BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)

Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy

VEDAVYAS – GOSALA (VIJAYAWADA)

Sec : Sr.IPLCO(BR) BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS) Date:24-05-2021

Definition of Definite Integral

i)Let f be a function of x defined in the closed interval a, b , then

b
 f  x  dx
a
is

called the definite integral of f  x  over the interval a, b , where a and b are called

the limits of integration, 'a ' being the lower or inferior limit and 'b ' being the
upper or superior limit.
b
ii)If  f  x  dx  0 then the equation f  x   0 has atleast one root lying in (a, b)
a

provided f is a continuous function in (a, b) or a  b .

Newton – Leibnitz formula
i)Let f be a function of x defined in the closed interval a, b and the function F is an

anti-derivative of f on a, b , such that F '  x   f  x  for all x in the domain of f, then

b x b

 f  x  dx  F  x   c
a x a

 F b  c   F a   c 

 F b  F a 

ii)In definite integrals constant of integration is never present

Basic Rule for finding Definite Integral
b
i)To evaluate the definite integral  f  x  dx  a  b 
a

ii)First find out the indefinite integral of f  x  i.e.,  f  x  dx , leaving the constant of

integration c.
b x b
Let  f  x  dx  F  x  , then  f  x  dx  F  x 
a x a

 lim F  x   lim F  x 
x b x a

To evaluate above the following cases may arise

i)If f  x  is continuous at x  a and x  b :

 lim F  x   F  a  and lim F  x   F  b 

x a x b

b
Then  f  x  dx  F  b   F  a 
a

ii)If f  x  is continuous at x  a and discontinuous at x  b :

BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
 lim F  x   F  a 
x a

b
Then  f  x  dx  lim F  x   F  a 
a x b

iii)If f  x  is discontinuous at x  a and continuous at x  b :

 lim F  x   F  b 
x b

b
Then  f  x  dx  F  b   lim F  x 
a x a

iv)If f  x  discontinuous at x  c  a  c  b  :

 f  x  is discontinuous at x  c or f  x  has different values in  a, c  and  c, b  ,

b c b
then  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
a a c

v)If f  x  is not defined at x  a and x  b ; and defined in open interval (a, b), then
b
 f  x  dx
a
can be evaluated.


Ex:1Evaluate  2

4
tan x dx

 
Sol:The function tan x is defined at x  and undefined at x  .
4 2
  tan x dx  n sec x

 2

Then  2
 tan x dx  n sec x  lim n sec x  n sec  
4 

x 
2
4
4

  1  1
 lim n sec x  n 2  lim n sec   h   n 2  n sec  n 2

x 
h 0
2  2 2 2
2

1 1
 n   n 2    n 2   (undefined)
2 2

GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

i)First we construct the graph of the integrand y  f  x  then in the case of
b
f  x   0  x   a, b  , the integral  f  x  dx is numerically equal to the area
a

bounded by curve y  f  x  , the x-axis and the ordinates x  a and x  b .

b
 f  x  dx
a
is numerically equal to the area of curvilinear trapezoid bounded by the

given curve, the straight lines x  a and x  b , and the x-axis.

BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)

b
ii)In general:  f  x  dx
a
represents an algebraic sum of areas of the region bounded by

the curve y  f  x  , the x-axis and the ordinates x  a and x  b . The areas

above the x-axis enter into this sum with a positive sign, while those below the x-
axis enter it
with a negative
sign.

b
  f  x  dx  A
a 1  A 2  A3  A4  A5

Where A1, A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 5 are the areas of the shaded regions.

max . x  x , x   x  dx dx, where [.] denotes the greatest integer

2
Ex:1Evaluate 
2

function.

Sol:  max . x  x , x   x  dx ,
2

2

max .0, x   x  dx   max .2x, x   x  dx the graph of

0 2
  2 0

f  x   max .x  x , x   x  is shown as in the figure.

1  1
max .x  x , x   x  dx  Area of white regio  2   1  1   2  4 =5
2
Therefore, 2
2  2
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
Substitution Method
b
By the substitution x    t  in the definite integral  f  x  dx , the lower and the upper limits change.
a

When x  a , then   t   b  t  1  a 

and when x  b , then   t   b  t  1  b 

hence the new lower and upper limits are 1  a  and 1  b  respectively,
 1  b 
f    t    '  t  dt
b
then  f  x  dx  
a  1  a 

The substitution must be continuous in the interval of integration.

2 dx x
Ex:1Consider the integral  5  2cos x  . Making the substitution tan  2   t , we
0

2 dx 0 2 dt
have  5  2cos x   
0 0   1  t2  
0
    1  t2  
1  t 2
5  2
   
This result is obviously wrong since the integrand is positive and consequently
the integral of this function cannot be equal to zero. Find the mistake.

x
Sol:Since the function tan   is discontinuous at x   which is a point in the
2

x
interval 0, 2 , so we cannot make the substitution tan    t .
2
1 1
Ex:2 Since the integrand of the integral I   dx is positive, it follows that
1
1  x2 
1 1 1
I  0 . However if we make the substitution x  , then I    dt  I ,
t 1 1  t 2

which gives I  0 . What is the reason of this paradox?

1
Sol:Since the function is discontinuous at t  0 which is a point in the interval
t
1
 1, 1 , so we cannot make the substitution x  .
t

 1  x  dx ?
1
Ex:3Is it possible to make the substitution x  sec t in the integral 2
0

Sol:Since the value of sec t  1 and the interval of integration is 0, 1 , so we cannot

make the substitution sec t  x .

2 dx 1
Ex:4Evaluate  4  x 
2 2
directly as well as by the substitution x 
t
. Examine as to

why the answer to do not tally.

2

Sol:Let I  
dx2 1 x
 tan1   
1
tan1 1  tan1  1  12 tan1 1  tan1 1  4
2
4  x  2
2
2
2
2
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
1 1
Also, if x   dx  2 dt
t t
1
1
dt 1
2
1 
Then I    2
1   tan1  2t   tan1 1  tan1  1  
 2t 
2
2 t 2 1 2 4
2

 1
In above two results I   is wrong. Since  0 , therefore I cannot be
4 4  x2
1
negative. Since the function is discontinuous at t  0 which is a point in the
t
1
interval  2, 2 , so we cannot make the substitution x  .
t

BY PARTS METHOD
Let u and v are the function of x have continuous derivatives on the interval a, b . Then

b b
b
a
uv ' dx  uv
a
  u' v dx , where u ' and v ' are the derivatives of u and v respectively.
a


Ex:1Evaluate  3

4
x cos ec 2 x dx .


Sol:Let I   3

4
x cos ec 2 x dx

Integrating by parts taking x as first and cos ec2 x as second function, we have
 
 1 
 3
 1  3  3
 x   cot x  3
  cot x dx        n sin x    n  n 
2 

4  3 3 4  3 3 4 2
4 4



12 3
3 3 4   1 3
n  
2  2

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

i)If f  x  is a continuous function on a, b and   x  

x
 f  t  dt , then  '  x   f  x 
a

Proof

  f  t  dt  F  t   c  F  x   F  a 
x x

 f  t  dt  F  t   c
a a

  x   F  x   F  a  , then  '  x   F '  x   f  x  Hence,  ' x   f  x 

u x 
ii)If   x    f  t  dt , then  '  x   f u  x  u'  x 
a

Proof
u x 
u x 
x   f  t  dt  F  t  c  F u  x   c  F  a   c  F u  x   F  a 
a
a

  '  x   F 'u  x  u'  x   f u  x  u'  x 

BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
x2  t 2  5t  4 
Ex:1Find the points of extremum of 5

 2e
t  dt .


x2  t2  5t  4   x 4  5x 2  4 
Sol: f  x      dt  f 'x     2x   0
 2e
t x2
5
  2e 

2x  x 2  1 x 2  4  2x  x  2  x  1 x  1 x  2

 
2  e 
x 2

2  e 
x2

For points of extremum, f '  x   0

Then, we get x  2,  1, 0, 1, 2

Hence points of extremum are 2,  1,0,1,2 .

LEARN YOUR SELF

Evaluate the following:

2 a

 x dx  a 
5 2
1. 2. x  x 3 dx
1 0

4 1
x2 dx
3.  1  x dx 4.  x 1  x
0 0


 4

 sin x  sec
4
5. dx 6. x dx
0 0


3 

 cot x dx 
2
7. 8. 2  2cos  d
 0
6


4 3
1  sin 2x 2x
9.  cos x  sin x dx 10.  1  x2 dx
0 2

1 4
x2
11.  1  x2 dx 12. x x 2  1 dx
0 1

2 a
13.  4  x 2 dx 14.  a 2  x 2 dx
0 0

1 5
dx dx
15.  3  2x
16.  2x  1
0 1

1
16 1
x4
17.  1
dx 18.   2x  3  3  2x dx
0 0
1 x2
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)

10. log 2 11. 1 12. 5 15
4

a 2
13.  14. 15. 3 1
4

2  9  21 3
16. 2 17. 4   tan1 2  18.
 3  5

1  1 3e  1
19. 1 20. 1 21.
2  e  4
1 e2 1
22. 1  log 2 23. 24. log 3
2 2 20
1  
25. log 2 26. 1 27.  b  a 2
3 2 8

1  3
28. 
2 12

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Property 1
b b

 f  x  dx   f  t  dt
a a

i.e., integration is independent of the change of variable.

Proof
Let   x  be a primitive of f  x  . Then,

d d
dx
  x   f  x     t   f  t  .
dt

Hence,  f  x  dx    x   a    b     a 
b
… (i)

 f  t  dt    t    b   a 

b
And, a
… (ii)
a

b a
From (i) and (ii), we have  f  x  dx   f  t  dt
a b

Property 2
b a

 f  x  dx    f  x  dx
a b

i.e., if the limits of a definite integral are interchanged then its value changes by minus sign only.
Proof
b
Let   x  be a primitive of f  x  . Then,  f  x  dx    b     a 
a
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
a
And,   f  x  dx     a     b      b     a 
b

b a
  f  x  dx    f  x  dx
a b

Property 3
b c b
i)  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx, , where a  c  b .
a a c

ii) GENERALIZATION
b c1 c2 b

 f  x  dx 
a
 f  x  dx 
a
 f  x  dx  ... 
c1
 f  x  dx
cn

Where a  c1  c 2  c 3 ...  c n 1  c n  b
Proof of 3.i
Let   x  be a primitive of f  x  . Then,
b

 f  x  dx    b     a 
a
… (i)

c b
And,  f  x  dx   f  x  dx
a c

   c     a     b     b     c  

  b   a  … (ii)
b c b
From (i) and (ii), we get  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dxa
a a c

LEARN YOUR SELF

Evaluate the following:

1 2
1.  x dx 2.  1 x dx
1 0

 
2 2
3.  sin x dx 4.  sin 2x dx
 
2 2

4
5.  2 x dx
0
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
b x
6. Prove that  dx  b  a
a x

  
 cos t  dt   n  , where n   2n,  4n  1 2  , n  N and [.]
x
7. Prove that
0

denotes the greatest integer function.

4
8. If f  x   x  2  x  1  x  2 , then Prove that  f  x   25
0

x
Prove that   x   dx  x  x , where x denotes the fractional
1 1 2 1
9.
0
2 2 2

part of x.
n
n  n  1
10. Prove that   x  dx 
0
2
, nN

Answers:
1. 1 2. 1 3. 2 4. 2 5. 4

Property 4
a a
i)  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx
0 0

ii) (Removal of x)
f  x  is a function whose integral is known and f  a  x   f  x  , then

a a a
 xf  x  dx  f  x  dx
0 2 0
a f  x  dx a f a  x  a
iii)  f  x   f  a  x    f  x   f  a  x  dx  2
0 0

Proof of 4.i
a
RHS   f  a  x  dx
0

Put a  x  t  dx  dt

When x  0  t  a
xat0
0 0 a a
 RHS   f  t  dt     f  t  dt   f  t  dt   f  x  dx  LHS
a a 0 0

Graph of f (x)
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
a
 f  x  dx  Area of OABCO
0

Graph of f (a–x)

LEARN YOUR SELF

Evaluate the following:

 5 
2
2
cos 2 x sin2 x  cos2 x
1.  5 5
dx 2.  sin3 x  cos3 x dx
0 0
sin 2 x  cos 2


 x 
a 2
a sin x  b cos x

2
3.  a 2  x 2 dx 4. dx
a 0
sin x  cos x


2
sin x
5.  sin x  cos x
dx

 
2 2
6. Prove that  log tan x dx   n cot x dx  0
0 0


4

7. Prove that  log 1  tan x  dx  log 2
0
8
1

8. Prove that  cot 1 1  x 2  x  dx   log e 2
0
2
1
log 1  x  
9. Prove that 
0
1 x 2
dx 
8
log e 2

a
a n 2
 x  a  x  dx 
n
10. Prove that
0  n  1 n  2

2
x sin x cos x 2
11. Prove that 0 sin4 x  cos4 x dx 
16

2
a sec x  b cos ecx 
12. Prove that  dx   a  b 
0
sec x  cos ecx 4
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)

dx 
13. Prove that  a  0  
0 1  x 1  x  4
a 2

Answers:

1. 2. 0
4

a 3 a 2 
3. 2  4. a  b
3 2 4

5.
12
Property 5
b b
i)  f  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx
a a

b a  b b
ii)  xf  x  dx   f  x  dx . if f  a  b  x   f  x  (Removal of x)
a 2 a

b f a  b  x  b f x ba
iii)  f a  b  x   f  x 
a
dx   f  a  b  x   f  x  dx  
a 
2 

Property 6
 a
a a
2 f  x  dx, if f  x  is an even function
a f  x  dx  0 f  x   f   x  dx   0
0 , if f  x  is an odd function


LEARN YOUR SELF

1
x3  x  1
1. Prove that x  2n 2
1
2
 2 x 1

2
 2x 7
 3x 6  10x 5  7x 3  12x 2  x  1
2. Prove that  x 2
 2
dx
 2

3
3. Prove that  x x  dx  2187 where {.} denotes the fractional part function.
8 11

3


2
cos x
4. Prove that  1  ex dx  1

2


2
 ax 2  bx  c   a  b 
5. Prove that  log  ax  a  b  sin x  dx   log  

2
 bx  c   2 
2

1 1
 x  1 2  x  1 2
2 2  4
6. Prove that   
    2  dx  4log  
 x  1   x  1 
1   3
2
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)

Property 7
 a
2a a
2 f  x  dx, ,if f  2a  x   f  x 
i)  f  x  dx   f  x   f  2a  x  dx   0
0 0  0 ,if f  2a  x   f  x 


 f  a  x   f  a  x  dx
2a a
ii) If f  x  is discontinuous at x  a , then  f  x  dx 
0 0

LEARN YOUR SELF

Evaluate the following:


 2
x sin2 x
1.  1  sin x dx 2.  sin x  cos x dx
0 0


2 
x x sin x
3.  sin x  cos x dx 4.  1  sin x dx
0 0

 
x sin3 x
 1  cos2 x  x sin
3
5. dx 6. x dx
0 0

 
x dx 2
7. Prove that 0 a 2 cos 2 x  b2 sin2 x  2ab 8. Prove that x
0
1  cos x dx  2

2
2
 3  1
5 
3
1   x 
9. Prove that  cos 2x sin 4x dx 
4
10. 2
Prove that   x   e  2  dx  0
0
32 1 2
3

 
2
 2
11. Prove that  n sin x dx   n cos x dx   n 2
0 0
2

4
12. Prove that

 n sin x  cos x  dx   n 2
4

Answers:

1.  2.
1
2
log  2 1  3.
2 2
log  
2 1

2  2
4.  5.    2 6.
2 2 3

Property 8
Shifting Property
b bc
i)  f  x  dx  
a a c
f  x  c  dx
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
b bc
ii)  f  x  dx  
a a c
f  x  c  dx

b 1
iii)  f  x  dx   b  a   f  b  a  x  a dx
a a

Contraction Property
b
b
iv)  f  x  dx  k ak f  kx  dx
a
k

b 1 bk x
v)  f  x  dx  k 
a ak
f   dx
k
Reflection Property
b a
vi)  f  x  dx  
a b
f   x  dx

b f  b

vii)  f x  
a f a 
f 1  x   b f  b   af  a 

Proof of 8.i
Put x  c  t  dx  dt

When x  a c  t  a
x  bc  t  b
b c b b
Then,  f  x  c  dx   f  t  dt   f  x  dx
a c a a

Proof of 8.ii
When x a c  t a
x bc t  b
bc b b
Then,  f  x  c  dx   f  t  dt   f  x  dx
a c a a

Proof of 8.iii
b
Let I   f  x  dx .
a

x a
Further, let  t . Then, dx   b  a  dt
ba
Also x  a  t  0 and x  b  t  1 .
1
 I   f  b  a  t  a    b  a  dt
0

1 1
  b  a   f  b  a  t  a  dt   b  a   f  b  a  x  a  dx
0 0

b 1
Hence,  f  x  dx   b  a   f  b  a  x  a  dx .
a 0
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
Proof of 8.iv
b
RHS  k ak f  kx  dx
k

dt
Put kx  t  dx 
k
a b
When x ta x  tb
k k
b
b b
Then, k ak f  kx  dx   f  t  dt   f  x  dx  LHS
a a
k

Proof of 8.v
1 bk  x 
k ak  k 
RHS  f   dx

x
Put t  dx  k dt
k
When x  ak  t  a
x  bk  t  b

1 bk  x  b b
Then,  f   dx   f  t  dt   f  x  dx
k ak
k a a

Proof of 8.vi
a
Let I   f   x  dx
b

Put  x  t  dx  dt

When x  b  t  b
xata
a b b
I    f  t  dt   f  t  dt   f  x  dx
b a a

b a
  f  x  dx  
a b
f   x  dx

Proof of 8.vii
b
Using integration by parts  f  x   1dx  x f  x    f '  x  x dx
b
a
a

We have y  f  x   dy  f '  x  dx

Also, x  f 1  y 

When x  a, y  f  a  and when x  b, y  f  b 

b f  b

  f  x  dx  bf  b  af  a   
a f a 
f 1  y  dy

LEARN YOUR SELF

1
4 2
1. Prove that  sin 2 x dx  2  
0
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
a c ac
2. Prove that   f  cx   1 dx   f c  x  dx  c  a  1
2

1 c c


6
dx 
3. Prove that  1  tan

2n
x

12
3

x 2 x 2

Prove that  e zx e  z dz  e x  e dz
2
z
4.
4 4

0 0

2
e 2

 n x dx   2e  e    e dx
2 x
5. Prove that
e 1

DEFINITE INTEGRALS OF PERIODIC FUNCTIONS

Property 9
If f  x  is a periodic function with period T, then
nT T
i)  f  x  dx  n  f  x  dx, n  Z
0 0

aT
ii) If f  x  is periodic function with period T, then  f  x  dx is independent of a.
a

a  nT T
iii)  f  x  dx  n  f  x  dx, n  Z, a  R
a 0

nT T
iv)  f  x  dx   n  m   f  x  dx, m, n  Z
mT 0

a  nT a
v)  f  x  dx   f  x  dx, n  Z, a  R
nT 0

b  nT b
vi)  f  x  dx   f  x  dx, n  Z, a, b  R
a  nT a

Proof of 9.i
nT T 2T 3T nT

 f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx  ...   f  x  dx
0 0 T 2T  n1 T
T T T T
  f  x  dx   f  x  T  dx   f  x  2T  dx ...   f  x   n  1 T  dx
0 0 0 0

T T T T

 f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx  ...   f  x  dx
 0 0 0 0

n times
 f  x   f  x  T   f  x  2T   ...  f  x   n  1 T 
T
 n f  x  dx
0

Graphical method
 Figure of f  x  is same in the intervals
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
0  T, T  2T, 2T  3T,...,  n  1 T  nT , then

It is clear from the figure

nT T
 f  x  dx  n f  x  dx
0 0

Proof of 9.ii
aT
Let  a    f  x  dx
a

d d a  T  da
Then,
da
  a  
da
f a  T  
da
f a 

 f a  T   f a   0

[ f is periodic with periodic T  f  a  T   f  a  ]

d  a 
Thus,  0    a  is independent of a.
da
Proof of 9.iii
a  nT
I f  x  dx
a
0 nT a  nT
  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
a 0 nT

In the last integral, put x  y  nT

a  nT a a
  f  x  dx   f  y  nT  dy   f  y  dy
nT 0 0
0 nT a
 I   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  y  dy
a 0 0
T
 n f  x  dx
0

Proof of 9.iv
 n  m T  n  m T T
f  x  mT  dx f  x  dx   n  m  f  x  dx
nT
L.H.S.   f  x  dx   
mT 0 0 0

Proof of 9.vi
b  nT b b
L.H.S.   f  x  dx   f  x  nT  dx   f  x  dx
a  nT a a

LEARN YOUR SELF

5
 4
sin2x 
1. Prove that 
0
2 sin x  2 cos x dx  2 6 and  cos

4
x  sin x
4
dx 
4
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)

 k 1 
sin 2x dx 4
dx
2. Let I   ,  k  N  and J   sin x  cos x , then prove that
k
sin x  cos x 0


2
sin 2x
I  2 dx and I  4  4J
0
sin x  cos x
13 
 3
 3
4
2  33  2  2  2
3. Prove that  cot  cot x  dx 
1
  
 3 8 3 
3
 
2n 

4. Prove that  sin x  cos x  dx  n  , where [.] is the greatest integer function.
0

2
5. Prove that  sin 100x  dx  
2

2n 
n  2  8 
6. Prove that  max. sin x, sin 1
 sin x   dx 
0 4

 T T
7. It is known that f  x  is an odd function in the interval   ,  and has a period
 2 2
x
equal to T. Prove that  f  t  dt is also periodic with period T.
a

x p p pn 10

8. Let  f  t  dt be independent of x and I

x
1   f  t  dt I2 
0
 f  z  dz
10
for some p, n  N

I2
Then prove that  pn1
I1

9. Let F  x  be a non-negative continuous function defined on R such that

 1 1500
F  x   F  x    3 , then prove that  F  x  dx  2250
 2 0

2 x 14 x
x 
10. If 
0
  dx 
2
  x  14 dx , then prove that x   14,  13 , (where [.] and {.}
0

denotes the greatest integer and fractional part of x).

DIFFERENTIATION UNDER THE SIGN OF INTEGRATION

Property 10
If the functions   x  and   x  are defined on a, b and differentiable at a point x   a, b  , and

f  x, t  is continuous

d 
 x 
 
 d  x  d    x 
i)   f  x, t  dt    f  x, t  dt  f  x,   x    .f  x,   x   .
dx   x    x  x dx dx
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
If the functions   x  and   x  are defined on a, b and differentiable at a point

  a  ,   b   , then
x   a, b  , and if f  t  is continuous on 

 x 
d   d d
ii)   f  t  dt   f    x      x   f    x     x  (VVIMP)

dx   x   dx dx


iii) Let a function f  x,   be continuous for a  x  b and c    d . Then for any

b
d I  b
f  x,  
  c, d  , If I      f  x,   dx , then  
a
d a


Proof of 10.ii
d
Let F x  f x
dx
 x 
    f  t  dt  F    x    F    x  
 x

 
d
dx
 x 

 x   dxd F   x   F   x 
f  t  dt 

d   x  d    x 
dx 
f  t  dt  F '    x  
d  x 
  F '    x 
 x  dx dx
d    x  d   x 
dx 
f  t  dt  f    x  
d  x 
  f   x 
 x  dx dx

LEARN YOUR SELF

x
d2 y
1. If y   f  t  sin K  x  t  dt , then prove that  K 2 y  Kf  x 
0
dx 2

2. Let f :  0,     0,   be a differentiable function satisfying,

x x  1
1 1 
x  1  t  f  t  dt   t f  t  dt  x  R and f 1  1 , then prove that f  x   3 e x 


0 0
x

1
3. Let f : R  R be a differentiable function having f  2  6 , f '  2  . Then, prove that
48
f x
4t3
lim
x 2 
0
x 2
dt  18

2
 x x2 
  e dx 
4. Prove that lim  0x  0
x 

 e dx
2x 2

5. Suppose f is a differentiable real function such that f  x   f '  x   1 for all x, and

e 1
f  0   0 , then, prove that the largest possible value of f 1 is .
e
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
x
6. A function f  x  satisfies f  x   sin x   f '  t   2sin t  sin2 t  dt then, prove that
0

sin x
f x  .
1  sin x
x
f t
7. If 6   dt  2 x , then prove that a  9 .
a
t2
x
8. Let f  x  is a derivable function satisfying f  x    e t sin  x  t  dt and
0

g  x   f ''  x   f  x  Prove that range of g  x  is  2, 2 


2
9. Consider a real valued continuous function f such that f  x   sin x   sin x  t f  t   dt .

2

Then prove that maximum and minimum values of the function f  x  are 3    1 and    1
respectively.
a
10. Let f  x  be a continuous function,  x  R , except at x  0 such that  f  x  dx, a  R 
0

a
f t a a
exists. If g  x    dt , prove that  f  x  dx   g  x  dx
x
t 0 0

x x
11. If x  sin  f  t   dt   x  2   t sin  f  t   dt , where x  0 then show that
0 0

3
f '  x  cot f  x   0.
1 x

tan 1 ax  tan 1 x 
12. Prove that 0 dx  n a
x 2

1
n 1  a 2 x 2 
13. Prove that  dx    1  a 2  1
 
0 x 2
1  x 
2

 1  a sin x  dx
2
14. Prove that   
1  a sin x  sin x
, a  1   sin1  a 
0

INEQUALITIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Property 11
b
i) If f  x   0 on the interval a, b , then  f  x  dx  0
a

b b
ii) If f  x   g  x  on a, b , then  f  x  dx   g  x  dx .
a a
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
iii) If at every point x of an interval a, b , the inequalities g  x   f  x   h  x  are
b b b
fulfilled, then  g  x  dx   f  x  dx   h  x  dx,a  b
a a a

iv) If m and M are the smallest and greatest values of a function f  x  defined on an
b
interval a, b , then m  b  a    f  x  dx  M  b  a 
a

b b

v) If f  x  is defined on a, b , then  f  x  dx   f  x  dx

a a

vi) If f 2  x  and g 2  x  are integrable on a, b , then

1 1

 2  2  2  2
b b b

a f  x  g  x  dx    f  x  dx    g  x  dx 
 a   a 

vii) If the function f  x  increases and has a concave graph in the interval a, b , then

b f a   f  b
 b  a  f  a   a f  x  dx   b  a 
2
viii) If the function f  x  increases and has convex graph in the interval a, b , then

f a   f  b b
b  a    f  x  dx   b  a  f  b 
2 a

Proof of 11.i and 11.ii

It is clear from the figure. Area of curvilinear trapezoid aBCd  Area of curvilinear
b b b b
trapezoid aADb, then  f  x  dx   g  x  dx and if  g  x   0 , then  f  x  dx  0
a a a a

Proof of 11.iii
It is clear from the figure. Area of curvilinear aAFb  Area of curvilinear trapezoid
aBEb  Area of curvilinear trapezoid aCDb
b b b
i.e.,  g  x  dx   f  x  dx   h  x  dx
a a a
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)

Proof of 11.iv
b b b
It is given that m  f  x   M , then  mdx   f  x  dx   Mdx
a a a

b
 m b  a    f  x  dx  M  b  a 
a

Proof of 11.v
 f  x   f  x   f  x  ,  x  a, b
b b b
   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx;  a  b 
a a a

b b b
or   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
a a a
b b
or  f  x  dx   f  x  dx
a a

Proof of 11.vi

Let F  x   f  x   g  x   0
2

 f  x   g
b 2
 dx  0
a

 a
b
 2
 g  x 
2
 2f  x  g  x   f 2  x  dx  0 
2   g  x   dx  2  f  x  g  x  dx   f 2  x  dx  0
b 2 b b

a a a

 Discriminant is non positive i.e., B2  4AC  0

 f  x  g  x  dx
b 2 b b
 4  4 f 2  x  dx   g 2  x  dx
a a a

b b b
Hence,  f  x  g  x  dx   f 2  x  dx   g 2  x  dx
a a a
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
b b
1
If f  a   0 and f  b   0 , the prove that  f  x  dx    x  a  b  x  f ''  x  dx . Further, if
2 a
16.
a

b
M
f ''  x   M, a  x  b , then prove that  f  x  dx b  a  .
3

a 12

SUMMATION OF SERIES USING DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS THE LIMIT OF A SUM

Consider integration as the limit of the sum of certain number of terms when the number of terms tends to
infinity and each term tends to zero. As a matter of fact the summation aspect of definite integrals is more
fundamental and it was invented far before the differentiation was known.
Let Sn denotes the sum of the areas of n rectangles shown in

Sn  hf  a   hf  a  h   hf  a  2h   ...  hf  a   n  1 h

 Sn  h f  a   f  a  h  f  a  2h  ...  f  a   n  1 h 

Clearly, Sn denotes the area which is close to the area of the region bounded by the curve y  f  x  , x-
axis and the ordinates  a, x  b . It is evident that if n increases, the number of rectangles will increase
and the width of rectangles will increase. Consequently Sn gives closer approximation to the area enclosed
by the curve y  f  x  , x-axis and the ordinates  a, x  b .
Thus, lim Sn gives the area of the region bounded by the four curves y  f  x  , y  0 (x-axis), x  a
n 

and x  b . It can be proved that this limit exists for all continuous functions defined on closed integral

a, b and is defined as the definite integral of f  x  over a, b .

b

 f  x  dx  lim S
a
n 
n

b
ba
or,  f  x  dx  lim h  f  a   f  a  h   f  a  2h   ...  f  a   n  1 h   , where h 
a
n  n

But, n    h  0
b
  f  x  dx
a
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
 lim h f  a   f  a  h   f  a  2h   ...  f  a   n  1 h   … (i)
h 0

The process of evaluating a definite integral by using the above definition is called integration from first
principles or integration by ab-initio method or integration as the limit of a sum.
Remark 1
In finding Sn in the above section, we have taken the left end points of the subintervals. We can also take
the right end-points of the subintervals throughout to obtain:
b
ba
 f  x  dx  lim h f  a  h   f  a  2h   f  a  3h   ...  f  a  nh  , h 
a
h0 n
.

It can be proved that this formula and the formula (i) give the same limit.
The following results will be helpful in evaluating definite integrals as limit of sums.
n  n  1
i) 1  2  3  ...   n  1 
2
n  n  1 2n  1
12  22  32  ...  n  1 
2
ii)
6
 n  n  1 
2

1  2  3  ...  n  1  
3 3 3 3
iii) 
 2 
 r 1
n
iv) a  ar  ar2  ...  ar n1  a   ,r  1
 r 1 
  n 1   nh 
sin a    h sin  
  2    2 
v) sina  sin  a  h   sin  a  2h   ...  sin  a   n  1 h  
h
sin  
2
  n 1   nh 
cos a    h sin  
  2    2 
vi) cos a  cos  a  h   cos  a  2h   ...  cos  a   n  1 h   .
h
sin  
2
Remark 2
The value of Sn in the above discussion is independent of the choice of sub-divisions of the interval a, b

and it is also independent of the choice of points in the sub-divisions. Thus, if we divide a, b into sub-

intervals.

a, ar, ar,ar2  , ar2 ,ar3  ,..., arn1,arn  b , where r  1 , then we obtain
b

 f  x   lim
r 1
 r  1 a f  a   ar f  ar   ar2f  ar2   ...  arn1f  arn1 
a

b
log  
Where ar n  b or, n  a
log r

Clearly, r  1  n  
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
Limit of a sum
Using the definition of the definite integral as the limit of a sum we can evaluate the sum of a certain
infinite series by comparing it with some definite integral.
If f  x  is a continuous function defined on a, b , then we have seen that
b

 f  x  dx  lim h  f  a  h   f  a  2h   ...  f  a   n  1 h   f  a  nh   , where nh  b  a .

n 
a

b n
Or,  f  x   lim h f  a  rh  .
n 
a r 1

1
If we take a  0 and b  1 , then h  .
n
1
1 n r
  f  x   lim
n  n
 f 
r 1  n 
0

1
If follows from this that an infinite series can be expressed as a definite integral, if is common from its
n
r
every term and all its terms are the functions of  r  0, 1, 2,...,n  i.e., each of its terms is the form
n
1 r
f .
n  n
By using the following algorithm, we can always express an infinite series as a definite integral.
ALGORITHM
Step I
Obtain the given series.
Step II
1 r 
Express the series in the form lim  f   
n  n
  n 
Step III
r 1
Replace  by  n by x and n by dx.

Step IV
r
Obtain lower and upper limits by computing lim   for the least and greatest values of r, respectively.
n n
 
Step V
Evaluate the integral obtained in previous step. The value so obtained is the required sum of the given
series.
Note
1 n r 1 n1  r 
 
1
i) lim f   or lim f     f  x  dx
n  n
r 1  n 
n  n
r 1  n 
0

1 kn  r 

k
ii) lim
n n
f 
r 1  n 
 f  x  dx
0
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
n n
iii) n  f  a  rh    n f  a  rh 
r 1 r 1

1 bn  r 
f 
b
iv) lim
n  n
r  an  n 
 f  x  dx
a

v) If f is strictly increasing i.e., f '  x   0 in 0, 1 then

n 1
1 r n
1 r
 
1
f   0
 f  x  dx  f 
r 0 n  n  r 1 n  n 

Some important Expansions

1 1 1 1 1 1 2
i) 1    ... to   n 2 ii) 1 2
 2  2  ... to  
2 3 4 2 3 4 12
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
iii) 1    ... to   iv) 1    ... to  
22 32 42 6 32 5 2 7 2 8
1 1 1 1 2
v)     ... to  
22 42 62 82 24

LEARN YOUR SELF

Evaluate the following:

n  1  n  2  ...  n  n
1. lim
n n n

 1 1 1 
2. lim   ... 
n 
 n 1 n2 6n 

1  2 n 
3. lim  tan  tan  ...  tan
n n  4n 4n 4n 
n
i3
4. lim 
n 
i 1 i 4  n4
n
i
5. lim 
n 
i 1 n  i2
2

1  24  34  ...  n4
6. lim
n n5
1
 1  22   n2   n
7. lim 1  2  1  2  ... 1  2  
n  n  n   n  

1

8. lim
 n! n
n n
1
1 2
9. Prove that 0 x  n 1  x 4
 dx 
48

1 3 1 5 1 7
10. Prove that tan1 x  x  x  x  x  ..., 1  x  1
3 5 7
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)

 1 1  
11. Prove that    
n 0  3n  1 3n  2  3 3

n x n 1  x 
1 1
2
12. Prove that 0 1  x  dx   0 x dx 
12

1 1 1 1
13. Show that sum of infinite series     ... can be expressed in the
a a  b a  2b a  3b
1
z a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  
form 0 1  z b dz and hence prove that 1  4  7  10  13  16  ...  3  3  n 2 
1 2x 4x 3 8x 7 1
14. If x  1 then prove that sum of the series     ... 
1 x 1 x 2
1 x 4
1 x 8
1 x
n n
1
 r 
r 8
15. Prove that lim r 1 n
r 1
n  3
r
r 1

 1 1 1 1  b
16. Prove that lim     ...    n
n na
 na  1 na  2 nb  a

 2 4 6
2 n2 
2n
n2      
2 n2 2 n2
 1  2 3 n 4
17. Prove that lim 1  2  1  2  1  2  ... 1  2   
n   
 n   n   n   n  e
 
n 1 2
If np  1 , then prove that lim  1   rp   r  e 24
2
18.
n 
r 1
 
1 1  1
1
 11  22  33...nn  n2 is equal to
1 
19. Prove that lim n 2  n
4
n  e
Answers:

1.

2 2 2 1  2. n 6 3.
2
n 2
3 
1 1
4. n 2 5. n 2 6.
4 5
 4
1
7. 2e 2 8.
e

REDUCTION FORMULAS
 
2 2
n 1
i) If In   sinn x dx   cos n x dx , then In   In 2 where n  N
0 0
n
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
 
4 4
1 1 1 1
ii) If In   tan x dx then In   tann x dx and hence In 
n
    ...I0
0 0
n 1 n  3 n  5 n  7

 1
or I1 according as n is even or odd where I0  and I1  n 2 and
4 2
 1 1 
In   , 
 2  n  1 2  n  1 

4
1
  tan x  tann 2 x  dx 
n
iii)
0
n 1

2
1
iv)   cot x  cot n  2 x  dx 
n

 n 1
4

 2
 n 2
4
n2
v) If In   sec n x dx then In   In  2 .
0
n 1 n 1

2
m 1 n 1
vi) If Im, n   sinn x cos n x dx then Im, n  Im 2, n or Im, n  Im, n2
0
mn mn

 m, n  N,m  2,n  2

2
1
vii) In (vi) if m  1 then  sin x cos n x dx 
0
n 1

2
1
viii) In (vi) if n  1 then  sinm x cos x dx 
0
m 1

ix)  cos mx cos nx dx  0 m, n  N and m  n
0



x)  cos mx dx  , mN
2

0
2

xi)  sin mx sin nx dx  0
0
for m  n, m, n  N



xii)  sin mx dx 
2

0
2

 0, if m, n are both even or odd int egers or m  n


xiii) 0 sin mx cos nx dx   2m
 m2  n2 if exactly one of m, n is even

 0 if m is even

xiv) 0 sin mx dx   2 if m is odd
 m


xv)  cos mx dx  0
0
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)

Walli’s Formula
 
xvi) 0
2
sinm x  cos n x dx  0
2
sinn x  cos m x dx


 m  1 m  3 ... 1 or 2   n  1 n  3  ... 1 or 2  
,
 m  n  m  n  2 ... 1 or 2 2

When both m and n  even integer.


 m  1 m  3  ... 1 or 2   n  1 n  3 ... 1 or 2
 m  n  m  n  2 ... 1 or 2
When either of m or n  odd integer.
xvii) If n be a positive integer, then
 

0
2
sinn x dx   2 cos n x dx
0

n 1 n  3 n  5 3 1 
        , n is even
n n2 n4 4 2 2
n 1 n  3 n  5 4 2
       1, n is odd
n n2 n4 5 3

LEARN YOUR SELF


2
3
1. Prove that  sin6 x cos 4 x dx 
0 512

2
35 
2. Prove that  cos 8 x dx 
0 256

2
1
3. Prove that  sin7 x cos 5 x dx 
0 120

2
128
4. Prove that  sin9 x cos 4 x dx 
0 15015

2
256
5. Prove that  sin11 x dx 
0 693

INTEGRAL FUNCTION AND ITS PROPERITES

i) Let f  x  be a continuous function defined on a, b , then a function   x  defined
x
by   x    f  t  dt for all x  a, b is called the integral function of the function
a

f  x  . The integral function has the following properties.

BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
ii) The integral function of an integrable function is always continuous.

iii) If   x  is the integral function of a continuous function f  x  defined on a, b ,

then   x  is differentiable on  a, b  and  '  x   f  x  all x   a, b .

iv) Determining the primitive of a function or indefinite integration is the process

inverse to differentiation whereas determining the integral function of a given
function is the limit of sum of an infinite number of small terms. A function may have a
primitive but not an integral function and vice-versa.

v) The integral function of an odd function is an even function. If f  x  is an odd

x
function, then   x    f  t  dt is an even function.
a

a
We have,    x    f  t  dt
a

a x
   x    f  t  dt   f  t  dt
a a

a x
   x    f  t  dt   f   y  dy , where t   y
a a

x a
    x   0   f   y  dy [ f  t  is an odd function   f  t  dt  0 ]
a a

x
    x    f  y  dy [ f is an odd function  f   y   f  y  ]
a

x
    x    f  t  dt    x     x 
a

x
Hence,   x    f  t  dt is an even function.
a

x
vi) If f  t  is an even function, then   x    f  t  dt is an odd function.
0

IMPROPER INTEGRALS

If f  x  is continuous on a,   , then  f  x  dx is called an improper integral and is defined as
a

 b

 f  x  dx  lim  f  x  dx
a
b 
a
… (i)

If there exists a finite limit on the right hand side of (i), then, we say that the improper integral is
convergent; otherwise it is convergent.
b b
Similarly, we define  f  x  dx  lim  f  x  dx
a 
 a
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
 a 
and,  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
  a

Remark

Geometrically, for f  x   0 the improper integral  f  x  dx gives area of the figure bounded by the curve
a

y  f  x  , the x-axis and the straight line x  a .

Gamma Function:

If n is a positive rational number, then the improper integral  e  x x n1dx is defined as Gamma Function
0

and is denoted by  n

KEY NOTES
b c b
1. If a  c  b then  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx (where C  R )
a a c
b C1 C2 b
2.  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx  .....   f  x  dx where a  c1  c2  ......  cn  b
a a C1 Cn


2 f  x  dx if f is even
 f  x  dx   f  x   f   x  dx   
a a
3.
a 0 
0 if f is odd
b b
ab
 x f  x  dx  f  x  dx if f  a  b  x   f  x 
2 a
4.
a

5. If f  x  is an integral function on a,b and g  x  is derivable on a,b then

b gb

  fog  x  g  x  dx   f  x  dx
1

a g a 

6. If f  x  is a periodic function with period T then

nT T
i)  f  x  dx  n f  x  dx where n  N
0 0

a  nT aT T
ii)  f  x  dx  n  f  x  dx  n  f  x  dx
a a 0

b  nT b
iii)  f  x  dx   f  x  dx where n  Z
a  nT a

nT T
iv)  f  x  dx   n  m   f  x  dx wher e m,n  Z
mT 0

7. Leibnitz Rule:
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
d  
(x )
  f(t)dt 
dx  (x ) 
 
d d
 f((x)) ((x))  f((x)) ((x))
dx dx
b
8. If f  x   0 in a, b then  f(x)dx  0
a
b b
9. If f  x   g  x  in a, b then  f(x)dx   g(x)dx
a a

Approximation In Definite Integral:

If f1  x   f  x   f2  x  x  a,b , then
b b b
10. a f1  x  dx  a f  x  dx  a f2  x  dx
11. If absolute maximum and minimum value of f  x  , when x  a,b is M m respectively, then
b
m b  a   a f  x  dx  M  b  a 
b b b

 f  x  g  x  dx   f  x  dx  g  x  dx
2 2
12.
a a a

13. Mean value of a fucntion over an interval:

Let f  x  be a continuous fucntion define on a,b then there exist apoint C   a,b  such that
b b
1
 f  x  dx  f  c  b  a  then f  c   f  x  dx is called the mean value of f  x  over a,b
a
b  a a

Reduction Formulae:
 π
2 2
n 1
14. If In  
n
Sin xdx   cos
n
xdx , then In  where n  Z 
0 0
n n 2

 n  1  n  3  1   n 1  n  3  2
In     ...  , If n is even    ..... if n is odd
 n  n  2  2 2  n  n  2  3

4
1 1 1 1 1
15. If In   tan
n
xdx  n  1 then In  In2  and hence In     .......I0
0
n 1 n 1 n  3 n  5 n  7

or I1 according n is even or odd.

 1
Here I0  ,I1  log 2.
4 2

4
1
 (tan x  tann2 x)dx 
n
16. a)
0
n 1


2
1
 [cot
n
b) x  cot n-2 x]dx 
n -1
4
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)

 2
π n-2
4
17. If In   sec
n

xdx n  Z 
 then I n 
n -1

n-2
I 
n -1 n2
0

 
2 n-2 2
( 2) n-2
 cos ec cos ecn2 x dx
n -1 
n
18. x dx  
n -1
4 4


2 n 1

19. In   x n sin x dx  n    n(n  1)In2
0  2

2 n
 
20. In   x n cos x dx     n(n  1)In2
0  2

4

21. i)  log(1  tan )d  8 log 2
0


2

ii)  log(1  cot )d  8 log 2
4

 
2 2

22. i)  log(sin x)dx   log(cos x)dx   2 log 2
0 0

 
2 2
ii)  log(tan x)dx   log(cot x)dx  0
0 0


2
a cos x  b sin x 
23. i)  dx   a  b 
0
cos x  sin x 4


2
a tan x  b cot x 
ii)  dx   a  b 
0
tan x  cot x 4


2
a sec x  b cos ecx 
iii)  dx   a  b 
0
sec x  cos ecx 4


2
f(sin x) 
24. i)  f(sin x)  f(cos x)
dx 
4
0

2
f(tan x) 
ii)  f(tan x)  f(cot x) dx  4
0

2
f(sec x) 
iii)  f(sec x)  f(cos ecx)
dx 
4
0
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)

2
1
25.  sin x  cos x dx  2 log ( 2  1)
0


2
1 
26.  a 2 sin2 x  b2 cos2 x dx  2ab
0


x 2
 a 2 sin2 x  b2 cos 2 x dx 
2ab
0

 
x tan x x sin x 2
27.  sec x  cos x dx   2
dx 
0 1  cos x
0
4


a
e
 ax
28. i) If a  0 , cos bx dx 
0 a  b2
2


b
e
 ax
ii) If a  0 , sin bx dx 
0 a  b2
2

b

29. i)  (x  a)(b  x) dx 
8
(b  a)2
a

b
1
ii)  (x  a)(b  x)
dx  
a

b
1 
iii) x (x  a)(b  x)
dx 
2ab
a

b b
x a bx 
iv)  bx
dx  
x a
dx  (b  a)
2
a a

a
ax   2
v)  ax
dx  a 
 2 

0

a
ax   2
vi)  ax
dx  a 
 2 

0

n
n  n  1 n  r 
30. i)   x  dx  2
     x  dx  n  N (where [ ] is g.i.f)

r 1  r 1

0 
(where [ ] is g.i.f)
n
n
ii)  x dx  2 ,  n  N
0

(where {x} is fractional part of x)

k 1 k
iii)  x dx   xdx   x  1dx if k  I and perfect square
0 0 1

n2
n  n  1 4n  1
iv)   x  dx 
  6
, n  N
0
BR MATHS SYNOPSIS(DEFINITE INTEGRALS)
(where [ ] is g.i.f)

Integration as limit of a sum:

1
1 n
 r 1 1 n 1  r  r 1
31.  f(x)dx  nLt  f    nLt  f   replace by x, by dx and Lt  by 
0
 n
r 1 n   n r 0  n  n n n

k
1 kn  r  1 
32. Lt
n n
 f  n    f(x)dx
r 1 o

LEARN THE SKILLS


4
x2 4
1. Prove that   x sin x  cos x 
0
2
dx 
4

4
x2
Sol:   x sin x  cos x 
0
2
dx


4
x cos x  x sec x
   x sin x  cos x 
0
2
dx


4
d  x sin x  cos x 
  x sec x
 x sin x  cos x 
I 2
0
II


 1  4
4
 sec x  x sec x tan x  dx
  x sec x 

 
x sin x  cos x  0 0  x sin x  cos x


  x sec x  4
4
   sec x dx
2

 x sin x  cos x  0 0

  x sec x  4 
    tan x  4
 x sin x  cos x  0
0

  
  2  2 4
 4  0   1  0   1 
   1  4 4
 4 2 2 


1
2. For any n  1 , evaluate the integral  dx
x  
n
0 1 x 2


1
Sol: Let I   dx
x  
n
0 1 x 2

Let x  1  x 2  t . Then,
1  x2  t  x
 1  x2   t  x 
2

 1  t2  2tx