FPGA)

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 Introduction to Digital Systems

All digital devices based on binary representation(0 or

1). In its basic sense, we have two voltage levels to
represent a binary digit(bit).
e.g. Ground for 0 and
Vcc(supply voltage) for 1.

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 Introduction to Analog & Digital Systems
Analog devices and systems process time-varying signals that can
take on any value across a continuous range.

Analog Signal

Digital systems use digital circuits that process digital signals

which can take on one of two values, we call:
0 and 1 (digits of the binary number system)
High
or LOW and HIGH
Low
or FALSE and TRUE Digital
Signal

Digital computers represent the most common digital systems.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

10
Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which
are represented by two different voltage levels called
HIGH and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the
binary system.

VH(max)
In binary, a single number is HIGH
called a bit (for binary digit). A VH(min)

bit can have the value of either Invalid

VL(max)
a 0 or a 1, depending on if the
voltage is HIGH or LOW. LOW
VL(min)

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TTL Input & Output Logic Levels

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 Example 1-1
Which of the following involves analog quantities and which involve
digital quantities?
(a) Ten-position switch
(b) Current flowing out of an electrical outlet
(c) Temperature of a room
(d) Sand grains on the beach
(e) Automobile speedometer

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Analog and Digital System’s Example
Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to
take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analog signal for amplification.
CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

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 Advantages of Digital Systems Over Analog Systems

1. Accuracy of results
2. More reliable than analog systems due to better immunity to noise.
3. Ease of design: No special math skills needed to visualize the
behavior of small digital (logic) circuits.
4. Flexibility and functionality.
5. Programmability.
6. Speed: A digital logic element can produce an output in less than
10 nanoseconds (10-8 seconds).
7. Economy: Due to the integration of millions of digital logic
elements on a single miniature chip forming low cost integrated
circuit (ICs).

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

15
Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH
levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.

HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

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Periodic Pulse Waveforms

Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats

in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate
it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1 1
f  T
T f

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

periodic wave.
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
1 1
T   313 ps
f 3.2 GHz

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Pulse Definitions

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms

are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts

Pulse
width
Amplitude (tW)
(A)

Time
Period, T

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 Digital Waveforms
Major parts of a digital pulse
Base line
Amplitude
Rise time (tr)
Pulse width (tw)
Fall time (tf)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

19
 Cont...
The duty cycle of a binary waveform is defined as:

 tw 
Duty cycle   100%
 T 

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Duty-Cycle ‫اڑی‬
( ‫)دھ‬
‫ڑی‬
( ‫ = )دھا‬8 working hours out of 24 hours
Working hours = On Duty

Duty-cycle = ON time / (ON time + OFF time)

OFF time

ON time
21

Computer Science Department

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Sir Syed University of Engg. & Tech. Lecture by: Mr. Shakir Karim
 Example
Duty-cycle = ON time / (ON time + OFF time)

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Computer Science Department

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Sir Syed University of Engg. & Tech. Lecture by: Mr. Shakir Karim
 EXAMPLE 1-2
A portion of a periodic digital waveform is shown in Figure 1–10. The
measurements are in milliseconds. Determine the following: (a) period
(b) frequency (c) duty cycle.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Solution

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 The Clock
In digital systems, all waveforms are synchronized with a basic timing
waveform called the clock.
The clock is a periodic waveform in which each interval between pulses
(the period) equals the time for one bit.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Cont...
Example of a clock waveform synchronized with a waveform
representation of a sequence of bits.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Cont...
During each bit time of the clock, waveform A is either HIGH or LOW.
These HIGHs and LOWs represent a sequence of bits as indicated.
A group of several bits can contain binary information, such as a
number or a letter.
The clock waveform itself does not carry information.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Timing Diagrams
A timing diagram is a graph of digital waveforms showing the actual
time relationship of two or more waveforms and how each waveform
changes in relation to the others.
By looking at a timing diagram, you can determine the states (HIGH or
LOW) of all the waveforms at any specified point in time and the exact
time that a waveform changes state relative to the other waveforms

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Timing Diagrams

A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between

two or more digital waveforms,
Clock

A diagram like this can be observed

directly on a logic analyzer.

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 Parallel and Serial
Transmission

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Tradeoff
Speed versus circuit simplicity

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 EXAMPLE 1–3
(a) Determine the total time required to serially transfer the eight bits
contained in waveform A of Figure, and indicate the sequence of
bits. The left-most bit is the first to be transferred. The 1 MHz clock
is used as reference.
(b) What is the total time to transfer the same eight bits in parallel?

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Solution

(b) A parallel transfer would take 1 µs for all eight bits.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

 Integrated Circuits

An Integrated circuit (IC) is a number of logic gated fabricated on a single

silicon chip.
ICs can be classified according to how many gates they contain as
follows:
◦ Small-Scale Integration (SSI):
◦ Medium-Scale Integration (MSI):
◦ Large-Scale Integration (LSI):
◦ Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI):
◦ Ultra Large-scale Integration(ULSI)
◦ Wafer-Scale Integration(WSI)
◦ System-On-a-Chip(SOC)
◦ Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit(3D-IC)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

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