Street lights that glow on vehicle movement detection of highway roads 2016

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the project report entitled “Street lights that glow on vehicle movement
detection of highway roads” is submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of bachelor degree
of Electrical Power Engineering in defence university college of engineering, Debrezeit, during
the year 2016, and that the project has not formed the basis for the award previously of any
degree, diploma, fellowship or associated ship or any other similar rule.

Submitted by:

Name ID.N_0

HAGERIMANA Franck RDEG/268/04

BISRAT Fetene RDEG/247/04

ABEBAYEHU Halo RDEG/219/04

ABDULMELIK Abdela RDEG /243/04

Advisor: Capt. ASHEBIR Kelibe Department head: Dr. MULUGETA

Signature……………… Signature………………

Date…………… Date…………....

Examiners:

Name Signature

1............................................ ............................

2............................................... .............................

3............................................. ...........................

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 Street lights that glow on vehicle movement detection of highway roads 2016

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Our most sincere gratitude goes to everyone who has taken part and made an impact in
this project. First, we would like to express our deepest thanks and gratitude to our dedicated
project adviser Capt. ASHEBIR Kelibe for his guidance and support throughout the project, as
well as his optimistic ideas and suggestions. He helped us in accomplishing every stage of the
project. We would also like to sincerely thank lt. Solomon for his support in the realization of
this project. Finally we gratefully acknowledge all our instructors for what they have done to
make us what are today, ‘this is all result of your effort’.

Thank you so much!

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 Street lights that glow on vehicle movement detection of highway roads 2016

ABSTRACT

This paper illustrates the street lights glowing system on vehicle detecting movement.
Controlling of street light is of utmost importance in developing countries to reduce the power
consumption and eliminating manpower. The project is designed to detect vehicle movement on
street to switch ON only a block of street lights ahead of it (vehicle), and to switch OFF the
trailing lights to save energy. During night all the lights on the street remains ON for the
vehicles, but lots of energy is wasted when there is no vehicle movement. For auto power
consumption when there is no vehicle on the Street Light this includes controlling a circuit of
street lights using a programmable pic microcontroller, LED based street lights and movement
sensors. A number of LED Street lights glow for a specific distance ahead, on sensing an
approaching vehicle and then switches OFF once the vehicle passes by. Thus a lot of energy is
saved in this process. Optionally, dimming feature can be used in this system while no vehicles
are passing on the road

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 Street lights that glow on vehicle movement detection of highway roads 2016
Table contents page

ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………………....ii

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………...iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………...vi

LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………..vii

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………….ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABREVIATIONS…………………………………...ix

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………...1

1.1. Introduction on the project………………………………………………….1

1.2. Problem statement…………………………………………………………..2
1.3. Objectives…………………………………………………………………...2
1.3.1. General objective…………………………………………………....2
1.3.2. Specific objectives…………………………………………………..2
1.4. Methodology………………………………………………………………..3
1.5. Scope and limitations………………………………………………………..4
1.6. Project outline………………………………………………………….…....4

CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND ……………………………………….…....5

2.1. Details of relevant theory…………………………………………....…...5

2.2. Review of past/reported work…………………………………………....5
2.3. Brief introduction of the proposed work/solution…………………..........7
CHAPTER THREE: STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM …………………………….8
3.1. Introduction to street lights……………………………………………..….8
3.1.1. Energy Efficient Street Lighting……………………………………9
3.1.2. Financial Drivers for Energy Efficient Street Lighting………….......9
3.2. Background information about the street lights………………………........10
3.3. Street Lighting Components………………………………………..……...10

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 Street lights that glow on vehicle movement detection of highway roads 2016
3.4. LED Street Lighting…………………………….………….………..…....13
3.5. Advantages of LED Street Lighting……………………………………....14

3.5.1. How LED lighting is different from other street lighting

technologies such as high pressure sodium, metal halide
or mercury vapor lamps…………………………………………….....14

3.5.2. LED street lighting will improve the lighting quality………………14

3.5.2.1. Uniformity…………………………………………………..14
3.5.2.2. Correlated Color Temperature…………………..…………..15
3.5.2.3. Color Rendering Index……………………...…..…………..15

3.5.3. L ED street lighting will save energy……………………………….15

3.5.4. LED street lights last longer than HID lighting…………………….16
3.5.5. LED street light will reduce energy costs…………………………16

3.6. Comparison of led and conventional street lights…………………….........17

CHAPTER FOUR: HARWARE DESCRIPTIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS.... 18

4.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………...........18
4.2. Block diagram ……………………………………………………………...18
4.3. Description and specification of required hardware component…………...19
4.3.1. Transformer…………………………………………………………19
4.3.1.1. General information………………………………………...19
4.3.1.2. Working principle…………………………………………...19
4.3.1.3. Main constructional parts of transformer…………………...20
4.3.1.4. Principles and equivalent circuit of a transformer………….20
4.3.1.5. Equivalent circuit of non-ideal transformer………………....21
4.3.2. Bridge rectifier………………………………………………...........23
4.3.2.1. Introduction………………………………………………...23
4.3.2.2. Basic operation……………………………………………...23
4.3.3. Voltage regulator……………………………………………............26
4.3.4. LEDs used as streets light…………………………………………..27
4.3.4.1. Working principle…………………………………………...28

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 Street lights that glow on vehicle movement detection of highway roads 2016
4.3.5. Microcontroller pic16f877a………………………………………....29
4.3.5.1. Pin configuration…………………………………………....30
4.3.5.1.1. Input-output (I/O)PINS…………………………….30
4.3.5.1.2. Input-output Port Registers…………………………30
4.3.5.1.3. PIC16F877A Pin Out……………………………….33
4.3.5.1.4. Memory organization………………………………..33
4.3.6. Crystal oscillator………………………………………………….....34
4.3.7. Capacitor……………………………………………………………35
4.3.8. Light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor…………………….............36
4.3.8.1. Working principle of LDR…………………………………36
4.3.9. Infra red (IR) sensor………………………………………..............37
4.3.9.1. IR Transmitter Unit………………………………………....37
4.3.9.2. IR Receiver Circuit…………………………………………38
4.3.10. Switch transistor…………………………………………………....39
4.3.11. Resistor………………………………………………………….......40
4.3.12. Printed circuit board………………………………………..............41

CHAPTER FIVE

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND SOFTWARE SIMULSTION………….43

5.1. Software description…………………………………………………..........43

5.1.1. Proteus 7 Professional (isis) software………………………………44
5.1.2. MikroC pro compiler software for pic……………………………...45
5.2. Simulation circuit diagram ………………………………………………....45
5.3. Program development……………………………………………………….46

CHAPTER SIX: RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION……………..47

6.1. Overview of system working principle……………………………………...47

6.2. Results and discussion………………………………………………………47

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 Street lights that glow on vehicle movement detection of highway roads 2016
CHAPTER SEVEN

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK………….50

7.1. Conclusion………………………………………………………………….50
7.2. Recommendation for future work………………………………………….50
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………...51
APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………............52

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 Street lights that glow on vehicle movement detection of highway roads 2016

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page

Figure 3.1: (LED) Street Lighting 13

Figure 4.1: block diagram of this project 18

Figure 4.2: Ideal transformer 21

Figure 4.3: Non-ideal transformer 21

Figure 4.4: Equivalent circuit of a non-ideal transformer 22

Figure 4.5: full wave bridge rectifier 24

Figure 4.6: half-wave and full wave rectified signals 25

Figure 4.7: integrated circuit bridge rectifier 25

Figure 4.8: A handmade diode bridge 26

Figure 4.9: An integrated circuit voltage regulator 26

Figure 4.10: Image of LED lights 27

Figure 4.11: The inner workings of an LED, showing circuit and band diagram 28

Figure 4.12: diagram of Pin PIC 16F877A 31

Figure 4.13: Electronic symbol of a crystal oscillator 35

Figure 4.14: a miniature of 16 MHz quartz crystal oscillator 35

Figure 4.15: different types of capacitors and symbols 35

Figure 4.16: electronic symbol of LDR 36

Figure 4.17: IR Transmitter Unit 37

Figure 4.18: IR receiver unit 38

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 Street lights that glow on vehicle movement detection of highway roads 2016
Figure 4.19: BJT used as an electronic switch, in grounded-emitter configuration 39

Figure 4.20: image of a blank printed circuit board 41

Figure 4.21 image of microcontroller development board 42

Figure 5.1: image of editing window of isis 43

Figure 5.2: image of tools & buttons of isis 43

Figure 5.3: image of pick a device of isis 44

Figure 5.4: How pick a device option of isis 44

Figure 5.5: simulation circuit diagram 45

Figure 5.6: The flowchart of the program 46

Figure 6.1a: daytime when there is no vehicle movement on the street 48

Figure 6.1b: daytime when there is vehicle movement on the street 48

Figure 6.2a: night time but no vehicle movement on the highway 48

Figure 6.2b: night time when there is vehicle movement 49

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 Street lights that glow on vehicle movement detection of highway roads 2016

LIST OF TABLES

Table page

Table 3.1: Comparison of led and conventional street lights 17

Table 4.1: Port alternate functions 32

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABREVIATIONS

Symbol Meaning

AC Alternating current

BJT Bipolar junction transistor

CCT Correlated Color Temperature

CFL Compact fluorescent lamp

CISC Complex instruction set computer

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

COFF Common Object File Format

CRI Color Rendering Index

DC Direct current

DIP Dual In-Line Package

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 Street lights that glow on vehicle movement detection of highway roads 2016
EMF Electro magnetic force

GaAsP Gallium arsenide phosphide

GaP Gallium phosphide

GSM Global System for Mobile communication

HID High intensity discharge

HPS High-Pressure sodium

I Current

I/O Input-Output

IC Integrated circuit

ICD In-Circuit Debugger

IR Infrared ray

LDR Light dependent resistor

LED Light emitting diode

LSB Least significant bit

MH Metal Halide

MSB Most significant bit

PCB printed circuit board

PIC peripheral interface controller

PV photo voltaic

R Resistor

RAM Random access memory

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 Street lights that glow on vehicle movement detection of highway roads 2016
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing

ROM Read only memory

SLEEC Street light energy efficiency criteria

SMS Short message service

SSL Solid state lighting

UV Ultra violet

V Voltage

X Reactance

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