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This article, which was first published in January 1982 in the and Social Democrats, was only one of many expressed forms
German weekly Neue Solidarität, remains the definitive study of fascism, even if, up to that point in time, the most horrible
of the roots of eco-fascism. We publish here the first of two and barbaric. But, from this standpoint, the Pol Pot regime—
parts, which has been translated from German. which, after all, killed 3 million people in three years, and
with that, nearly half its own people, is arguably fascist.
Our hope rests in the young people, who can tolerate An historically well-grounded conceptual clarity is like-
high temperatures, since in them, the fresh, festering wise necessary, since frequently, persons and organizations
sore of disgust is consumed. which represent the exact opposite of fascist ideas, are called
—Ernst Jünger, The Adventurous Heart, 1929 names by followers of truly fascist movements, only because
they advocate building nuclear energy, or an effective fight
If, only 36 years after the end of the Second World War, against the drug plague. It has been proven historically cor-
a general uneasiness spreads far and wide, that we are on the rect, that the glorification of drugs and hostility to technology
edge of a possible third, and therefore probably last world are prominent features of the fascist worldview.
war; that we are already in the midst of a new world economic As a first approximation, let us say that fascism and its
crisis; that our society threatens to fall apart; that all values forerunners were characterized by the following primary ele-
seem to be dissappearing, and hardly anyone has the ability ments: 1) Malthusian or racially motivated genocide; 2) fas-
to rule out any longer the danger of a new fascism—then it is cist economic policy; 3) a fascist mass movement; 4) a fascist
the best possible time to ask some fundamental questions, and elite, which controls this mass movement, without this move-
clarify concepts. ment being conscious of it.
It is most urgent to create and clarify once and for all, This fascist elite likes to call itself a “conservative intelli-
what fascism really is; from what elements it is composed; and gentsia,” but it understands the word “conservative” in an
who its representatives were and are. For that, it is necessary to entirely specific sense; it looks down at those who are not part
remove the assumption, for example, of countless Anglo- of the life of the select movement, with the same arrogance
American films, that fascism, or nationalism, is an exclusive that this social circle in its time looked down on “the Austrian
problem of Germans. We should also get rid of the linguistic corporal.” Even if they need the fascist masses to accomplish
sophistry, that the concept “fascist” does not apply to National their policy, the introduction of the masses is for them—as
Socialism, but instead, describes historical developments in elites—a horror. One does not associate with this movement
Italy or Spain. Such sophistries only serve as academic ratio- very easily, just as one would not like to be seen with embar-
nalizations, when the question is, to fight the danger of fas- rassing distant relatives—but the family bonds cannot be
cism everywhere that it appears today. denied.
Just as there is a conceptual prehistory of fascism, there One need only read the writings of such representatives
is a conceptual post-history. National Socialism in Germany, of the “conservative intelligensia,” to be taken aback by how
and the Holocaust against Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, Communists, openly they write about their adversaries and their intentions.
over stood in a close intellectual relationship to the British who stood as the “great” of the Conservative Revolution. If
nominalists Hobbes and Locke, and shared their bestial con- you read Nietzsche’s books, you get, above all, the suspicion
ception of man. Schopenhauer, also an early foster-father of that the insanity which allegedly overcame him later—appar-
the Greens, emphasized the incapacity of reason to discern ently in the last phase of his syphilitic disease—had controlled
the real essence of things. He banalized reason as a mere him throughout his whole life.
vehicle, with the help of which, the objectives set by the will Nietzsche, whose favorite philosopher was Scho-
could be attained, somewhat in the sense of the old aunts who penhauer, hated humanism in all its manifestations, in a cer-
warn: “Now, just be reasonable!” Also, the roots of the denial tain pathological way, especially if it had to do with Plato,
of a meaning of life by the modern existentialist philosophers Schiller, or Beethoven. He was an outstanding example of the
lie with Schopenhauer, for whom life is basically not worth intellectual current which was interested in the dissolution of
affirming. In the aftermath, this idea grew powerful and bore scientific thought, after the unity of artistic knowledge and
not a little of the responsibility for the perpetration of geno- natural science had been brilliantly demonstrated by the work
cide by the Nazis. of the two Humboldt brothers.
Incidentally, Schopenhauer’s ascetic conception recalls It is not surprising that the pair Johann Strauss and Klaus
the masochistic “self-denial” of our Greens of today, who Traube, in their book Ecology and Economy, came to the
prefer to eat grain and to heat their homes with coal-burning conclusion that the “progressive” left-ecology movement
stoves (and thus to pollute the environment). Schopenhauer must not only rehabilitate Romanticism, but must take up
is the first who made pessimism into a system, but this pessi- clear opposition to the “three great revolutionaries” of the
mism is irrational and amoral. Since there allegedly is no principle of progress. These were, first, the Greek-Christian
progress in the possibility of rational cognition and action, intellectual revolution; second, the Renaissance, and third,
and he excoriates the Platonic or Christian doctrines of virtue the Industrial Revolution.
to an equal degree, the necessity of one’s own moral action is Nietzsche went so far as to totally deny the scientific and
dispensed with. humanistic explanation of the unity of human development,
and was therefore the forerunner of Spengler, Rosenberg, and
Nietzsche, Progenitor of the Counterculture the Green ideologues. He came to a “biological worldview,”
You have to agree with Mohler that everything which which showed itself in such mystical concepts as “blood and
happened subsequently in Germany, must be understood from soil,” “race,” and “symbol.” Such a “biological worldview”
the standpoint of Nietzsche. Only he is surely not the “grand also logically lies at the heart of today’s turned-inside-out
judge of time,” as Mohler admiringly calls him, and Mohler “environmental protection,” in the sense of “ecology,” “bio-
identifies him as the “historical-intellectual founding figure” ethics,” and so forth.
humanistic educational idea of the German Classic and of pain. There is only pleasure or pain, but no good and evil.
Wilhelm von Humboldt, which emphasizes the elevation to Peter Bruckner or the Sigmund Freud Institute argue simi-
reason, along with the formation of the character and the larly.
personality of the individual. Nietzsche forthrightly attacks Nietzsche’s idea of the “eternal return of the same,” in
the idea of the humanist gymnasium [secondary school] and which the individual is only an ephemeral, develops later into
historical education. One of the spiritual students of a justification for terrorism:
Nietzsche, the former leading OECD official and founding “The most extreme form of nihilism is the understanding
member of the Club of Rome, Alexander King, is primarily that every belief, everything taken as true, is necessarily false;
responsible for the fact that, through the so-called education because a true world does not exist. But a perspective appear-
reform in all OECD countries, the idea of humanistic educa- ance. . . . We think these thoughts in most terrifying form;
tion has been discarded. The result of that is the Green youth existence, such as it is, without reason or goal, but inexorably
movement, which we see today. repeating, without a conclusion, into nothingness; the eternal
Nietzsche detested the state (as the Greens do today), as repetition. That is the extreme form of nihilism: eternal noth-
the bearer and transmitter of education. He was the forerunner ingness (the meaningless).”
of the Volk-like, or of the healthy Volk-like feelings, of which One of the hack writers, who was influenced by Nietzsche
the Greens speak so much; he hates rationality, which was and who contributed significantly to the spiritual destruction
connected with the oncoming industrial age. of the Weimar Republic, was Hermann Hesse and his book
Our society today has unfortunately come to the point that Steppenwolf, which, by the way, is again very popular among
there appear to be no clear values any more, and the root of today’s youth movement in Germany and the U.S.A. It was
this becomes clear if you read from Nietzsche: written in 1827 with the intention of seducing disoriented
“Can you not twist all values? And is good perhaps evil? youth into prostitution, homosexuality, sex orgies, drug use
And God only an invention, and refinement of the Devil? Is (from hashish to LSD), and into terrorism against the world
everything perhaps false in the last analysis? And if we are of machines, and against the civilized world order generally.
perplexed, are we also in the same sense deceivers? Must we The narrative builds slowly from a description of
not also be deceivers?” Nietzsche’s world-pain, of the schizophrenic splintering of
If you discuss today with the Greens about nuclear energy the chief character, Haller, into a human half and a wolf half,
or on the way to achieve peace, you must agree with Nietzsche into sex and drug orgies, up to a senseless murder. “When the
that at least among this group, the twisting of all values has wolf comes out,” Hesse writes, in the following passage:
been achieved. “Thereupon there burns in me a wild lust for intense feel-
His explanation of why men behave as they do, is not ings, for sensations, a rage at this shadowy, shallow, normal,
original; it is the very same hedonistic, amoral principle of and sterile life, and a furious frenzy to beat something into
Jeremy Bentham or David Hume, by which human behavior oblivion, either a warehouse or a cathedral or myself, to com-
is only motivated by the search for pleasure or the avoidance mit daring stupidities. . . . To seduce a young girl, or to wring
the necks of several members of the civilized world order.” namely, that God is dead. And now he can say what the Greens
Hesse expressed the suspicion (as the Club of Rome’s later would rejoice about:
Aurelio Peccei does today), that probably all of human life is “First the greatest outrage was the outrage against God,
an utter mistake, a violent and unfortunate abortion of the but God died, with him also died these sacrileges. To commit
Primeval Earth Mother, a wild and hideously disappointing crimes against the Earth is now the most terrible thing, and
experiment of nature. to respect the bowels of the inscrutable, higher than the under-
Jean-Paul Sartre, who denies a reason for being, was also standing of the world.”
(not without a connection to his theory) a sympathizer with the Who could doubt that the militant opponents of the Frank-
Baader-Meinhof gang, and visited Andreas Baader in prison. furt Airport runway consider a crime against a tree as more
The punks perhaps make clear where the loss of reason can important than a crime against a man?
lead, in the most horrifying way; they are fundamentally the Nietzsche’s effect on history must be investigated on two
most miserable victims of the oligarchical elite, still children, levels: first, the Dionysian, which includes the popular move-
but already spiritually dead, and with lifestyles which one ments and youth movements, the “masses in ecstasy,” and the
can’t even really call bestial, because no normal animal would second, the Apollonian, that is, the so-called elite figures of
conduct itself so. the Conservative Revolution. There is no doubt that
Exactly as the Fascist International today believes it must Nietzsche’s concept of Übermenschen not only established
destroy the moral authority of the Catholic Church in order the basis for the Nazis’ “Master Race,” but also, in spite of
to be able to carry out its genocide, and thus carries out an small differences, made an impression on the elitist thoughts
assassination attempt against the Pope [John Paul II], so the of Chamberlain, Spengler, George, and the Junger brothers.
fascist Nietzsche knew that Christianity and the idea of the Who was this elite, which merits this name only in a extremely
participation of the human in the divine represented his great- negative sense, and what role do they play today?
est problem. So he placed the chief emphasis on the assertion
which demonstrated his tremendous insanity most laughably, To be continued.