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American

Gothic
Curso de literatura inglesa

Semestre impar 2021

Docente: Allison Mackey


Dpto. de Letras Modernas - FHCE
dramackey@gmail.com
Welcome and
Introductions
Week 1 (April 13)
Why American gothic?
Why now?
“If the Southern Gothic seeks to create a
grotesque of its country, then America’s
present is too real, too potent, too absurd,
too bloody, to caricature. Despot
presidents, followers with cultish
devotion and unabashed pride in their
racism are too surreal, even by the
standards of the genre. In short, it is too
horrific even for the horrors of the
gothic.”
—Archie Hamerston
“What next for the Southern Gothic?”
2020 - MACABRE YEAR FOR U.S.

• 13 federal execution since July, an unprecedented


run that concluded just five days before the
inauguration of President-elect Joe Biden.

• No president in more than 120 years had overseen


as many federal executions.

"It's an injustice to actively steal


Indigenous people’s land then carve the
white faces of the conquerors who
committed genocide."
“The past isn’t dead. It isn’t
even past.”

—Barack Obama quoting Faulkner


during 2008 presidential campaign

….though slavery is long over, its effects still survive, with ability to ring out. This
survivability of voices is an intensely American Gothic trope and is evoked even now
through the murder of George Floyd: ‘I Can’t Breathe’ is emblazoned on cardboard
signs and chanted at protests, allowing Floyd to speak on somewhat, after his death.”
—Archie Hamerston, “What next for the Southern Gothic?”
“The farmers in American Gothic are symbols set in
another crisis, the Great Depression, and we have no
doubt they will weather it in their flinty way, making do
however they can. [The McCloskey’s] meanwhile, had a
meltdown before encountering the slightest hardship,
and were at a total loss when a group of peaceful
demonstrators didn’t provide a manager they might
complain to. That’s one way to find out that your gilded
life of Ferraris and Florentine art has no parallel to
centuries of frontier myth.”
https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/st-louis-couple-point-guns-protesters
American fiction is “bewilderingly and embarrassingly, a gothic fiction, non-realistic and
negative, sadist and melodramatic—a literature of darkness and the grotesque in a land of
light and affirmation”
—Leslie Fiedler, Love and Death in the American Novel (1966)
What is the “Gothic”?
Map of the Barbarian Invasions and Migrations

Los eruditos del Renacimiento fusionaron a los godos


con las tribus alemanas que habían amenazado y
finalmente vencido a la Roma imperial. Por lo tanto, los
humanistas italianos del Renacimiento inventaron la
'Edad Media' o 'período oscuro' como el período posterior
a la caída de Roma y anterior al comienzo del período
moderno .
Gothic
Architecture
In 1510 Renaissance architect Donato Bramante dismissed all European styles that
were non-classical and non-Mediterranean as “Germanic: — “squat little figures,
badly carved, which are used as corbels to hold up the roof beams, along with bizarre Canterbury Cathedral
animals and figures and crude foliage, all unnatural and irrational”

Anything post-Roman was “invented by the Goths…. It was they who made vaults
with pointed arches … and then filled the whole of Italy with their accursed
buildings.”

—Excerpt From: Nick Groom. “The Gothic: A Very Short Introduction”

Westminster Abbey
Meaning of the Gothic in British History
(si queren profundizar, ver el libro de Gloom que subí a EVA)

El término gótico es aplicado a la arquitectura medieval, arquitectura que se define tanto por su rasgo más
distintivo –el arco apuntado– como por su oposición a un tipo distinto de arquitectura: la clásica.

Durante la época medieval la muerte fue omnipresente. Esto no fue simplemente un hecho de vivir con las
aterradoras tasas de mortalidad de la Peste Negra, que mató hasta el 60 % de la población europea entre 1348 y
1350 (puede haber significado el final del gótico decorado en piedra que requiere mucha mano de obra!), pero
también había una cultura de la muerte que se centraba en las iglesias (cult of the macabre, cadaver tombs, etc.)

Si hay un momento importante en la trazabilidad


del gótico a lo largo de la historia, es con la
Reforma. Este movimiento religioso— a pesar de
la consiguiente Contrarreforma de la Reina
“bloody Mary” —separó decisivamente a
Inglaterra de la Europa católica.

Había un ambiente creciente de iconoclastia (la


destrucción de imágenes eclesiásticas) y se
aprobaron leyes para disolver los monasterios
ingleses en 1536 y en 1539. En cuatro años, más de
800 casas religiosas desaparecieron.

El moderno estado protestante de Inglaterra que eventualmente emergió tenía, por lo tanto, una terrible verdad
en su núcleo: había surgido a un terrible costo humano y cultural.
El encuentro imaginativo del inglés con los restos físicos de su herencia medieval y todo lo que esto representaba
fue ahora inevitablemente entrelazado con la pérdida y la devastación. Las iglesias horriblemente mutiladas que
permanecieron en uso y las ruinas de mampostería eclesiástica que se desmoronaban estranguladas por la hiedra
abandonada ya no ataban al país a la historia medieval anterior, sino que eran lugares melancólicos perseguidos por
los fantasmas de los últimos tiempos, sacrificios por el progreso. Esto creó una estética de ruina.

RECUERDEN

El nacimiento de la arquitectura gótica queda relacionado con un crecimiento de las ciudades, lo que a su vez trae
aparejados una mayor inestabilidad de las instituciones feudales y un fortalecimiento de la burguesía. Fue un período
marcado por la transición del feudalismo medieval al incipiente capitalismo moderno, y los indicios de esta
transición son (entre otros) una cierta movilidad que permite que el prestigio social no esté regido ya exclusivamente
por la pertenencia hereditaria a una determinada clase (las preocupaciones de clase social con relación a la literatura
gótica van a volver una y otra vez en nuestro curso…)
“Between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Gothic developed
into three main strands: a political theory central to Whig interests, a
burgeoning interest in mediaeval manners and their influence on national
identity, and a cultural aesthetic that associated decay, nostalgia,
melancholy, mortality, and death with the ancient Northern past. In
different ways, the Gothic gradually permeated every aspect of cultural and
social life: from gardening to graveyard poetry, from fashionable
architectural statements to the editing of old literature. The 1760s was the
decade in which the Gothic synthesized these disparate elements into new
forms from criticism and scholarship to fiction and forgery.”
—Excerpt From: Nick Groom. “The Gothic: A Very Short Introduction”
Horace Walpole’s Gothic revival Villa
“Strawberry Hill House” (built 1749-)
Twickenham, London

“One must have taste to be sensible of the


beauties of Grecian architecture; one only wants
passions to feel Gothic…. Gothic churches
infuse superstition; Grecian, admiration… ”
—Horace Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting in England 1762
(1764)
Horace Walpole (1717-1797)

“I waked one morning in the beginning of last June from


a dream, of which all I could recover was, that I had
thought myself in an ancient castle (a very natural dream
for a head filled like mine with Gothic story) and that on
the uppermost bannister of a great staircase I saw a
gigantic hand in armour.”
—on writing The Castle of Otranto
What are the features of gothic literature?

Para ver las listas


(completísimas) que armaron
en sus subgrupos, vayan al
foro en EVA!
Take—An old castle, half of it ruinous.
A long gallery, with a great many doors, some secret ones.
Three murdered bodies, quite fresh.
As many skeletons, in chests and presses.
An old woman hanging by the neck; with her throat cut.
Assassins and desperadoes ‘quant suff.’
Noise, whispers, and groans, threescore at least.
Mix them together, in the form of three volumes to be taken at any
of the watering places, before going to bed.

— recipe for making a Gothic novel, ‘Terrorist Novel Writing’ (1798)


‘Seven types of obscurity’ for a Gothic novel:

1. meteorological (mists, clouds, wind, rain, storm, tempest, smoke, darkness, shadows,
gloom);

2. topographical (impenetrable forests, inaccessible mountains, chasms, gorges, deserts,


blasted heaths, icefields, the boundless ocean);

3. architectural (towers, prisons, castles covered in gargoyles and crenellations, abbeys


and priories, tombs, crypts, dungeons, ruins, graveyards, mazes, secret passages, locked
doors)

4. material (masks, veils, disguises, billowing curtains, suits of armour, tapestries);

5. textual (riddles, rumours, folklore, unreadable manuscripts and inscriptions, ellipses,


broken texts, fragments, clotted language, polysyllabism, obscure dialect, inserted
narratives, stories-within-stories)

6. spiritual (religious mystery, allegory and symbolism, Roman Catholic ritual, mysticism,
freemasonry, magic and the occult, Satanism, witchcraft, summonings, damnation)

7. psychological (dreams, visions, hallucinations, drugs, sleepwalking, madness, split


personalities, mistaken identities, doubles, derangement, ghostly presences, forgetfulness,
death, hauntings).
Ann Radcliffe (1674-1823)
Hugely popular, highest paid novelist of the time!

“Terror and horror are so far opposite, that the first


expands the soul, and awakens the faculties to a high
degree of life; the other contracts, freezes, and nearly
annihilates them.”
– Ann Radcliffe, “On the Supernatural in Poetry” (1826)

• Takes cue from Edmund Burke’s A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and
Beautiful (1757)

• Radcliffe’s narratives = characterised by an emphasis upon psychological suspense over bodily gore, by an
omnipresent sense of mystery and obscurity over the certainties of fast-paced action, and by mere hints and
suggestions of ghostly activity over fully realised manifestations of the supernatural.

• Mysteries of Udolpho: The “explained supernatural” = several plot-based occurrences that momentarily
seem, for both reader and heroine alike, to be of preternatural, other-worldly causes are eventually revealed
to have rational, material origins.
O sea, el“gore”

• “The Monk” marked a turning point in the history of Gothic literature.


• emphasis on the horrific and the shocking…confronted readers with an onslaught of horror in the
form of spectral bleeding nuns, mob violence, murder, sorcery and incest.
• Later, S.T. Coleridge warned that if a parent saw The Monk ‘in the hands of a son or daughter, he
might reasonably turn pale’
• The Marquis de Sade saw The Monk as an unflinching response to the Revolution
Henry Fuseli, The Nightmare (1781)
1803 {1817}
1847
1886

Austen parodia la novela


gótica (especialmente
El concepto del “doble” siniestro de Sigmund Freud (the “uncanny” o
Udoplpho de Radcliffe) para
das unheimlich) de su artículo de 1919 es un concepto al que
realizar una critica
volveremos a menudo…..
sociopolítica
Recuerden

Desde sus inicios en 1764, con El castillo de Otranto de Horace Walpole, el


gótico siempre ha mirado hacia atrás a momentos de una historia imaginaria,
buscando una estabilidad social que nunca existió, lamentando la perdida de una
caballerosidad que pertenecía más al cuento de hadas que a la realidad.

Como veremos, las preocupaciones centrales del gótico clásico no son tan
diferentes de las del gótico contemporáneo: pensar en el gótico contemporáneo es
mirar en un tríptico de espejos en el que las imágenes del origen retroceden
continuamente en un arco que desaparece. Buscamos una génesis pero solo
encontramos manifestaciones fantasmales.

A esta dimensión temporal de la comparación se le agregará la complejidad


adicional del factor geográfico: la pregunta en este sentido girará alrededor del
desplazamiento del locus gótico inicial—es decir, el castillo europeo—al suelo
estadounidense…

Es un modo flexible que cruza géneros y fronteras geográficas.


La semana
que viene…

“Las obras góticas americanas erigirían sus propias versiones del castillo encantado en sus imágenes de una civilización
insegura. Los principales temas serían el terror a uno mismo, al desorden psíquico y social, a la desintegración de las
familias, a las contradicciones y conflictos ontológicos y un vivo sentimiento de soledad y carencia de hogar. Todas la
variedades de gótico americano, tanto masculinas como femeninas, comparten un rasgo en común: la inclinación a
explorar y exponer el lado oscuro de la experiencia americana y sus terribles ironías morales, especialmente la
desolación acarreada por el progreso, la división racial y el temor a fracasar en una cultura que tanto enfatiza el éxito.”
—Lucia Solaz, “Literatura Gotica” no. 23 Espéculo (UCM)

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