Understanding

Culture, Society,
and Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Becoming a Member of the
Society
UCSP – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Title: Becoming a Member of a Society
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Veronica T. Yumol, Master Teacher II
Editor: Amalia C. Solis, Education Program Supervisor
Reviewers: Raul F. Espinosa, Master Teacher II (Content)
Alvin V. Santos, Master Teacher II (Content)
Nilmar G. Capocquian, Master Teacher I (Content)
Susana T. Alabastro, Head Teacher VI, Retired (Language)
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Regional Director
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS In Charge of LRMS
and ADM Coordinator
Maria Magdalena S. Lim, CESO V, SDS
Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S. Carpio, Division EPS In Charge of LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Name of Division ADM Coordinator
Department of Education – National Capital Region

Office Address: ____________________________________________

____________________________________________
Telefax: ____________________________________________
E-mail Address: ____________________________________________
 11/12

Understanding
Culture, Society,
and Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Becoming a Member of a Society
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 11/12 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Becoming a Member of a Society!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics 11/12 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Becoming a Member of a Society!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant

4
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention

5
 of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you understand on how to become a member of a society. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is composed of one lesson, which is:

 Lesson 1 – Becoming a Member of Society

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The Most Essential Learning Competency is to:
Explain the context, content, processes, and consequences of socialization.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. analyze the difference between socialization and enculturation;
2. explain the different content and processes of socialization and
enculturation;
3. differentiate conformity, deviance, and self-control;
4. identify how individuals learn culture and become a competent member of
society; and
5. perform activities of being a responsible member of society.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Nhica is a kindhearted and sensitive person. She never misses an

opportunity to help others. Which of the following best identifies Nhica’s
character trait?

a. responsibility c. self
b. role d. status

2. It is the term used by sociologists to refer to how people behave towards one
another when they meet.
a. acculturation c. social control
b. enculturation d. social interaction

3. Ingrid’s parents brought up their children to be kind, respectful, and law-

abiding. The family attends church every Sunday with Ingrid as an active
member of the youth church society. This attitude shows high respect for:
a. assimilation c. personality
b. enculturation d. social control
4. Unlike everyone in school, Yancy’s friends wear jeans while Yancy prefers to
wear checkered slacks. We can say that they reject _______ in doing the same
things as everyone else.

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 a. conformity c. folkways
b. deviance d. values
5. Smartphones and other mobile devices are increasingly used in new normal
education. Mobile apps allow teachers the flexibility to conduct digital
classroom with enhance verbal and presentation skills and incorporate
technological skills with core competency lessons. This new system of
education is a part of ____________ learning.
a. innovation c. retreatism
b. rebellion d. ritualism

6. He believes that the human mind at birth is nothing but a blank slate or
tabula rasa.
a. Adamson Hobel c. Margaret Mead
b. John Locke d. Melville Herskovits
7. Aimy Mary is vocal in expressing her thoughts and ideas about how the
government implements health protocols and responds to the COVID 19
pandemic. Aimy Mary is practicing her _____________.
a. common good c. human rights
b. human dignity d. humanity
8. These are the people who are not satisfied with the current system; instead,
they want to create a new goal and means for the society which makes them
deviant.
a. Conformists c. Rebels
b. Innovators d. Ritualists
9. When Ingrid attended the funeral of a family member, no one expected to see
her wearing a colorful red dress. What custom did she show?
a. deviance c. law
b. folkways d. mores
10. Rein is a conscientious student who works hard to get good grades.
However, she finds Mathematics difficult. Although she has little hope to get
a passing grade in the subject, she continues to attend her classes and
complies with the requirements. What cultural attitude does she possess?
a. innovation c. retreatism
b. rebellion d. ritualism

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Lesson
BECOMING A MEMBER OF
1 A SOCIETY

Becoming a responsible citizen of the society covers many areas, some of

which are honoring our legal obligations and respecting the social and moral laws
of the country. To be a truly responsible citizen, one must help our society in
maintaining peace and order.

This lesson aims to explain how individuals learn culture and become
successful members of society. It discusses the development of one’s self and
others as a product of socialization and enculturation.

What’s In

My Semantic Web

(Critical Thinking, Communication, Character)

This activity will help you recall the previous lesson easily. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper. You may start now.

Directions:

1. Write inside the circles the different ways on how to become a

responsible member of society.
2. Write a short description below the semantic web how you can help
improve our society.

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 _______

______ _______

How to become
a responsible
member of a
Society

______ ______

______

Think About this:

1. How do you become an effective member of the society?

2. Why is there a need to learn about our culture to become a responsible

member of society?
3. How does socialization help in the development of individuals
become a good member of society?

Notes to the Teacher

This module presents concepts and theories that give

us an in-depth understanding on how individuals in a society
behave. You are expected to give the students a clear
explanation of these concepts and theories by giving them
examples how these concepts and theories operates in society.
Contextualization and application of the lesson using real life
situations will lead them to a better understanding of the
lesson.

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 What’s New

Read and analyze the terms listed inside the box as you follow the lesson.
This will allow you to gain a deeper understanding of the lesson ahead of you.

Conformity Enculturation Socialization

Deviance Norms & Mores Social Control

Concepts in Personal Context

(Critical Thinking)

Figure 1. Culture and Resistance in the Lusophone

World. (Image courtesy of
https://www.torch.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/mt_i
mage_medium_square/public/torch/images/event/capoeira
.jpg?itok=FbCLZb5q , July 13, 2020)

Think About This!

1. What does the picture show?

2. Are these acts of conformity or deviance? If so, what is the difference
between conformity and deviance?

What is It

Human beings are social beings. We live in a community not because we are
sociable by nature, but because we need other people to survive. We tend to
develop and improve ourselves as human beings through social interaction. This
process can be called socialization where individuals undergo different changes in
all aspects of culture like understanding societal norms and expectations,

11
accepting society’s beliefs, and being aware of societal values imparted to us by our
ancestors. These values can help us become responsible members of our society.

Enculturation

Berry, Poortinga, Segall, and Dasen (2002) define enculturation as “a form

of cultural transmission by which society transmits its culture and behavior to its
members by surrounding developing members with appropriate models” (p.19).
Berry et al. distinguish between enculturation and socialization, the two principal
processes of cultural transmission. They declare that socialization involves the
deliberate shaping of an individual while enculturation is a form of cultural
transmission because of the cultural learning that people create, remember, and
deal with as a product of innovation. Through cultural learning, individuals have a
chance to communicate and imitate the behavior of other people. A good example
is the millennials in our country who have easily adopted the cultural learning of
other countries especially Korean culture. They love eating Korean food, watching
K-dramas, listening to K-pop music, even imitating the fashion style and dance
moves of their favorite Korean pop artists.

Similarly, Herskovits (1948) describes enculturation as a process of

socialization to maintain the norms of one’s heritage and culture, including the
salient values, ideas, and concepts. To understand more about enculturation, we
can say that Filipinos give more importance to their cultural values despite the
challenges we are facing. If you are going to take a closer look at the situation of
the Filipinos nowadays in this time of the pandemic, we can see that Filipinos have
preserved their culture like the bayanihan spirit which involves everyone in the
community sharing their time and effort. The bayanihan spirit has even evolved
and has adapted to the changing landscape of our time with the whole nation
working together with Filipinos based in foreign countries voluntarily sharing their
resources to help those in need in times of calamities.

Kirshner D.H. and Meng L. (2012) state that enculturation and

acculturation refer broadly to the processes whereby newcomers come to
participate in the normative practices of a cultural community. In relation to each
other, enculturation generally signals the case in which the newcomer is an
immature member of the cultural community into which she or he is being
socialized (e.g., a child); on the other hand, acculturation signals the case in

12
which the newcomer is not a member of the cultural community (e.g., an
immigrant).

Socialization

Figure 2. Socialization. (Image courtesy of Canva, https://www.canva.com/templates/EAEBX3FfaRM-

dark-blue-financial-planner-branding-professional-services-email-newsletter-graphic/, July 13, 2020).

Socialization generally refers to the process of social influence through

which a person acquires the culture or subculture of his/her group, and in the
course of acquiring these cultural elements, the individual's self and personality
are shaped. Socialization, therefore, addresses two important problems of social
life: the problem of societal continuity and the problem of individual development
(Gecas, 2001 p.1). Socialization is very important to the life process of an individual
because it enables a person to learn the different cultural languages, norms,
values, and one’s role in the society in order to fit the group.

Socialization is also defined “as the process of learning that enables the
learner to perform social roles. Thus, not all learning is socialization, since
presumably some learning is irrelevant to the motivation and ability necessary for
participation in the social system” (Johnson, 1960, p. 110.) Similarly, socialization
is seen as the learning process which turns a human being from an animal into a
person with a human personality. Stated formally, socialization is the “process
whereby one internalizes the norms of the group among whom one lives so that a
distinct self emerges, unique to this individual" (Horton & Hunt, 1964, p. 67).

Socialization also involves learning where individuals learn to adopt to the

changes, follow the rules of society, and contribute meaningfully to our country.

13
Through socialization, individuals also learn to preserve and adopt the cultural
values, beliefs, and norms of the society in order to become useful members of the
society.

Socialization also plays an important part in forming an individual’s

personality and molding the individual into a social being. By achieving all these,
the individual finds fulfillment and thus, becomes a responsible member of society.

Anthropologists view socialization in terms of enculturation or becoming

familiar with one’s own culture. It happens through our interaction with our family,
peers, and other individuals where we acquire social values and norms that we
adopt. Through enculturation, we learn and understand the social norms, values,
languages, behavior, customs, traditions, food patterns, clothing styles, and other
important things that our culture has established. Because of enculturation, we
become conscious or informed of our rights, obligations, and privileges as members
of a community or the society.

Filipino families value highly traditional Filipino culture that we obtained

from our ancestors and will pass on to the next generation. This knowledge of
culture emphasizes the social norms, traditions, behavior, and values that are kept
alive in every family and transmitted to the next generation. But some instances of
the enculturation process in the Philippines teach the individuals to accept and
adopt the changes in the society. This process also affects, either positively or
negatively, the lifestyle and cultural beliefs of an individual towards the group
he/she is a member of.

Goals of Socialization

Arnett (1995) presents a new theoretical understanding of socialization, as

he outlines the three goals of socialization:

(a) Teach impulse control and develop a conscience;

(b) Prepare people to perform certain social roles, including occupational
roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and
parenthood; and (c) Cultivate shared sources of meaning or what is
important, valued, and to be lived for.

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 In short, socialization is the process that prepares humans how to function
in society. It should be reiterated here that socialization is culturally relative -
people in different cultures are socialized differently. Thus, people who have
different religious beliefs and behavior should not be judged or discriminated
against but they should be accepted no matter who and what they are.
Socialization is more on the adaptation to an individual’s culture, norms, and
traditions that may be different from one’s own.

Major Aspects of Socialization

Wentworth (1980) suggests that socialization must leave room for free will
and human autonomy, although he recognizes the patterned social structure and
processes that influence individuals. His view clarifies the socialization that occurs
in families, schools, groups, sports teams, organizations, and societies.

The three major aspects of socialization are:

1. The context in which it occurs - It is like the theater or stage where

socialization occurs. The individual’s behavior is determined by how the
context is perceived in culture, language, and social structures. It also
includes social and historical events, power and control in social life, and the
people and institutions with whom the individual comes in contact during
his/her socialization.

2. The content and process people use to socialize others is like the play,
the lines, and the actors. It includes the structure of the socializing activity--
how intense and prolonged it is, who does it, how it is done, whether it is a
total experience or only a partial process, how aware the individual is of
alternatives, and how attractive those alternatives are. Content refers to
what is passed from member to novice while processes are those
interactions that convey to new members how they are to speak, behave,
think, and even feel.

3. The results or outcomes arising from those context and processes

may be described as what happens later, after someone has been exposed to
content and processes. New members or individuals may learn the behavior,
attitudes, and values that old members hope they would learn or adopt.

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Agents of Socialization and Enculturation

Social groups and social institutions or agencies that help in the

development of the individual in terms of socialization are considered as agents of
socialization. The agents of socialization consist of persons, groups, and
institutions that teach people to participate successfully in society. Our direct
dealings with them train us how others imagine us to act as they disseminate and
uphold cultural norms and values. Foremost among them is the family, the most
important agent of socialization for infants and young children.

Family

 The first agent of socialization

 Principal socializer of younger members of the family
 Teaches members how to behave in socially acceptable ways, develop
emotional ties, and internalize values and norms.
 Individuals share the patterns of the larger culture, but retain the unique
values and behavioral traits learned from their families.

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 School

 Molds the beliefs, values, and attitudes of the students through various
academic and social activities
 Equips students with skills that will enable them to fit into a larger society
 Teaches students to learn the value of self-improvement and hard work
through classroom activities that give them opportunities to apply their
knowledge and skills
 Serves as a latent function by socializing children’s behavior and teaching
them about citizenship and national pride

Mass Media

 Distribute information to a wide audience, via television, newspaper, radio

and internet
 Characterized as non-proximate agents of socialization
 Enable people to learn about objects of material and nonmaterial culture
 Influence the way people look at the world and make them change their
views

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  Exerts a great influence on a person’s view; legitimizes social practices
 Provides stability to society and a source of social change
 Teaches participants how to interact with the religion’s material culture
 Creates social solidarity in the society and a source of spiritual growth

Government

 Ultimate source of authority

 Participates in socialization through the implementation of the laws of the
country
 Regulates the behavior of its citizens using rewards and sanctions
 Promotes the general welfare of the people

All members of the various agents of socialization have specific goals or

tasks to perform to help people learn to function successfully in their social worlds.
These agents of socialization impart positive values and beliefs so that we become
better individuals who value Filipino culture. A knowledge of the role of each agent
of socialization gives us a better understanding and appreciation of cultural norms
and values.

Conformity

According to Markus and Kitayama (1991), conforming to group norms is

viewed favorably in Eastern or interdependent cultures – it is a form of social glue.
What is perhaps more surprising is that although conformity is lower in

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individualist Western societies, it is still remarkably high. Even when conformity
has negative overtones, people still find it difficult to resist conforming to group
norms.

Conformity can also be defined as “yielding to group pressures”

(Crutchfield, 1955). It reflects a relatively rational process in which people
construct a norm from other people’s behavior in order to determine correct and
appropriate behavior for themselves (Asch 1952, p.193).

Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in belief or

behavior to fit in or align their attitudes and behaviors with the people they interact
or socialized with. It also gives a sense of identity and belongingness that enables a
person to feel accepted in a certain group. Social conformity can influence changes
in an individual’s behavior or opinions to be accepted. These changes may be due
to pressure from a social group the individual wants to be accepted. They are
commonly adopted by the younger generation in the society.

There are different situations when people conform; psychologists have

categorized three main types of conformity as compliance, identification, and
internalization.

Figure 3. Conformity and Non-Conformity. (Accessed from

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/90635011227833509/visual-
search/?cropSource=6&h=344&w=470&x=15&y=10, July 13, 2020).

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 Compliance means conforming to a rule or fulfilling a desire, demand,
proposal, regimen, or coercion. It is the weakest form of conformity. Here, a person
usually goes along with the view of the majority, but he/she still privately
maintains his/her own point of view.

Identification is a process by which an individual aspires to pattern

himself/herself after another, but only while he/she is in the presence of the other
person. It is the middle level of conformity and is usually a short-term change. Here
an individual changes his/her behavior and beliefs, not permanently, due to the
influence of someone he/she likes or admires but it does not necessarily result in a
change of a person’s private belief.

Internalization is the acceptance and incorporation of the standard or

belief of other persons or of the society by the individual. It is the deepest level of
conformity. It is usually a long-term change as the person changes his/her public
behavior and private beliefs. When the views of the group are adopted, they are
taken at a permanent level. Here, an individual becomes a part of a person’s way of
viewing the world.

Factors that Influence Conformity

When we talk about conformity, it is usually associated with adolescence

and the culture of the youth that also affects everyone of all ages strongly. People
usually conform to social norms because everyone in society wishes to be liked by
others, gain acceptance, fit in, and have a sense of belongingness.

The factors that influence or contribute to conformity are situational factors,

individual factors, and cultural factors.

Situational factors tend to look at how the specific environment influences

how one behaves. Situational factors are a matter of observation and then
repetition of what is observed.

Individual factors focus more on the personal characteristic of an

individual such as strong leadership ability, will power, and self-confidence that
give him/her a small chance or tendency to conform to other people. Individuals
need to have the right knowledge, skills, and abilities to stand out from others.

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 Cultural factor is the most fascinating of the three factors that influence
conformity. Different cultures have diverse levels of conformity. Specific cultures
can contain a generalized personality type. This personality type really influences
and is likely to conform to one’s culture as compared to another. It is important to
keep in mind that separate cultures also contain different social norms which
influence conformity, as well.

Understanding the different factors of conformity can help you identify the
reasons why some people especially the adolescence go along with the crowd, group,
gangs, clubs, or even some fraternal organizations when their choices seem out of
character for them. It can also help you see how other people's behavior may
influence the choices they make to satisfy their common interest or sense of
belongingness.

Deviance

Deviance is the recognized violation of cultural norms. Crime is one example

of deviance which is a violation of norms a society formally enacts into criminal law.
Deviance encompasses a wide range of other acts of nonconformity, from variations
in hair styles to crimes like murder.

Schoepflin (2011) opines that the word “deviance” has a negative

connotation in everyday language although sociologists recognize that deviance is
not necessarily bad. In fact, from a structural functionalist perspective, one of the
positive contributions of deviance is that it fosters social change. Deviance reminds
individuals to think first of the action they need to do whether it is right or wrong.
Deviant acts that individuals commit carry corresponding punishments so if they
commit crimes, they will be given due punishment to make them realize their
wrongful behavior and the need to follow the laws of the society.

Howard Becker (1963) viewed deviance as the cultural product of

interactions between people whose occupations involved either committing crimes
or catching criminals. Similarly, William Graham Sumner (1906) posited that
deviance is a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether
folkways, mores, or codified law. In our society at present, many deviant acts are
committed because of poverty, unemployment, and financial crisis. People tend to
violate the cultural and social norms of the society they value to enable them to
survive. Because of this, each society has implemented laws to lessen the number
of people committing acts of deviance.

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 Deviance comes in many forms in our society. It helps in shaping society’s
norms and goals. Without the laws society implements, people will not know what
the acceptable behavior is and what is not. It is important that society controls acts
of deviance; otherwise, the society would become unpredictable and unsafe if
people cannot identify deviant behavior.

Effects of Deviance on Society

Deviance helps individuals to deal with and adjust to change that are
sometimes brought by the society we live in. Society plays a big role in social
change as it creates the acceptable and unacceptable behavior of an individual.
People become deviant because they want to follow their desire, or sometimes their
deviant behavior might be the results of problems they encounter in the society.

Other effects of deviance which are not necessarily harmful but may actually
be beneficial to society are as follow:

1. It is one way that social change occurs.

2. It helps people adjust to change.
3. It has a way of promoting social solidarity by distinguishing “us” from
“them”.
4. It provides a way in which some individuals and groups can introduce
their agendas to the rest of the society, and elevate their status while doing it.

Selected Theories of Deviance

The social strain theory was developed by famed

American sociologist Robert K. Merton. The theory states
that social structures may pressure citizens to commit
crimes. Strain may be structural, which refers to the
processes at the societal level that filter down and affect
how the individual perceives his or her needs. Strain may
also be individual, which refers to the frictions and pains

Figure 1 Robert Merton. (Image experienced by an individual as he or she looks for ways
courtesy of
to satisfy individual needs. These types of strain can
https://i2.wp.com/revisesociology.com/w
p-content/uploads/2016/04/robert- insinuate social structures within society that then
merton.jpg?resize=240%2C240&ssl=1,

July 13, 2020 pressure citizens to become criminals.

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 Robert K. Merton stated that there are five types of deviance in terms of the
acceptance or rejection of social goals and the institutional means of achieving
them; namely, conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.

1. Conformity: It is the process whereby people change their beliefs,

attitudes, actions, or perceptions to match more closely those held by groups
to which they belong or want to belong or by groups whose approval they
desire. Conformist are people who accept society’s goals and the socially
acceptable or conventional means of attaining them.

Ex. Small entrepreneurs who become economically successful because of

their hard work and perseverance in their small business

2. Innovation: It involves reinventing things or learning how to do things in a

new manner. Innovators continue to seek success; however, they reject
socially acceptable means of achieving them.

Ex. ICT experts who gain monetary success through cybercrimes

3. Ritualism: It is the regular observance or practice of rituals, especially when

excessive or without regard to its function. Ritualists are individuals who

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 stop trying to achieve society’s goals but believe in using society’s
institutionalized or legitimate means of attaining them.

Ex. Staying in dead-end jobs such as a home care giver position because it
enables them to adhere to society’s achievement and social norms

4. Retreatism: It is a reaction of people towards society, in which one rejects

both the cultural goals and the traditional means to achieve success, then
find a different way to escape it. Retreatism is the response of those people
who give up both cultural goals and means.

Ex. Severe alcoholics, some homeless people, and hermits who achieve
things that do not always go along with society’s values

5.Rebellion: It seeks to substitute new goals and means for existing goals and
means. Rebels seek to create a greatly modified social structure in which
provision would be made for closer correspondence between merit, effort,
and reward.

Social Control

Social Control is the process of creating and maintaining stability; in

simplest terms, it refers to the power of society over individuals. It is important to
have social control because it elicits certain behavior which empowers individuals
to obey and conform to the norms (Arcinas, 2016, p. 17). These norms guide and
direct the behavior of individuals and help to understand their actions and
behaviors despite individual differences. Through social control, a harmonious
relationship with other members of the society is maintained.

Innes (2003) defines social control broadly as an organized action intended

to change people’s behavior. The underlying goal of social control is to
maintain social order, an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which
society’s members based their daily lives. Social control also regulates individual
actions to avoid conflict in the society. Individuals should always exercise social
control not only in the family but also in the different institutions of the
government. Due to the problems our country is facing today like poverty,
unemployment, heinous crimes, cybercrimes, and others, social control needs to be
established to avoid chaos and strengthen social order.

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Selected Theoretical Perspectives of Social Control

Social control theory “contends that crime and delinquency occur when an
individual’s ties to the conventional order or normative standards are weak or
largely nonexistent.” This theory maintains that all people, from the time we are
born, are basically bad apples that must be controlled by laws, rules and
regulations in order to keep society in check. “Individuals who have a weak bond to
societal controls tend to end up committing deviance or criminal behavior” (Bartol
& Bartol, 2011, p. 5). This theory states that those individuals who have low self-
esteem and have difficulty in facing the problems and trials they encounter in life
have a greater chance to commit deviant acts. Nowadays, many young people seem
to have easily lost social control as some of them are involved in issues like
dangerous drugs, teenage pregnancy, prostitution, and even heinous crimes that
lead them to commit deviant acts. Because of this, the government is doing its best
to implement laws that will eliminate these deviant actions.

Hirschi’s social control theory is directed at the strength of social bonds.

Social bonds can be positive or negative depending on how individuals deal with it.
When a bond is weakened or broken, then unusual behavior for that individual
may occur. Sometimes, individuals break laws or commit deviant acts because of
the social and emotional bonds provided by the group they belong to. The four
elements of the social bond theory are the following:

1. Attachment is defined as a strong emotional tie that bonds one person

intimately with another person. It measures our connections to others; when we
are closely attached to people, we always worry about their opinions of us. People
conform to society’s norms to gain approval and eliminate disapproval from other
people like family, relatives, friends, and another group.

2. Commitment is a dedication to a particular organization, cause, belief,

and a willingness to get involved. Before you make a commitment to anybody, you
need to think about it carefully because it obligates you to do something.

3. Involvement is the fact or condition of being involved with or of

participating in something. Involvement minimizes deviance. Children who are
members of Little League baseball teams have fewer family crises because their
involvement in an organization requires them to spend a large amount of time on
socially approved activities that it reduces their time for committing deviant
behavior.

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 4. Belief is a conviction or idea about the nature of reality that an individual
or group accepts as true. If a person views social values as beliefs, he/she will
conform to them particularly if he/she has strong beliefs or faith in them and
knows them as true.

Sometimes it can also refer to the validity of the values and standards of the
society. The more we value the norms of the society, the more difficult it is to
violate them because we stand on what we believe to be true.

Social control refers to societal and political mechanisms that regulate

individual and group behavior to gain conformity and compliance to the rules of a
given society, state, or social group. Sociologists identify two basic forms of social
control – informal social control and formal social control.

Two Types of Social Control

Social control is needed to prevent the country from descending into chaos
because there are people who tend to violate the laws of the country. Social control
can also be positive and negative and it can be categorized into:

1. Informal Social Control - This form of social control is enforced by family

members and other people we usually interact or socialize with. Rewards and
punishment are commonly visible in informal social control.

2. Formal Social Control - It refers to the organization or systems that use strict
and delineated rules, values, morals, and the like that we are commonly told or
compelled to obey. Other government agencies enforce social control.

Having a peaceful society can be achieved if people conform to the norms of

the society. Cooperation and understanding of each individual’s behavior can result
in building a better community. Individuals and other institutions should establish
social control to comply with the norms and rules of the society. Social control is a
very important factor in attaining a peaceful society.

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 What’s More

Deviant Behaviors
(Critical Thinking, Creativity)
Show your understanding on how young people nowadays commit deviant behavior
by completing the table below with relevant information. Write your answer using
the format given below on a separate sheet of paper.

Directions:
1. Recall the concepts and principles of deviance.
2. Investigate and analyze how deviance is committed by young people
nowadays.
3. Identify five deviant behavior that are commonly committed by the
youth nowadays.
4. Analyze the causes why such negative behavior is committed.
5. Provide some suggestions on how to correct the deviant behavior.

Deviant Behavior Causes What must be done to

help the youth

Personal Reflections:
As a young person, are there instances when I committed deviant behavior?
What could be the reason behind it? What lesson did I learn from it?

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 Environmental Scanning
(Critical Thinking, Creativity, Character)

This activity will let you explore how socialization, conformity, deviance, and
social control are reflected in the daily dynamics of the society. Look around you
and think how these concepts are manifested in the family, school, and
community.

Directions:
1.Recall our discussion about socialization, conformity, deviance, and social
control. Digest the concepts presented based on your own personal understanding.
2.Think of an actual situation, events, or rules and regulations where the
concepts of socialization, conformity, deviance, and social control are reflected in
the family, school, and community.
3. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Concepts Family School Community

Socialization

Conformity

Deviance

Social Control

Think About This!

1. How do agents of socialization affect the development of an
individual?
2. Why do individuals conform to society?
3. What are the two types of social control that prevent an individual
from committing deviant behavior?

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 What I Have Learned

Directions: Read and analyze each question. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Socialization and enculturation play a very important role in an
individual’s life particularly in dealing with another person. It helps an
individual to accept the different values, social norms, and traditions of
every culture. Which cultural norms that were imparted to you by your
ancestors are still recognized today?

2. As a student, what would you do to promote unity, cooperation, and peace

in our society especially at this time when we are facing difficulties in our
everyday living?

3. In our present society, we have some government officials who use their
power and position to establish their authority in implementing our laws. As
a member of society, what can you do to encourage others to participate in
solving the problems that we are facing today like the pandemic issue?

4. What do you think are the root causes of deviance in our country? What
can you suggest to prevent people from committing crimes or deviant
actions?

What I Can Do

Reflection Journal
(Creativity, Critical Thinking)

All agents of socialization play a very important role in the individuals’ life
with most of us having been taught to become responsible members of the society.
To show this, do the following activity on a separate sheet of paper.
Directions:

1. Make a journal on how the agents of socialization play an important role

in the life of individual.
2. You may follow the format to make your journal organized.

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 Agents of Important Role of the Agents on The Life
Socialization of An Individual

Family

School

Peer Group

Mass Media

Religion

Government

Think About This!

1. What did you discover after making your journal?

2. Can you find similarities and differences among these agents of
socialization? Which agent/s has/have a great impact or influence in
your life?
4. What do you think is the most common role of an agent of socialization in
the development of an individual’s personality?
5. As a Filipino, what is the most important role you have learned from the
different agents of socialization?
6. How do these values help you become a responsible member of society

Assessment
(Critical Thinking)

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Tabitha learns to keep her voice down in the library and to wait in line
when checking out library books. The process of learning about social
norms and expectation is defined as __________________.
a. self-development c. socialization
b. socializing d. social integration

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 2. It is the acquisition of the norms and characteristics of one’s
culture including the salient values.
a. conformity c. enculturation
b. deviance d. society

3. In early childhood, family members are generally responsible for

the process of ____________.
a. adult socialization c. secondary socialization
b. primary socialization d. subculture socialization

4. Although Ruth needs money for her mother’s medicine, she is NOT
tempted to take her classmate’s wallet because she believes it is wrong
even if no one is looking. Ruth is guided by ____________.
a. adult socialization c. internal socialization
b. external socialization d. secondary socialization

5. According to early studies of conformity, it is the group that seems to

conform more than their counterpart.
a. blacks compared to whites c. males compared to females
b. females compared to males d. whites compared to blacks

7. Remilyn responds readily to her friends’ complaint. What does this show
about her attitude towards addressing complaints? Remilyn tends to be
_____________.
a. less tolerant
b. less able to help
c. more supportive
d. more conscientious

8. Jhulian wakes up late and realizes her exam starts in five minutes. She
jumps into her car and speeds down the road where she is pulled over by a
traffic officer. Jhulian’s actions is an example of ______.
a. conformity c. conformity socialization
b. deviance d. social control

9. Marivel has a habit of texting during class. One day, the teacher stops his
lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning
off her phone. In this situation, the teacher used _______ to maintain social
control.
a. Formal positive sanctions
b. Informal positive sanction
c. Formal negative sanctions
d. Informal negative sanctions

10. It is the theory that states deviance is more likely to occur when a gap
exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by
legitimate means.
a. Labeling Theory c. Social Control Theory

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 b. Rehabilitation Theory d. Strain Theory

Additional Activities

Enculturation in Practice
(Critical Thinking, Creativity, Character)
This activity will assess the extent and implications of enculturation brought
about by our exposure to the culture of other countries.

Directions:
1. Recall and analyze our discussion on enculturation.
2. Identify the extent and implication of foreign culture to our culture.
3. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Cultural Aspect Korean Chinese Western

Influences Influences Influences
(American and
European)

Language

Literature

Performing Arts
(Music, Cinema,
TV, Theater,
Dances)

Values System

Implications to
our culture

32
Think About This!
1. How did Filipinos embrace foreign influences?
2. Are there positive and negative impacts of enculturation to our country?
3. In what manner can we preserve and protect our culture despite the influx
of foreign influences?

33
 34
What I Know Assessment
1. C 1. C
2. D 2. C
3. B 3. B
4. A 4. C
5. A 5. B
6. B 6. C
7. C 7. B
8. C 8. A
9. B 9. D
10.C 10.D
Answer Key
References

Online Sources

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of a Cultural Theory‟, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57 (3): 617-28.

Asch, S.E Conformity in Psychology. (2016, Oct 16). Retrieved from

https://studymoose.com/conformity-in-psychology-essay

Bartol, C., & Bartol, A. (2011). Criminal behavior (custom ed.). Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Pearson Education/Prentice Hall.

Becker, Howard. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York:
Free Press.

Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. "Understanding Socialization in Sociology." ThoughtCo, Feb.

11, 2020, thoughtco.com/socialization-in-sociology-4104466.

Crossman, Ashley. "Sociological Explanations of Deviant Behavior." ThoughtCo,

Feb. 11, 2020, thoughtco.com/sociological-explanations-of-deviant-behavior-
3026269.

Crutchfield, R. (1955). Conformity and Character. American Psychologist, 10, 191-

198.
Herskovitz, M. J. (1948). Man and his works: The science of cultural anthropology.
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Hirschi, T. (1977). Causes and prevention of juvenile delinquency. Sociological

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Horton, P.B. and Hunt, C.L. (1964) Sociology. McGraw Hill Book Company, New
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Johnson, H.M., 1960, Sociology : A systematic Introduction, Harcout, Brace and

World, Nev.'York. p. 110.

Kirshner D.H., Meng L. (2012) Enculturation and Acculturation. In: Seel N.M.
(eds) Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. Springer, Boston, M

Schoepflin, Todd. 2011. “Deviant While Driving?” Everyday Sociology Blog, January
28. Retrieved February 10, 2012
(http://nortonbooks.typepad.com/everydaysociology/2011/01/deviant-while-
driving.html)

Simpson, A.L. (1976). Rehabilitation as the justification of a separate juvenile

justice system. California Law Review, 64(4), 984–1017.

Sumner, William Graham. 1955 [1906]. Folkways. New York, NY: Dover.

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Whitehead, J. and S. Lab (2012). Juvenile justice: An introduction. Elsevier.
V. Gecas, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001
Wiatrowski, M., D. Griswold and M. Roberts (1981). Social control theory and
delinquency. American Sociological Review, 46, 525-541.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph

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