KEY TERMS 1

Section 1-1 Digital and Analog Quantities 3

Section 1-2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms 4

Section 1-3 Basic Logic Functions 7

Section 1-4 Combinational and Sequential Logic Functions 8

Section 1-5 Introduction to Programmable Logic 9

Section 1 -6 Fixed-Function Logic Devices 10

Section 1-7 Test and Measurement Instruments 11

Section 1-8 Introduction to Troubleshooting 11

KEY TERMS

Analog - Being continuous or having continuous values. AND A basic logic operation in

which a true (HIGH) output occurs only when all the input conditions are true (HIGH).

Binary - Having two values or states; describes a number system that has a base of two

and utilizes I and O as its digits.

Bit - A binary digit, which can be either a 1 or a 0.

Clock - The basic timing signal in a digital system; a periodic waveform used to

synchronize operation.

Compiler - A program that controls the design flow process and translates source code

into object code in a format that can be logically tested or downloaded to a target device.
CPLD - A complex programmable logic device that consists basically of multiple SPLD

arrays with programmable interconnections. Data Information in numeric, alphabetic, or

other form.

Digital - Related to digits or discrete quantities; having a set of discrete values.

Duty cycle - The ratio of the pulse width to the period of a digital waveform, expressed as

a percentage.

Embedded system - Generally. a single-purpose system, such as a processor, built into a

larger system for the purpose of controlling the system.

Fixed-function logic - A category of digital integrated circuits having functions that

cannot be altered.

FPGA - Field-programmable gate array.

Gate - A logic circuit that performs a basic logic operation such as AND or OR.

Input - The signal or line going into a circuit.

Integrated circuit (IC) - A type of circuit in which all of the components are integrated

on a single chip of semiconductive material of extremely small size.

Inverter - A NOT circuit; a circuit that changes a HIGH to a LOW or vice versa.

Logic - In digital electronics. the decision-making capability of gate circuits. in which a

HIGH represents a true statement and a LOW represents a false one.

Microcontroller - An integrated circuit consisting of a complete computer on a single

chip and used for specified control functions.

NOT - A basic logic operation that performs inversions.

 OR - A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs when one or more of

the in conditions are true (HIGH).

Output - The signal or line coming out of a circuit.

Parallel - In digital systems. data occurring simultaneously on several lines; the transfer

or processing of several bits simultaneously.

Programmable logic - A category of digital integrated circuits capable of being

programmed to perform specified functions.

Pulse - A sudden change from one level to another, followed after a time, called the pulse

width, by a sudden change back to the original level.

Serial - Having one element following another, as in a serial transfer of bits; occurring in

sequence rather than simultaneously.

SPLD - Simple programmable logic device.

Timing diagram - A graph of digital waveforms showing the time relationship of two or

more waveforms.

Troubleshooting - The technique or process of systematically identifying, isolating. and

correcting a fault in a circuit or system.

Section 1-1 Digital and Analog Quantities

1. Name two advantages of digital data as compared to analog data.

Digital data is able to be transmitted and stored more efficiently than analog data.

2. Name an analog quantity other than temperature and sound.

Time, distance, or pressure.

 3. List three common products that can have either a digital or analog output.

Speedometer, thermometer, and clocks.

Section 1-2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms

4. Explain the difference between positive and negative logic.

a. Positive logic is when 1 represents a higher voltage and 0 represents a lower

voltage. Negative logic is where 1 represents a lower voltage and 0 represents a

higher voltage.

5. Define the sequence of bits ( l s and Os) represented by each of the following sequences

of levels:

a. HIGH, HIGH, LOW, HIGH, LOW, LOW, LOW, HIGH

i. 11010001

b. LOW, LOW, LOW, HIGH, LOW, HIGH, LOW, HIGH, LOW

i. 000101010

6. List the sequence of levels ( HIGH and LOW) that represent each of the following but

sequencing:

a. 1011101

i. HIGH, LOW, HIGH, HIGH, HIGH, LOW HIGH

b. 111101001

i. HIGH, HIGH, HIGH, HIGH, LOW, HIGH, LOW, LOW, HIGH

7. For the pulse shown in Figure 1-60, graphically determine the following:

a. Rise time
 i. 550ns

b. Fall time

i. 600ns

c. Pulse width

i. 2.7 s

d. Amplitude

i. 10V

FIGURE 1-60

8. Determine the period of the digital waveform in Figure 1-61.

a. 4ms

9. What is the frequency of the waveform in Figure 1-61?

a. 250Hz

10. Is the pulse waveform in Figure 1-61 periodic or nonperiodic?

a. periodic

11. Determine the duty cycle of the waveform in Figure 1-61.

a. 50%
FIGURE 1-61

12. Determine the bit sequence represented by the waveform in Figure 1-62. A bit time is 1

us in this case.

a. 010101110

13. What is the total serial transfer time for the eight bits in Figure 1-62? What is the total

parallel transfer time?

a. 8 s

b. 1 s

14. What is the period if the clock frequency is 3.5 GHz?

a. 285.7 ns

FIGURE 1-62
Section 1-3 Basic Logic Functions

15. Form a single logical statement from the following information:

The light is on if SW1 and SW2 are closed and is off if SW1 and SW2 are open.

a. The light is ON if SW1 is closed.

b. The light is ON if SW2 in closed.

c. The light is OFF if both SW1 tmd SW2 are open.

16. A logic circuit requires HIGHs on all its inputs to make the output HIGH. What type of

logic circuit is it?

a. AND Gate

17. A basic 2-input logic circuit has a HIGH on one input and a LOW on the other input, and

the output is LOW. Identify the circuit.

a. AND Gate

18. A basic 2-input logic circuit has a HIGH on one input and a LOW on the other input, and

the output is HIGH. What type of logic circuit is it?

a. OR Gate
Section 1-4 Combinational and Sequential Logic Functions

FIGURE 1-63

19. Name the logic function of each block in Figure 1-63 based on your observation of the

inputs and outputs.

a. Divider b. Multiplier c. Storage d. Comparison

20. A pulse waveform with a frequency of 10 kHz is applied to the input of a counter. During

100 ms. how many pulses are counted?

1000 pulses

21. Consider a register that can store eight bits. Assume that it has been reset so that it

contains zeros in all positions. If you transfer four alternating bits (0101) serially into the

register, beginning with a 1 and shifting to the right, what will the total content of the

register be as soon as the fourth bit is stored?

The register will be store all four bits (0101) and is full.
0Section 1-5 Introduction to Programmable Logic

22. Which of the following acronyms do not describe a type of programmable logic?

PAL. GAL, SPLD, ​VHDL​, CPLD, ​AHDL​, FPGA

23. What do each of the following stand for?

a. SPLD

Simple Programmable Logic Device

a. CPLD

Complex Programmable Logic Device

b. HDL

Hardware Description Language

c. FPGA

Field-Programmable Gate Array

d. GAL

Generic Array Logic

24. Define each of the following PLD programing terms:

a. design entry

The design entry is the first programming step in which the circuit or system design has to be

entered into the design application software using text-based entry, graphic entry, or state

diagram description.

b. Simulation

Simulation verifies that the correct outputs are produced for a specified set of inputs

c. Compilation
Compilation is a collection of data that controls the design flow process and translates source

code into object code in a format that can be logically tested or downloaded to a target device.

d. Download

Download is the program step where the code is installed into the software design.

25. Describe the process of place-and-route.

The process of place-and-route maps the logic-structures described by the netlist into the actual

structure of the specified target device.

Section 1 -6 Fixed-Function Logic Devices

26. A fixed-function digital IC chip has a complexity of 200 equivalent gates. How is it

classified?

Large-scale integration (LSI)

27. Explain the main difference between the DIP and SMT packages.

DIP packages use through-hole mounting, while SMT packages use surface mounting.

28. Label the pin numbers on the packages in Figure 1-64. Top views are shown.

FIGURE 1-64
Section 1-7 Test and Measurement Instruments

29. A pulse is displayed on the screen of an oscilloscope, and you measure the base line as 1

V and the top of the pulse as 8 V. What is the amplitude?

8v

30. A waveform is measured on the oscilloscope and its amplitude covers three vertical

divisions. If the vertical control is set at 2 V/div, what is the total amplitude of the

waveform?

31. The period of a pulse waveform measures four horizontal divisions on an oscilloscope. If

the time base is set at 2 ms/div, what is the frequency of the waveform?

125Hz

32. What record length is required if an oscilloscope has a sampling rate of 12

Msamples/s and the input waveform is sampled for 2 ms?

Section 1-8 Introduction to Troubleshooting

33. Define troubleshooting.

Troubleshooting is the process of recognizing, isolating, and correcting a fault or failure in a

system.

34. Explain the half-splitting method of troubleshooting.

Check for the presence or absence of a signal at the halfway between the input and output. If

present, the fault is in the second half, if absent, it’s the first half. Then check for the signal at the

halfway point on the side with the fault. Keep doing this until you have two boxes left. If the
signal is absent between the two boxes, it’s the first box with the fault. If present, it’s the second

box.

35. Explain the signal-tracing method of troubleshooting.

A signal is introduced and traced from midpoints within the circuit. If the output is good when a

good signal is injected at the midpoint, then the first half has the fault. Inject a good signal at the

point where the signal that should be here and then to evaluate if the signal processed there is

have the correct signal here. If not then there is something at fault in this area.

36. Discuss signal substitution and injection.

Signal substitution is used when the system has been separated from its signal source. Injection is

used to insert a signal at certain points in the system using the half-splitting approach.

37. Give some examples of the type of information that you look for when a system is

reported to have failed.

System/circuit diagrams, tables of signal characteristics, any prewritten troubleshooting guide for

the specific system.

38. If the symptom in a particular system is no output, name two possible general

causes.

39. If the symptom of a particular system is an incorrect output, name two possible causes.

An incorrect output can be caused by an incorrect DC supply voltage, improper grounding,

incorrect component value, or a faulty component.

40. What obvious things should you look for before starting the troubleshooting process?
Look for absence of DC power, blown fuses, tripped circuit breakers, faulty burned out

indicators, switches in the wrong places, physical damages, improperly inserted boards, wire

fragments, solder shorts, and poor quality contacts.

41. How would you isolate a fault in a system?

By using the half-splitting method or the signal-tracing method

42. Name two common instruments used in troubleshooting.

Oscilloscope and logic analyzer

43. Assume that you have isolated the problem down to a specific circuit board. What are

your options at this point?

You can repair the board or replace the board with a known good board.