Chromosome Atlas

CHROMOSOME ATLAS:
FISH, AMPHIBIANS,
REPTILES AND BIRDS
VOLUME 2
CHROMOSOME ATLAS:
FISH, AMPHIBIANS,
REPTILES AND BIRDS
VOLUME 2
Coordinating Editors Editors

KURT BENIRSCHKE MARIA LUIZA BE~AK
T. C. H SU WILLY BEt;;AK
FRANKLIN L. ROBERTS
ROBERT N. SHOFFNER
E. PETER VOLPE
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written
permission from Springer-Verlag.
© 1973 by Springer Science+Business Media New York

Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. in 1973.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1973
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-166079
ISBN 978-3-642-49090-3 ISBN 978-3-642-65751-1 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-65751-1
Introduction
Since the publication of the first Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes in 1967 the
continuous compilation of mammalian karyotypes has become a useful instrument
in cytologic and taxonomic studies. Technical advances in preparing mitotic cells
from nonmammalian vertebrates have since allowed a better comparison of taxa in
fishes, amphibia, reptiles, and birds. In these fields the literature is also widely scat-
tered; and it has become difficult to survey such information, published as well as
unpublished, by nonspecialists. These were among the reasons for the new endeavor
of compiling a chromosome atlas for nonmammalian vertebrates.
An annual publication is planned with presentation of between 10 and 15
karyotypes from each class. In this second volume, 52 species are presented. For
convenience in future colation, the numbering system employs class abbreviations,
viz., P-Pisces, Am-Amphibia, R-Reptilia, and Av-Aves. Within each class, the
numbers are necessarily consecutive.
In general the karyotypes are laid out following the format employed in An Atlas
of Mammalian Chromosomes. Whenever possible both sexes are represented, even
though sexual chromosomal dimorphism is not (currently) evident. When the sex
chromosomes are known, they are so indicated by conventional nomenclature
(XX/XY or ZW/ZZ). In the karyotypes of birds the so-called microchromosomes
are grouped together at the end without an attempt at complete enumeration, which
is presently impossible. They are usually considered as acrocentrics, but a few are
distinctly biarmed. The modal number is quoted as the most likely in these species,
recognizing the difficulty in obtaining accurate counts of the microchromosomes.
Whenever possible, the number of specimens studied and their origin are given.
Very old references are usually avoided. New references will again be furnished with
each new Atlas. In Pisces, the nomenclature of Common and Scientific Names of
Fishes, American Fisheries Society Publication, 1970 (3rd ed.) is employed.
The karyotypes displayed here come primarily from the files of the editors and
reflect what has been available and of interest to them. In the future volumes a wider
vi / Introduction
representation of species will be presented. It is hoped that investigators with

karyotypes of animals belonging to these classes will contact individual editors and
contribute their valuable material for the inclusion in the future volumes. Proper
acknowledgment will be made in individual cases.
Coordinating Editors: Editors:

Kurt Benirschke Franklin L. Roberts
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology (Pisces)
School of Medicine Department of Zoology
University of California, San Diego University of Maine
La Jolla, California 92037 Orono, Maine 04473
T.C.Hsu E. Peter Volpe
Section of Cell Biology (Amphibia)
M. D. Anderson Hospital Department of Biology
Houston, Texas 77025 Tulane University
New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
September, 1973 Maria Luiza Be<;ak
Willy Be<;ak
(Reptilia)
Servi<;o De Genetica
Instituto Butantan
Caixa Postal 65
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Robert N. Shoffner
(Aves)
Department of Animal Science
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
Contents, Volume 2
PISCES
PERCIFORMES Folio No.
PERCICHTHYIDAE
Morone americana (Gmelin) (White perch) P-13
PERCIDAE
Perca flavescens (Mitchill) (Yellow perch) P-14
ATHERINIFORMES
CYPRINODONTIDAE
Megupsilon aporus Miller and Walters P-15
SILURIFORMES
ICTALURIDAE
Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill) (Tadpole madton) P-16
Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur) (Brown bullhead) P-17
CYPRINIFORMES
CATOSTOMIDAE
Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede) (White sucker) P-18
AMPHIBIA
ANURA
BUFONIDAE
Bufo regularis Am-12
Bufo valliceps Wiegmann (Gulf Coast toad) Am-13
HYLIDAE
Byla chrysoscelis (Cope) (Southern gray treefrog) Am-14
Byla cinerea (Schneider) (Green treefrog) Am-15
Byla versicolor LeConte (Eastern gray treefrog) Am-16
PELOBATIDAE
Scaphiopus bombifrons (Cope) (Plains spadefoot toad) Am-17
Scaphiopus couchi Baird (Couch's spadefoot toad) Am-18
RANIDAE
Rana catesbeiana Shaw (Bullfrog) Am-19
Rana nigromaculata Hallowell (Black-spotted, or
Tonosama frog) Am-20
Rana pipiens sphenocephala (Cope) (Southern leopard
frog) Am-21
Rana sylvatica sylvatica (LeConte) (Eastern wood frog) Am-22
URODELA
SALAMANDRIDAE
Pleurodeles waltli (Michahelles) (Spanish ribbed newt) Am-23
REPTILIA
SQUAMATA
VIPERIDAE
Bothrops alternatus (Dumeril) (Urutu cruzeiro; Jararaca
rabo de porco) R-16
vii
viii / Contents
COLUBRIDAE
Clelia occipitolutea (Dumeril) (Black snake Mu~urana;
Cobra preta) R-17
Drymarchon corais corais (Boie) (South American
indigo snake; Papa-ovo; Papa-pinto) R-18
Liophis miliaris (Linnaeus) (Cobra d'agua) R-19
Mastigodryas bifossatus bifossatus (Raddi) (Panther snake;
Jararacu~u do brejo; Nyakaniml) R-20
Philodryas serra (Schlegel) (Cobra cip6) R-21
Spilotes pullatus anomalepis Bocourt (Chicken snake;
Caninana; Caninana do papo amarelo; Yacanifia) R-22
Xenodon neuwiedii GUnther (Neuwied's snake;
Quiriripita) R-23
AMPHISBAENIDAE
Amphisbaena duMa MUller (Worm lizard; Cobra de
duas cabe~as) R-24
Amphisbaena vermicularis Wagler (Worm lizard;
Cobra de duas cabe~as) R-25
Leposternon microcephalum Wagler (Cobra de duas
cabe~as) R-26
SCINCIDAE
Mabuya mabouya mabouya (Lacepede) (Mabuya;
Lagartixa) R-27
ANGUIDAE
Ophiodes striatus (Spix) (Glass snake; Cobra de vidro) R-28
IGUANIDAE
Tropidurus torquatus (Wied) (Calango) R-29
AVES
RHEIFORMES
RHEIDAE
Rhea americana (Rhea) Av-15
CHARADRIIFORMES
CHARADRIIDAE
Charadrius vociferus (Killdeer) Av-16
PASSERIFORMES
CORVIDAE
Corvus corax (Raven) Av-17
STRIGIFORMES
STRIGIDAE
Bubo virginz'anus (Great horned owl) Av-18
APODIFORMES
TROCHILIDAE
Calypte anna (Anna's humming bird) Av-19
Contents / ix
GALLIFORMES
PHASIANIDAE
Lophortyx gambelli (Gambell's quail) Av-20
ANSERIFORMES
ANATIDAE
CAIRININI
A ix !!alericulata (Mandarin duck) Av-21
Aix 'sponsa (Wood duck) Av-22
Cairina moschata (Muscovy duck) Av-23
DENDROCYGNINI
Dendrocygna bicolor (Fulvous tree duck) Av-24
ANATINI
Anas acuta (Pintail duck) Av-25
Anas clypeata (Common shoveler) Av-26
Anas discors discors (Prairie blue-winged teal) Av-27
Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos (Mallard and its
domesticated varieties) Av-28
Anas streptera (Gadwall) Av-29
AYTHYINI
Aythya valisineria (Canvasback) Av-30
Aythya affinis (Lesser scaup) Av-31
Aythya americana (Redhead) Av-32
TADORNINI
Tadorna tadorna (Common shelduck) Av-33
MERGINI
Bucephala clangula americana (American goldeneye) Av-34
Corrigendum to Volume 1 :
SALMONIDAE
Salvelinus namaycush (Lake trout) P-6
Cumulative Contents,
Volumes 1 & 2
PISCES
ATHERINIFORMES Folio No.
COODEIDAE
Allotoca dugesi P-l1
Zoogoneticus guitzeoensis P-12
CYPRINODONTIDAE
Megupsilon aporus Miller and Walters P-15
CLUPEIFORMES
CLUPEIDAE
Alosa pseudoharengus (Alewife) P-7
CYPRINIFORMES
CATOSTOMIDAE
Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede) (White sucker) P-18
PERCIFORMES
CENTRARCHIDAE
Lepomis gibbosus (Pumpkinseed sunfish) P-8
Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) P-9
Micropterus dolomieui (Smallmouth bass) P-lO
Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth bass) P-lO
PERCICHTHYIDAE
Morone americana (Gmelin) (White perch) P-13
PERCIDAE
Perca Ilavescens (Mitchill) (Yellow perch) P-14
SALMONIFORMES
ESOCIDAE
Esox niger (Chain pickerel) P-l
Esox reicherti P-2
SALMONIDAE
Salmo salar salar (Atlantic salmon) P-3
Salmo salar sebago (Landlocked Atlantic salmon) P-4
Salvelinus lontinalis (Brook trout) P-5
Salvelinus namaycush (Lake trout) P-6
SILURIFORMES
ICTALURIDAE
Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur) (Brown bullhead) P-17
Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill) (Tadpole madton) P-16
AMPHIBIA
ANURA
BUFONIDAE
Hulo american us Holbrook (American toad) Am-l
Hulo marin us Linnaeus (Giant, or marine, toad) Am-2
x
xi / Cumulative Contents
Bu/o regularis Am-I2

Bu/o valliceps Wiegmann (Gulf Coast toad) Am-I3
CERATOPHRYDIDAE
Ceratophrys dorsata Wied (Horned frog) Am-3
HYLIDAE
Hyla chrysoscelis (Cope) (Southern gray treefrog) Am-I4
Hyia cinerea (Schneider) (Green treefrog) Am-I5
Hyla versicolor LeConte (Eastern gray treefrog) Am-I6
LEPTODACTYLIDAE
Leptodactylus ocellatus Wied (Ocellated frog) Am-4
PELOBATIDAE
Scaphiopus bombi/rons (Cope) (Plains spadefoot toad) Am-I7
Scaphiopus couchi Baird (Couch's spadefoot toad) Am-I8
Scaphiopus holbrooki (Harlan) (Eastern spadefoot toad) Am-5
PIPIDAE
Xenopus laevis Daudin (African clawed frog or
Platanna) Am-6
RANIDAE
Rana arvalis Nilsson (Moor frog) Am-7
Rana catesbeiana Shaw (Bullfrog) Am-I9
Rana clamitans Latreille (Green frog) Am-8
Rana dalmatina Bonaparte (Agile frog) Am-9
Rana esculenta Linnaeus (Water frog) Am-tO
Rana nigromaculata Hallowell (Black-spotted, or
Tonosama frog) Am-20
Rana pipiens pipiens Schreber (Northern leopard frog) Am-It
Rana pipiens sphenocephala (Cope) (Southern leopard
frog) Am-2I
Rana sylvatica sylvatica LeConte (Eastern wood frog) Am-22
URODELA
SALAMANDRIDAE
Pleurodeles waltli Michahelles (Spanish ribbed newt) Am-23
REPTILIA
CROCODILIA
CROCODYLIDAE
Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus) (South American
alligator, jacare) R-15
SQUAMATA
AMPHISBAENIDAE
Amphisbaena alba Linnaeus (Amphisbaena, Cobra
de duas cabec;as) R-I
Amphisbaena dubia MUller (Worm lizard; Cobra de
duas cabec;as) R-24
Cumulative Contents / xii
Amphisbaena vermicularis Wagler (Worm lizard;

Cobra de duas cabe~as) R-25
Leposternon microcephalum Wagler (Cobra de duas
cabe~as) R-26
ANGUIDAE
Ophiodes striatus (Spix) (Glass snake; Cobra de vidro) R-28
BOIDAE
Boa constrictor amarali (Stull) (Boa constrictor, Jib6ia) R-3
Epicrates cenchria crassus (Cope) (Rainbow boa,
Salamanta) R-4
Eunectes murinus (Linnaeus) (Anaconda, Sucuri) R-5
COLUBRIDAE
Chironius bicarinatus (Wied) (Cipo snake, Cobra cip6) R-6
Clelia occipitolutea (Dumeril) (Black snake Mu~urana;
Cobra preta) R-17
Drymarchon corais corais (Boie) (South American
indigo snake; Papa-ovo; Papa-pinto) R-18
Liophis miliaris (Linnaeus) (Cobra d'agua) R-19
Mastigodryas bifossatus bifossatus (Raddi) (Panther
snake; Jararacu~u do brejo; Nyakaniml) R-20
Philodryas olfersii olfersii (Lichtenstein) (Olfer's green
snake, Cobra verde) R-7
Philodryas serra (Schlegel) (Cobra cip6) R-21
Spilotes pullatus anomalepis Bocourt (Chicken snake;
Caninana; Caninana do papo amarelo; Yacanifia) R-22
Thamnodynastes strigatus (GUnther) (Thamnodynastes) R-8
Tomodon dorsatus Dumeril et Bibron (Corre campo) R-9
Xenodon merremii (Wagler) Merrem's xenodon, Boipeva) R-lO
Xenodon neuwiedii GUnther (Neuwied's snake;
Quiriripita) R-23
IGUANIDAE
Anolis carolinensis Cuvier (Chamaleon lizard) R-2
Tropidurus torquatus (Wied) (Calango) R-29
SCINCIDAE
Mabuya mabouya mabouya (Lacepede) (Mabuya;
Lagartixa) R-27
VIPERIDAE
Bothrops alternatus Dumeril (Urutu cruzeiro; Jararaca
rabo de porco) R-16
Bothrops jararaca (Wied) (Jararaca) R-ll
Bothrops jararacussu Lacerda (Jararacu~u) R-12
Bothrops moojeni Roge (Moojen's fer de lance, Cai~aca) R-13
Crotalus durissus terrificus (Laurenti) (Neotropical
rattlesnake, Cascavel) R-14
xiii / Cumulative Contents
AVES
ANSERIFORMES
ANATIDAE
ANATINI
Anas acuta (Pintail duck) Av-25
Anas clypeata (Common shoveler) Av-26
Anas discors discors (Prairie blue-winged teal) Av-27
Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos (Mallard and its
domesticated varieties) Av-28
Anas streptera (Gadwall) Av-29
AYTHYINI
Aythya affinis (Lesser scaup) Av-31
Aythya americana (Redhead) Av-32
Aythya valisineria (Canvasback) Av-30
CAIRININI
Aix galericulata (Mandarin duck) Av-21
Aix sponsa (Wood duck) Av-22
Cairina moschata (Muscovy duck) Av-23
DENDROCYGNINI
Dendrocygna bicolor (Fulvous tree duck) Av-24
MERGINI
Bucephala clangula americana (American goldeneye) Av-34
TADORNINI
Tadorna tadorna (Common shelduck) Av-33
APODIFORMES
TROCHILIDAE
Calypte anna (Anna's humming bird) Av-19
CHARADRIIFORMES
CHARADRIIDAE
Charadrius vociferus (Killdeer) Av-16
COLUMBIFORMES
COLUMBIDAE
Columba livia domestica (Common pigeon) Av-12
Streptopelia risoria (Ringneck dove) Av-13
Zenaidura macroura (Mourning dove) Av-14
GALLIFORMES
CRACIDAE
Mitu mitu (Curassow) Av-l
MELEAGRIDIDAE
Meleagris gallopavo (Turkey) Av-l0
NUMIDIDAE
Numida meleagris (Guinea fowl) Av-ll
PHASIANIDAE
Chrysolophus pictus (Golden pheasant) Av-2
xiv / Cumulative Contents
Colinus virginian us (Bobwhite quail) Av-3

Collipepla squamata (Scaled quail) Av-4
Coturnix coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) Av-5
Gallus domesticus (Domestic fowl) Av-6
Lophortyx californicus (California quail) Av-7
Lophortyx gambelli (Gambell's quail) Av-20
Lophura swinhoei (Swinhoe's pheasant) Av-8
Phasianus colchicus (Chinese ringneck pheasant) Av-9
PASSERIFORMES
CORVIDAE
Corvus corax (Raven) Av-17
RHEIFORMES
RHEIDAE
Rhea americana (Rhea) Av-15
STRIGIFORMES
STRIGIDAE
Bubo virginian us (Great horned owl) Av-18
Order: PERCIFORMES
Family: PERCICHTHYIDAE
Morone americana (Gmelin)

(White perch)
2n=48
Volume 2, Folio P-13, 1973

Order: PERCIFORMES Family: PERC ICHTHYIDAE
Morone americana (Gmelin) (White perch)
2n = 48
TYPES: Acrocentrics and subtelocentrics
The karyotype of 48 chromosomes in this species consists of one-arm

chromosomes. Most have very short second arms, while a few show no evidence
of second arms at all. In size, the chromosomes show a gradual gradation from
largest to smallest, and hence cannot be easily divided into size groupings.
Chromosomal sexual dimorphism has not been detected.
Both karyotypes are from primary cell cultures. The upper from a male
set up with testicular and heart tissue, and the lower from a female set up
with ovarian tissue. The specimens were collected in South Branch Lake,
Penobscot County, Maine.
Order: PERCIFORMES Family: PERC ICHTHYIDAE
Morone americana (Gmelin) (White perch)
2n = 48

© 1973 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Order: PERCIFORMES
Family: PERCIDAE
Perea flaveseens (Mitchill)

(Yellow perch)
2n=48

Order: PERCIFORMES Family: PERCIDAE
Perca flavescens (Mitchill) (Yellow perch)
2n = 48
TYPES: Subtelocentrics
The karyotype of 48 chromosomes consists of one-arm chromosomes, all of

which show distinct short arms. The chromosomes show gradation in size, with
the exception of one pair which is distinctly smaller than the others. There
is no clear evidence of sexual dimorphism.
The karyotypes were obtained from primary cell cultures. The upper is
from a culture seeded with heart and testicular tissue from a male, while the
lower is from an ovarian culture. The specimens were collected in South Branch
Lake, Penobscot County, Maine.
Order: PERCIFORMES Family: PERCIDAE
Perca flavescens (Mitchill) (Yellow perch)
2n = 48
n ,
. (. ' I r
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•
o
(I
h •. I' , ,

Order: ATHERINIFORMES
Family: CYPRINODONTIDAE
Megupsilon aporus (Miller and Walters)
2n=47 (0),48 (9)
Volume 2, Folio polS, 1973

Order: ATHERINIFORMES Family: CYPRINODONTIDAE
Megupsi10n aporus Miller and Walters
2n = 47 (~), 48 (~)
TYPES: Metacentrics, acrocentrics and subte10centrics
This species is quite unusual in showing chromosomal sexual dimorphism.

The male possesses 47 chromosomes including a very large metacentric, while the
female has a diploid complement of 48. The karyotype includes a medium-sized
pair of metacentric chromosomes, and a graded series of one-arm chromosomes.
The male metacentric sex chromosome is about four times as large as any of the
other chromosomes in the karyotype.
The karyotypes were prepared from cells of the gill epithelium. The
upper is a camera 1ucida drawing from a male, while the lower is a camera
1ucida drawing from a female. These were provided by Drs. T. Uyeno and Robert
Miller, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. The
specimens were collected in Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
REFERENCES:
1) Uyeno, T. and Miller, R.: Multiple sex chromosomes in a mexican Cyprinodon-

tid fish. Nature 231: 452, 1971.
2) Miller, R., and Walters, V.: A new genus of cypr1nodontid fish from Neuvo
Leon, Mexico. Contributions Sci., Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County.
No. 233: 1, 1972.
Order: ATHERINIFORMES Family: CYPRINODONTIDAE
Megupsilon aporus Miller and Walters
2n = 47 (~), 48 (~)
Ht ~ n n~ l\ h I) nf)D
h nl\ it lf~ti nti" fl nn~
failtl /)flnllftl\l\O(\
dC\l\1\
J\ ,lJ\ t\ nt) 1\" -' fJ

(lA""~ilni\on"
ntl"tsnllnft(\l)n~
"f)Ann,,~ (\1\0"
Order: SILURIFORMES
Family: ICTALURIDAE
Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill)

(Tadpole nladton)
2n=42

Order: SILURIFORMES Family: ICTALURIDAE
Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill) (Tadpole madton)
2n = 42
TYPES: Metacentrics and acrocentrics
This karyotype consists of 11 pairs of metacentric chromosomes showing a

wide range in size and 10 pairs of subtelocentrics. Except for one relatively
large pair, the subtelocentrics are quite small. There is no evidence of sex-
ual dimorphism.
The upper karyotype is from a male while the lower is from a female.
Both preparations were taken from gill filament epithelial cells.
Both karyotypes were provided by Catharine B. Levin, Department of Lim-

nology, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill) (Tadpole mad ton)
2n = 42
• • I
, .

Order: SILURIFORMES
Family: ICTALURIDAE
Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur)

(Brown bullhead)
2n=60

Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur) (Brown bullhead)
2n = 60
TYPES: Metacentrics, submetacentrics, acrocentrics and subtelocentrics
This karyotype consists of 60 chromosomes, most of which are subtelocen-

tries. There is a gradation both in chromosome size and in length of the
shorter arm. The few metacentrics are mostly among the smaller chromosomes of
the karyotype, a situation that is somewhat atypical for fishes. The arrange-
ment of chromosomes on the plate is somewhat arbitrary, since clear divisions
are non-existent. Chromosomal sexual dimorphism is not apparent.
These karyotypes were obtained from primary cell cultures. The upper was
set up with cells from a male, while the lower consists of female cells. The
specimens were collected in South Branch Lake, Penobscot County, Maine.
Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur) (Brown bullhead)
2n = 60
..
i
I
, i ,
'i I J.
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,
II ;, Oil
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Order: CYPRINIFORMES
Family: CATOSTOMIDAE
Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede)

(White sucker)
2n=lOO

Order: CYPRINIFORMES Family: CATOSTOMIDAE
Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede) (White sucker)
2n = 100
TYPES: Metacentrics, submetacentrics, acrocentrics, subtelocentrics
Of the total karyotype of 100 chromosomes, about 24 are metacentrics and

submetacentrics, while the remainder are acrocentrics and subtelocentrics. In
view of the likelihood that this species is tetraploid, it should be possible
to arrange these chromosomes in groupings of four. An examination of the kary-
otype indicates that this might be possible but, unfortunately, the homologues
are not sufficiently different from each other to be sure of such groupi~g.
There is no evidence of chromosomal sexual dimorphism, and in fact such would
not be expected in view of the probable tetraploid origin.
The upper karyotype is from a primary cell culture of testicular tissue

and heart tissue from a male, while the lower is from a primary culture of
ovarian tissue. The specimens were collected at South Branch Lake, Penobscot
County, Maine.
REFERENCES:
1) Uyeno, T. and Smith, G.: Tetraploid origin of the karyotype of catastomid

fishes. Science 175: 644, 1972.
Order: CYPRINIFORMES Family: CATOSTOMIDAE
Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede) (White sucker)
2n = 100

Order: ANURA
Family: BUFONIDAE
Bufo regularis
2n=20
Volume 2, Folio Am-12, 1973

Order: ANURA Family: BUFONIDAE
Bufo regularis
2n = 20
AUTOSOMES: 8 large metacentrics and submetacentrics

4 medium-sized metacentrics and submetacentrics
4 small metacentrics
4 small submetacentrics
SEX CHROMOSOMES: No sex dimorphism
The medium-sized pair of submetacentric chromosomes contains a

conspicuous secondary constriction in the long arm below the centromere.
With the exception of several species of African toads (including Bufo

regularis), the diploid number of 22 is characteristic of the members of the
genus Bufo. Bogart (1968) suggests that those African species which have 20
chromosomes are derived from a common ancestor possessing 22 chromosomes.
The karyotypes displayed (~ top; i bottom) were prepared by Dr. Elizabeth

M. Earley, Gulf South Research Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
Kidney cultures (~ shown) and heart cultures (~ shown) were used for the
cytological preparations.
REFERENCES:
1) Bogart, J. P.: Chromosome number difference in the amphibian genus Bufo:

The Bufo regular is species group. Evolution 22: 42-45, 1968.
2) Earley, E. M.: Karyotypes of fifteen anuran species, with particular

reference to secondary constrictions. Ph.D. thesis, Tulane University, New
Orleans, Louisiana, 1971.
Bufo regularis
2n = 20
SI I X
I A

Order: ANURA
Family: BUFONIDAE
Bufo valliceps (Wiegmann)

(Gulf Coast toad)
2n=22

Bufo valliceps Wiegmann (Gulf Coast toad)
2n = 22

4 medium-sized metacentrics
10 small metacentrics and submetacentrics
The largest pair of chromosomes in the complement bears a prominent

secondary constriction in the long arm near the centromere.
The specimens were collected in Orleans Parish, Louisiana, USA, by

Mr. Dennis Duplantier, Department of Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans,
Louisiana.
The karyotypes displayed (J top; ~ bottom) were prepared by Dr. Elizabeth

Peripheral blood (lymphocyte) cultures were used for the cytological

preparations.
REFERENCES:
1) Volpe, E. M., Duplantier, D., and Earley, E. M. Clarification of alleged

"cytologically verified" hybrids between a toad and a frog. Cytogenetics
~: 161-172, 1970.

reference to secondary constrictions. Ph.D. thesis, Tulane University,
New Orleans, Louisiana, 1971.
Bufo valliceps Wiegmann (Gulf Coast toad)
2n = 22

Order: ANURA
Family: HYLIDAE
Hyla chrysoscelis (Cope)

(Southern gray treefrog)
2n=24

Order: ANURA Family: HYLIDAE
Hyla chrysoscelis (Cope) (Southern gray treefrog)
2n = 24

4 large subtelocentrics
2 medium-sized subtelocentrics
One pair of large subtelocentric chromosomes bears a prominent secondary

constriction in the short arm.
The specimens were collected in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, USA by

Dr. Harold Dundee, Department of Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans,
Louisiana.
The karyotypes displayed (J top; ~ bottom) were prepared by Mr. James

Turpen, Department of Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
Kidney cultures (J shown) and muscle cultures (~ shown) were used for
the cytological preparations.
REFERENCES:
1) Bogart, J. P., and Wasserman, A. 0.: Diploid-polyploid cryptic species

pairs: a possible clue to evolution by polyploidization in anuran amphibians.
Cytogenetics 11: 7-24, 1972.
Hyla chrysoscelis (Cope) (Southern gray treefrog)
2n = 24
\\
(/
,
•
1\1\
x •
n
0.

Order: ANURA
Family: HYLIDAE
Hyla cinerea (Schneider)

(Green treefrog)
2n=24
Volume 2, Folio Am-IS, 1973

Hyla cinerea (Schneider) (Green treefrog)
2n = 24

2 small subtelocentrics
The small subtelocentric pair of chromosomes bears a prominent secondary

constriction in the long arm below the centromere.
Adult specimens were collected in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, USA, by

Dr. Harold Dundee, Department of Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans,
Louisiana.
The karyotypes displayed (J top; ~ bottom) were prepared by Miss Dana

Reinschmidt, Department of Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana,
USA.
Kidney cultures (J shown) and muscle cultures (~ shown) were used for the
cytological preparations.
Hyla cinerea (Schneider) (Green treefrog)
2n = 24
,
•1 It
IJ •
J ~X
a I

Order: ANURA
Family: HYLIDAE
Hyla versicolor (LeConte)

(Eastern gray treefrog)
2n=48

Hyla versicolor LeConte (Eastern gray treefrog)
2n = 48

This common treefrog represents a naturally occurring anuran polyploid

in North America. The karyotype of this tetraploid species should be compared
with its diploid counterpart Hyla chrysoscelis (Volume 2, Folio Am-14).
The karyotype of the male displayed, based on a squash preparation, was

prepared by Dr. James P. Bogart of Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisi-
ana, USA. The male treefrog was derived from a population at Bastrop, Bastrop
County, Texas, USA. Tetraploid treefrogs have been uncovered as well from
Alpine, Bergen County, New Jersey by Dr. Aaron O. Wasserman of the City Uni-
versity of New York, New York, USA.
REFERENCES:
1) Wasserman, A. 0.: Polyploidy in the common tree toad Hyla versicolor

LeConte. Science 167: 385-386, 1970.
2) Bogart, J. P., and Wasserman, A. 0.: Diploid-polyploid cryptic species

pairs: a possible clue to evolution by polyploidization in anuran amphibians.
Cytogenetics 11: 7-24, 1972.
Hyla versicolor LeConte (Eastern gray treefrog)
2n = 48
J II
1 .. 11 a.a. • •••
If II IIII

Order: ANURA
Family: PELOBATIDAE
Scaphiopus bombifrons (Cope)

(Plains spadefoot toad)
2n=26

Order: ANURA Family: PELOBATIDAE
Scaphiopus bombifrons (Cope) (Plains spadefoot toad)
2n = 26

One pair of small submetacentric chromosomes bears a prominent secondary

constriction in the long arm below the centromere.
The specimens were collected in Lubbock, Texas by Dr. Francis Rose,

Department of Biology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
The karyotypes displayed (~top; ~ bottom) were prepared by Dr. Elizabeth

Karyotypes have been prepared from cultures of bone marrow, spleen,

kidney, muscle, and heart tissue. Kidney cultures were used for the cytological
preparations shown.
REFERENCES:
1) Wasserman, A. 0., and Bogart, J. P.: Chromosomes of two species of spade-

foot toads (Genus Scaphiopus) and their hybrid. Copeia, 1968: 303-306, 1968.
2) Wasserman, A. 0.: Chromosomal studies of the Pelobatidae (Salientia) and

some instances of ploidy. Southwest. Nat. 12: 239-248, 1970.

Scaphiopus bombifrons (Cope) (Plains spadefoot toad)
2n = 26

Order: ANURA
Family: PELOBATIDAE
Scaphiopus couchi (Baird)

(Couch's spadefoot toad)
2n=26

Scaphiopus couchi Baird (Couch's spadefoot toad)
2n = 26

The smallest submetacentric chromosome bears a faint secondary

constriction in the short arm above the centromere.
The specimens were collected in Morehouse Parish, Louisiana, USA, by Mr.

Dennis Duplantier, Department of Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans,
Louisiana.

Kidney cultures (! shown) and bone marrow cultures (~ shown) were used
for the cytological preparations.
REFERENCES:
1) Wasserman, A. 0., and Bogart, J. P.: Chromosomes of two species of spade-

foot toads (Genus Scaphiopus) and their hybrid. Copeia, 1968: 303-306, 1968.
2) Wasserman, A. 0.: Chromosomal studies of the Pelobatidae (Salientia) and

some instances of ploidy. Southwest. Nat. 12: 239-248, 1970.

Scaphiopus couchi Baird (Couch's spadefoot toad)
2n = 26

Order: ANURA
Family: RANIDAE
Rana catesbeiana (Shaw)

(Bullfrog)
2n=26

Order: ANURA Family: RANIDAE
Rana catesbeiana Shaw (Bullfrog)
2n = 26

2 medium-sized acrocentrics (sate11ited)
One pair of medium-sized submetacentric chromosomes has a prominent

secondary constriction in the long arm. Another pair of medium-sized submeta-
centric chromosomes has a conspicuous secondary constriction in the short arm.
Adult animals from the Wisconsin-Minnesota area of the USA were supplied
by a dealer, E. G. Steinhilber & Co., Wisconsin.
The karyotypes displayed (~ top; ~ bottom) were prepared by Dr. Elizabeth

Lymphocyte, bone marrow, spleen, and kidney cultures were used for
karyo1ogica1 studies. The karyotypes shown are from kidney cultures.
REFERENCES:
1) Wolf, A. H., and Quimby, M. C. Amphibian cell culture. Permanent line

from the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Science 144: 1578-1580, 1964.
2) Reynhout, J. K., and Kimmel, D. L. Chromosome studies of the lethal hybrid

Rana pipiens ~ X Rana catesbeiana J. Develop. Bio1. 20: 501-517, 1969.
3) Earley, E. M. Karyotypes of fifteen anuran species, with particular

Rana catesbeiana Shaw (Bullfrog)
2n = 26

Order: ANURA
Family: RANIDAE
Rana nigromaculata (Hallowell)

(Black-spotted, or Tonosanla frog)
2n=26

Rana nigromaculata Hallowell (Black-spotted, or Tonosama frog)
2n = 26

One pair of the smaller submetacentrics has a secondary constriction in

each long arm. It is of interest that this species was originally described
by Cantor in 1842 as a variety of Rana esculenta (see karyotype in Volume 1,
Folio Am-10).
The karyotype is a gift of Dr. Midori Nishioka, Laboratory for Amphibian

Biology, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. The
karyotype was analyzed from squash preparations of the tailtips of tadpoles.
REFERENCES:
1) Iriki, S.: Studies on amphibian chromosomes. IV. On the chromosomes of

Rana rugosa and Rana nigromaculata. Sci. Reports of Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku,
Sec. B, 1(5): 61, 1932.
2) Seto, T., and Rounds, D. E.: Cultivation of tissues and leucocytes from
amphibians. In Methods in Cell Physiology. Academic Press, New York, 1968,
pp. 75-94.
Rana nigromaculata Hallowell (Black-spotted, or Tonosama frog)
2n = 26

Order: ANURA
Family: RANIDAE
Rana pipiens sphenocephala (Cope)

(Southern leopard frog)
2n=26

Rana pipiens sphenocephala (Cope) (Southern leopard frog)
2n = 26

6 small metacentrics or submetacentrics
One pair of medium-sized submetacentric chromosomes (specifically, the

No. 10 pair) bears a prominent secondary constriction in the long arm. The
karyotype of the southern leopard frog differs from that of the northern
leopard frog (see Volume 1, Folio Am-II) in that the No.8 pair of chromosomes
has a submedian centromere, rather than the median centromere that character-
izes this chromosome in the northern leopard frog.
The specimens were collected in Morehouse Parish, Louisiana, USA, by Mr.

Dennis Duplantier, Department of Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans,
Louisiana.

Kidney cultures were used for the cytological preparations.
REFERENCES:

Rana pipiens sphenocephala (Cope) (Southern leopard frog)
2n = 26
v
nn
I
,
,..

Order: ANURA
Family: RANIDAE
Rana sylvatica sylvatica (LeConte)

(Eastern wood frog)
2n=26

Rana sylvatica sylvatica LeConte (Eastern wood frog)
2n = 26

One pair of medium-sized submetacentric chromosomes bears a prominent

secondary constriction in both the short and long arm. This pair of chromo-
somes is highly dimorphic as seen in the karyotypes displayed.
Adult animals were collected from northern Louisiana. Juveniles were

laboratory-bred animals from the University of Michigan Amphibian Facility
(under the direction of Dr. George Nace).
The karyotypes displayed (~top; ~ bottom) were prepared by Dr. Elizabeth

Lymphocyte, bone marrow, kidney, heart, and muscle cultures were used for
karyological studies. The 0 karyotype is from a bone marrow culture; the ~
karyotype from a kidney culture.
REFERENCES:
1) Hennen, S.: The karyotype of Rana sylvatica and its comparison with the
karyotype of Rana pipiens. J. Hered. 55: 124-128, 1964.
2) Rafferty, K. A.: Mass culture of amphibian cells: methods and observa-

tions concerning stability of cell type. In Biology of Amphibian Tumors (M.
Mizell, ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York Inc., 1969, pp. 52-81.
Rana sylvatica sylvatica LeConte (Eastern wood frog)
2n = 26
x I
A A II I A

Order: URODELA
Family: SALAMANDRIDAE
Pleurodeles waltli (Michahelles)

(Spanish ribbed newt)
2n=24

Order: URODELA Family: SALAMANDRIDAE
Pleurodeles waltli Michahelles (Spanish ribbed newt)
2n = 24

6 medium-sized submetacentrics
2 smaller subtelocentrics
The karyotype was derived from squash preparations of tail tips of newt
larvae maintained in the Laboratoire d'Embryologie, Universite de Paris,
France, and provided by Professor L. Gallien, director of the culture estab-
lished in the Laboratoire in 1945.
REFERENCES:
1) Gallien, C. L.: Le carotype de l'Urodele Pleurodeles poireti Gervais.

Etude comparative des caryotypes dans Ie genre Pleurodeles. C. R. Acad. Sc.
262: 122-125, 1966.
2) Lacroix, J. C.: Etude descriptive des chromosomes de ecouvillon dans Ie

genre Pleurodeles (Amphibian, Urodele). Ann. Embr. Morph. 1: 179-202, 1968a.
3) Gallien, L.: Spontaneous and experimental mutations in the newt Pleuro-

deles waltlii Michah. In Biology of Amphibian Tumors (M. Mizell, ed.).
Springer-Verlag, New York, 1969, pp. 35-42.
Order: URODELA Family: SALAMANDRIDAE
Pleurodeles waltli Michahelles (Spanish ribbed newt)
2n = 24

Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SERPENTES
Family: VIPERIDAE
Bothrops alternatus (Dunleril, Bibron et Dum~ril)

(Urutu cruzeiro; Jararaca rabo de porco)
2n=36
Volume 2, Folio R-16, 1973

Order: SQUAMATA Family: VIPERIDAE
Suborder: SERPENTES
Bothrops alternatus Dumeril, Bibron et Dumeril
2n = 36
MACROCHROMOSOMES: AUTOSOMES: 10 Metacentrics and submetacentrics

4 Acrocentrics
SEX CHROMOSOMES: Z Metacentric

W Acrocentric
MICROCHROMOSOMES: 20
Both karyotypes presented here were obtained from squash preparations of

intestine. The female is heterogametic. The sex chromosomes, male-ZZ,
female-ZW correspond to the 4th pair of macrochromosomes.
Both specimens were captured in Parana, Brazil. They are preserved in

the Collection of the Instituto Butantan.
REFERENCES:
1) Be~ak, W.: Constitui~ao cromossomica e m~canismo de determina~ao do sexo

em ofidios sul-americanos. I. Aspectos cariotipicos. Mem. Inst. Butantan 32:
37, 1965.
2) B;~ak, W.: Constituisao cromoss6mica e mecanismo de determinasao do sexo

em ofidios sul-americanos. II. Cromossomos sexuais e evolu~ao do cari6tipo.
Mem. Inst. Butantan. Simp. into 33: 775, 1966.
3) Be~ak, W.: Karyotypes, sex chromosomes and chromosomal evolution in snakes.

In "Venomous Animals and their Venoms" (W. BUcherl, E. Buckley and V. Deulofeu,
eds.) Vol. I, p. 53. Academic Press,New York 1968.
4) Besak, W. and Besak, M. L.: Cytotoxonomy and chromosomal evolution in

Serpentes. Cytogenetics 8: 247. 1969.
Order: SQUAMATA Family: VIPERIDAE
Suborder: SERPENTES
Bothrops alternatus Dumeril, Bibron et Dumeril
2n = 36
z z
z w

Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SERPENTES
Family: COLUBRIDAE
Clelia occipitolutea (Dunleril, Bibron et Dumeril)

(Black snakeMusurana; Cobra preta)
2n=50
Volume 2, Folio R 17,1973

Order: SQUAMATA Family: COLUBRIDAE
Suborder: SERPENTES
Clelia occipitolutea (Dumeril, Bibron et Dumeril)
(Black snake Mu~urana; Cobra preta)
2n = 50
MACROCHROMOSOMES: AUTOSOMES: 12 Acrocentrics

W Acrocentric
The karyotypes presented here were obtained from short term blood cul-
tures. The sex chromosomes, male-ZZ, female-ZW correspond to the 4th pair of
macrochromosomes. The W is about twice as large as the Z. The diploid number
of 50 chromosomes is the highest so far reported in snakes.
Both specimens were captured in Brazil, the male in Rio Grande do SuI.
Both are preserved in the Collection of the Instituto Butantan.
REFERENCES:
1) Be~ak, W., Besak, M. L., Nazareth, H. R. S. and Ohno, S.: Close karyo-
logical kinship between the reptilian suborder Serpentes and the class Aves.
Chromosoma (Berl.) 15: 606, 1964.
2) B~~ak, W.: Constituisao cromoss6mica e m~canismo de determina~ao do sexo

37, 1965.
3) Be~ak, W.: Constituisao cromoss6mica e mecanismo de determinasao do sexo

em ofidios sul-americanos. II. Cromossomos sexuais e evolusao do cari6tipo.
Mem. Inst. Butantan. Simp. into ~~: 775, 1966.
4) Besak, W.: Karyotypes, sex chromosomes and chromosomal evolution in snakes.

In "Venomous Animals and their Venoms" (W. BUcher1, E. Buckley and V. Deulofeu,
5) Be~ak, W. and Begak, M. L.: Cytotaxonomy and chromosomal evolution in

Serpentes. Cytogenetics~: 247, 1969.
Suborder: SERPENTES
Clelia occipitolutea (Dumeril, Bibron et Dumeril)
(Black snake Mu~urana; Cobra preta)
2n = 50
zz
• • • •
• • • • •
n
1
-
zw
•• •• •
• • • • • • •
• • • • • • • .. • -
Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SERPENTES
Family: COLUBRIDAE
Drymarchon corais corais (Boie)

(South American indigo snake; Papa-ovo; Papa-pinto)
2n=36

Suborder: SERPENTES
2n = 36

2 Acrocentrics
SEX CHROMOSOMES: Z Submetacentric

W Acrocentric
The karyotypes presented here were obtained from short term blood cul-
tures. The female is heterogametic. The sex chromosomes, male-ZZ, female-ZW
correspond to the 4th pair of macrochromosomes.
The karyotypes are from a male specimen of Sao Paulo and female specimen
of Bahia, Brazil. Both are included in the Collection of the Instituto Butan-
tan.
REFERENCES:
1) B~sak, w.: Constituisao cromoss6mica e m:canismo de determina~ao do sexo

37, 1965.
2) B~sak, w.: Constituisao cromoss6mica e mecanismo de determinasao do sexo

Mem. Inst. Butantan. Simp. into ll: 775, 1966.

In LlVenomous Animals and their Venoms" (W. BUcherl, E. Buckley and V. Deulofeu,
4) Besak, W. and Besak, M. L.: Cytotaxonomy and chromosomal evolution in

Serpentes. Cytogenetics 8: 247, 1969.
Suborder: SERPENTES
2n = 36
z z
z w
•
Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SERPENTES
Family: COLUBRIDAE
Liophis miliaris (Linnaeus)

(Cobra d'agua)
2n=28

Suborder: SERPENTES
(Cobra d I agua)
2n = 28

W Acrocentric
The karyotypes were obtained from squash preparations of intestine (male)

and gonads (female). The female is heterogametic. The sex chromosomes, male-
ZZ, female-ZW correspond to the 4th pair of macrochromosomes.
Both snakes were captured in Brazil, the male specimen in Santa Catarina.
Both are preserved in the Collection of the Instituto Butantan.
REFERENCES:

In "Venomous Animals and their Venoms" (W. BUcherl, E. Buckley and V. Deulofeu.
eds.) Vol. I. p. 53. Academic Press ,New York 1968.
Suborder: SERPENTES
(Cobra d'agua)
2n = 28
z z
z w

Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SERPENTES
Family: COLUBRIDAE
Mastigodryas bifossatus bifossatus (Raddi)

(Panther snake; lararacu(ju do brejo; Nyakanina)
2n=36

Suborder: SERPENTES
(Panther snake; Jararacu£u do brejo; Nyakanina)
2n = 36

W Acrocentric
Short term cultures of blood furnished the karyotypes here presented.

The 4th pair of macrochromosomes is heteromorphic in the female (ZW) and homo-
morphic in the male (ZZ).
The karyotypes are from a male and female specimen collected in Minas
Gerais, Brazil. Both are preserved in the Collection of the Instituto Butantan.
1
The karyotype of this species was originally reported under its former
name Dryadophis bifossatus bifossatus.
REFERENCES:
1) B~~ak, W.: Constitui£8o cromoss6mica e m~canismo de determinasao do sexo

37, 1965.
2) B;sak, W.: Constitui~ao cromossdmica e mecanismo de determinasao do sexo

Mem. Inst. Butantan. Simp. into ]1: 775, 1966.

4) Besak, W. and Besak, M. L.: Cytotaxonomy and chromosomal evolution in

Suborder: SERPENTES
(Panther snake; Jararacucu

..:.
do brejo; Nyakanina)
2n = 36
z z
•
f ..
• ••
z w

Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SERPENTES
Family: COLUBRIDAE
Philodryas serra (Schlegel)

(Cobra cipo)
2n=28

Suborder: SERPENTES
Philodryas ~ (Schlegel)
(Cobra cip6)
2n = 28

4 Acrocentrics

W Acrocentric
The karyotypes shown came from short term blood culture (female) and
squash preparation of intestine (male). The female is heterogametic, the
fourth pair of macrochromosomes consists of the sex chromosomes ZZ in the male
and ZW in the female.
The male karyotype was obtained from a specimen captured in Espirito

Santo and the female one from a specimen from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Both are
included in the Collection of the Instituto Butantan.
REFERENCES:
1) Be~ak, W., Besak, M. L. and Nazareth, H. R. S.: Evolution and sex chromo-
somes in Serpentes. Mem. Inst. Butantan, Simp. into 33: 151, 1966.
2) Be~ak. W. and Be5 ak, M. L.: Cytotaxonomy and chromosomal evolution in

Suborder: SERPENTES
Philodryas ~ (Schlegel)
(Cobra cip6)
2n = 28
Z I
Z W

Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SERPENTES
Family: COLUBRIDAE
Spilotes pullatus anomalepis (Bocourt)

(Chicken snake; Caninana; Caninana do papo amarelo; Yacanina)
2n=36

Suborder: SERPENTES
Spilotes pullatus anomalepis Bocourt
2n = 36

2 Acrocentrics

W Acrocentric
The karyotypes shown came from short term blood cultures. The female is
heterogametic, the fourth pair of macrochromosomes consists of the sex chromo-
somes ZZ in the male, and ZW in the female.
The karyotypes are from specimens collected in Parana, Brazil. Both are
preserved in the Collection of the Instituto Butantan.
REFERENCES:
1) Besak, W., Besak, M. L., Nazareth, H. R. S. and Ohno, S.: Close karyo-
logical kinship between the reptilian suborder Serpentes and the class Aves.
Chromosoma (Berl.) 15: 606, 1964.
2) B~sak, W.: Constitui~ao cromossomica e m~canismo de determinasao do sexo

37, 1965.
3) Be~ak, W.: Constituisao cromossomlca e mecanismo de determinasao do sexo

em ofidios sul-americanos. II. Cromossomos sexuais e evolu~ao do cari6tipo.
Mem. Inst. Butantan, Simp. into 33: 775, 1966.
4) Be~ak, W.: Karyotypes, sex chromosomes and chromosomal evolution in snakes.

5) Be~ak, W. and Besak, M. L.: Cytotaxonomy and chromosomal evolution in

Suborder: SERPENTES
Spilotes pullatus anomalepis Bocourt
2n = 36
z z
z· W
•
Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SERPENTES
Family: COLUBRIDAE
Xenodon neuwiedii (Gunther)

(Neuwied~s snake; Quiriripita)
2n=30

Suborder: SERPENTES
Xenodon neuwiedii GUnther
(Neuwied's snake; Quiriripita)
2n = 30

2 Acrocentrics

W Acrocentric
The karyotypes shown here were obtained from squash preparations of the
spleen (female) and intestine (male). The female is heterogametic, the fourth
pair of macro chromo somes is heteromorphic in the female (ZW).
The karyotypes are from a female from Espirito Santo and a male from Sao
Paulo, Brazil. The specimens are included in the Collection of the Instituto
Butantan.
REFERENCES:
1) Be~ak, W. and Besak, M. L.: Cytotaxonomy and chromosomal evolution in

Suborder: SERPENTES
Xenodon neuwiedii GUnther
(Neuwied's snake; Quiriripita)
2n = 30
z w

Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SAURIA
Family: AMPHISBAENIDAE
Amphisbaena dubia (Muller)

(Worm lizard; Cobra de duas cabesas)
2n = 26 (25~ 27~ 28)

Order: SQUAMATA Family: AMP HI SBAENIDAE
Suborder: SAURIA
Amphisbaena dubia MUller
(Worm lizard; Cobra de duas cabe~as)
2n = 26 (2n = 25, 2n = 27, 2n = 28)
MACROCHROMOSOMES: 12 Metacentrics and submetacentrics

2 Acrocentrics
The karyotypes shown here were obtained from squash preparations of the
spleen (female) and intestine (male). Intraindividua1 polymorphism of number
involving macro and microchromosomes was found in the females of the population
of Sao Paulo, Brazil, where these animals were collected.
The karyotypes found are: 2n = 28 (12M + 16m), 2n = 27 (13M + 14m),

2n = 26 (14M + 12m) and 2n = 25 (15M + 10m). The karyotype with 2n = 25 has
one macro-acrocentric. Each additional acrocentric coincides with a reducti.on
of two microchromosomes.
The specimens are preserved in the Collection of the Museu de Zoologia da

Universidade de Sao Paulo.
REFERENCES:
1) Be5ak, M. L., ~esak, W. and Denaro, L.: Cario1ogia comparada em oito

esp~cies de 1acerti1ios. Ci~ncia e Cu1tura sup1. ~: 124, 1971.
2) Besak, M. L., Be~ak, W. and Denaro, L.: Chromosome polymorphism, geograph-

ical variation and karyotypes of Sauria. Caryo1ogia~: 313-326, 1972.
Order: SQUAMATA Family: AMPHISBAENIDAE
Suborder: SAURIA
Amphisbaena dubia Muller
(Worm lizard; Cobra de duas cabe~as)
2n = 26 (2n = 25, 2n = 27, 2n = 28)
,. • • • • • - • •

Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SAURIA
Amphisbaena vermicularis (Wagler)

(Worm lizard; Cobra de duas cabe(jas)
2n=44

Suborder: SAURIA
Amphisbaena vermicularis Wagler
2n = 44
MACROCHROMOSOMES: 2 Metacentrics
20 Acrocentrics
The karyotypes were obtained from squash preparations of the intestine.

Both male and female have similar karyotypes; sex chromosome hetemorphism was
not detected in either sex.
The animals were collected in Maranhao Brazil. The specimens are in-
cluded in the Collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo.
REFERENCES:
1) Besak, M. L., Besak, W. and Napoleone, L. F.: Personal communication.

Suborder: SAURIA
Amphisbaena vermicularis Wagler
2n = 44
•
• •

Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SAURIA
Leposternon microcephalum (Wagler)

(Cobra de duas cabe(jas)
2n=34

Suborder: SAURIA
Leposternon microcepha1um Wagler
(Cobra de duas cabesas)
2n = 34
The karyotypes presented here were obtained from squash preparation of

the intestine (female) and tissue culture (male). Sex chromosome heteromor-
phism was not detected in either sex.
The male karyotype was kindly provided by Dr. Carl Gans of the University
of Michigan, U.S.A. in which collection it is included. The female specimen
captured in Sao Paulo, Brazil, is preserved in the Collection of the Museu de
Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo.
REFERENCES:
1) Huang, C. C., Clark, H. F. and Gans, C.: Karyo1ogica1 studies on fifteen

forms of Amphisbaenians (Amphisbaenia, Reptilia). Chromo soma ~: 1, 1967.
2) Besak, M. L., Besak, W. and Denaro, L.: Chromosome polymorphism, geograph-

ical variation and karyotypes of Sauria. Caryo1ogia~: 313-326, 1972.
Suborder: SAURIA
Leposternon microcephalum Wagler
(Cobra de duas cabe~as)
2n = 34
eI
)1 )1 "
II II
. . . ...... - .. . • • • • •
•• • •• • •• • • • • • • •

Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SAURIA
Family: SCINCIDAE
Mabuya mabouya mabouya (Lacepede)

(Mabuya; Lagartixa)
2n=30

Order: SQUAMATA Family: SCINCIDAE
Suborder: SAURIA
(Mabuya; Lagartixa)
2n = 30
The karyotypes presented here were obtained from squash preparations of

the intestine (female) and the gonads (male). Sex chromosome heteromorphism
was not detected in either sex.
The male specimen was captured in Maranhao and the female specimen in
Sao Paulo, Brazil. Both specimens are preserved in the Collection of the Museu
de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo.
REFERENCES:
1) Besak, M. L., ~esak, W. and Denaro, L.: Cariologia comparada em oito

especies de lacertilios. Ciencia e Cultura supl. 11: 124, 1971.
2) Besak, M. L., Besak, W. and Denaro, L.: Chromosome polymorphism, geograph-

ical variation and karyotypes of Sauria. Caryologia~: 313-326, 1972.
Order: SQUAMATA Family: SCINCIDAE
Suborder: SAURIA
(Mabuya; Lagartixa)
2n = 30

Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SAURIA
Family: ANGUIDAE
Ophiodes striatus (Spix)

(G lass snake; Cobra de vidro)
2n=36

Order: SQUAMATA Family: ANGUIDAE
Suborder: SAURIA
(Glass snake; Cobra de vidro)
2n = 36
The karyotypes shown here were obtained from squash preparation of the
spleen (male) and short term blood culture (female). Both male and female
have similar karyotypes; sex chromosome heteromorphism was not detected in
either sex.
The animals were collected in Brazil. The specimens are preserved in the
Collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo.
REFERENCES:
1) Besak, M. L., ~e~ak, W. and Denaro, L.: Cariologia comparada em oito

especies de lacertillos. Ciencia e Cultura supl. ~: 124, 1971.
2) Be£ak, M. L., Besak, W. and Denaro, L.: Chromosome polymorphism, geograph-

Order: SQUAMATA Family: ANGUIDAE
Suborder: SAURLA
(Glass snake; Cobra de vidro)
2n = 36
• • • • •
• • • • - • • • •
. . ..

Order: SQUAMATA
Suborder: SAURIA
Family: IGUANIDAE
Tropidurus torquatus (Wied)

(Calango)
2n=36 (37,38)

Order: SQUAMATA Family: IGUANIDAE
Suborder: SAURIA
Tropidurus torguatus (Wied)
(Calango)
2n 36 (2n = 37, 2n 38)
The karyotypes were obtained by squash preparations of intestine. An

intra individual and intrapopulational karyotype variation in number apparently
due to supernumerary chromosomes was observed in the iguanids from Minas Gerais
and Maranhao, Brazil: 2n = 36 (12 + 24m), 2n = 37 (13M + 24m) and 2n = 38
(14M + 24m). The additional macrochromosome is submetacentric and the smallest
of the karyotype.
An heteromorphic autosomal pair was found in another population of

iguanids, from Sao Paulo, Brazil. The dimorphic pair consists of a large
submetacentric and a smaller metacentric.
The animals used for the karyotypes shown here were collected in Maran-
hao, Brazil. The specimens are included in the Collection of the Museu de
Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo.
REFERENCES:
1) Besak, M. L., ~esak, W. and Denaro, L.: Cariologia comparada em oito

esp~cies de lacertilios. Ci~ncia e Cultura supl. ~: 124, 1971.
2) Be~ak, M. L., Be~ak, W. and Denaro, L.: Chromosome polymorphism, geograph-

3) Gorman, G. C., Atkins, L. and Holzinger, T.: New karyotypic data on 15

genera of lizards in the family Iguanidae, with discussion of taxonomic and
cytological implications. Cytogenetics~: 286, 1967.
Order: SQUAMATA Family: IGUANIDAE
Suborder: SAURLA
Tropidurus torguatus (Wied)
(Calango)
2n 36 (2n = 37, 2n 38)
• •
-
• • • • • • ,

Order: RHEIFORMES
Family: RHEIDAE
Rhea americana
(Rhea)
2n=82
Volume 2, Folio Av-1S, 1973

Order: RHEIFORMES Family: RHEIDAE
Rhea americana (Rhea)
2n = 82
AUTOSOMES: 12 or more submetacentrics, metacentrics or subte10centrics

The remainder are presumed to be acrocentrics
SEX CHROMOSOMES: Z Acrocentric

W Acrocentric or subte10centric
The karyotypes were prepared from feather pulp of specimens obtained from
the Como Zoo, St. Paul, Minnesota. Takagi et a1. describe a slightly hetromor-
phic acrocentric pair (Z and W) which they assign to size six position.
REFERENCES:
1) Takagi, N., M. Itoh and M. Sasaki. 1972. Chromosome studies in four

species of Ratitae (Aves). Chromo soma (Ber1.) 1i, 281-291.
Order: RHEIFORMES Family: RHEIDAE
Rhea americana (Rhea)
2n = 82
z z
•
•
~ .. •
z w
• •
•
Volume 2, Folio Av-15, 1973

Order: CHARADRIFORMES
Family: CHARADRIDAE
Charadrius vociferous
(I(illdeer)
2n=76

Order: CHARADRIIFORMES Family: CHARADRIIDAE
Charadrius vociferus (Killdeer)
2n = 76
AUTOSOMES: 10 Submetacentrics, metacentrics, or subte10centrics
The remainder are presumed to be acrocentric

W Acrocentric or subte10centric
The mitotic material was obtained from feather pulp of specimens trapped
in the vicinity of St. Paul, Minnesota.
Order: CHARADRIIFORMES Family: CHARADRIIDAE
Charadrius vociferus (Killdeer)
2n = 76
z z
- ,
,
Z
•
W
•
•

Order: PASSERIFORMES
Family: CORVIDAE
Corvus corax
(Raven)
2n=78

Order: PASSERIFORMES Family: CORVIDAE
Corvus corax (Raven)
2n = 78
AUTOSOMES: 14 or more submetacentrics, metacentrics or subtelocentrics
SEX CHROMOSOMES: Z Acrocentric or sub telocentric

W Subtelocentric or submetacentric
The karyotypes shown were prepared from feather pulp. Specimens were
obtained from the Como Zoo, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Order: PASSERIFORMES Family: CORVIDAE
Corvus ~ (Raven)
2n = 78
zz
z w
Volume 2. Folio Av-17. 1973

Order: STRIGIFORMES
Family: STRIGIDAE
Bubo virginianus
(Great horned owl)
2n=82

Order: STRIGIFORMES Family: STRIGIDAE
Bubo virginianus (Great horned owl)
2n = 82
AUTOSOMES: 10 or more submetacentrics, metacentrics or subtelocentrics


W Metacentric or submetacentric
The karyotypes were prepared from feather pulp obtained from specimens
in the St. Paul, Minnesota vicinity.
REFERENCES:
1) Krishan, Atwar, G. J. Haiden, and R. N. Shoffner. 1965. Mitotic chromo-

somes and the W-sex chromosome of the Great Horned Owl (Bubo~. virginianus).
Chromo soma (Berl.) 1l, 258-263.
Order: STRIGIFORMES Family: STRIGIDAE
Bubo virginianus (Great horned owl)
2n = 82
z z
z w

Order: APODIFORMES
Family: TROCHILIDAE
Calypte anna
(Anna's hun1n1ing bird)
2n=74

Order: APODIFORMES Family: TROCHILIDAE
Ca1ypte ~ (Anna's humming bird)
2n = 74
AUTOSOMES: 24 or more submetacentrics, subte10centrics or metacentrics


W Sub telocentric or acrocentric
The idiogram negatives for this species were very graciously supplied by
Ms. Ingrid Benirschke, La Jolla, California. The mitotic figures were obtained
from cultures of lung and kidney tissue.
REFERENCES:
1) Benirschke, Ingrid. 1971. The chromosomes of Anna's hummingbird. Unpub-

lished data.
Order: APODIFORMES Family: TROCHILIDAE
Calypte anna (Anna's humming bird)
2n = 74
• •
z z
··... - .. . ...
.. ,. .. • ....
••••
" •
....
•••• , • •
z w
• .
•
•

Order: GALLIFORMES
Family: PHASIANIDAE
Lophortyx gam belli

(Gambell's quail)
2n=80

Order: GALLIFORMES Family: PHASIANIDAE
Lophortyx gambe11i (Gambell's quail)
2n = 80
AUTOSOMES: At least 16 metacentrics, submetacentrics or subte10centrics

Specimens were kindly supplied to us by Dr. Paul Johnsgard of the Univer-

sity of Nebraska and by a local breeder in the St. Paul, Minnesota area. Mi-
totic material was obtained from feather pulp.
Order: GALLIFORMES Family: PHASIANIDAE
Lophortyx gambelli (Gambell's quail)
2n = 80
I I
I W
Volume 2,Folio Av-20, 1973

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: CAIRININI
Aix galericulata
(Mandarin duck)
2n=90

Order: ANSERIFORMES Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: CAIRININI
Aix galericulata (Mandarin duck)
2n = 90
AUTOSOMES: All acrocentric
SEX CHROMOSOMES: Z Acrocentric or sub telocentric

W Acrocentric
Several specimens were supplied to us by Mr. Forrest Lee of the Northern

Prairie Wildlife Research Station, U.S.F.W.S., Jamestown, N.D. Mitotic plates
were obtained from feather pulp and leucocyte cultures. The unusual morphology
and larger number of chromosomes of the Mandarin is considerably different
from the Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) (Av-22).
Tribe: CAIRININI
Aix galericulata (Mandarin duck)
2n = 90
z z
z w

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: CAIRININI
Aix sponsa
(Wood duck)
2n=80

Tribe: CAIRININI
Aix sponsa (Wood duck)
2n 80
AUTOSOMES: 4 Submetacentrics

W Acrocentric
Specimens were obtained from local breeders in the St. Paul, Minnesota
area and from the Northern frairie Wildlife Research Station, U.S.F.W.S.,
Jamestown, H.D. Feather pulp was the primary source of mitotic plates.
Tribe: CAIRININI
Aix sponsa (Wood duck)
2n = 80
z z
• • ,.-• •
..•
z w

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: CAIRININI
Cairina moschata
(Muscovy duck)
2n=78

Tribe: CAIRININI
Cairina moschata (Muscovy duck)
2n = 78

W Acrocentric
Several specimens of domestic varieties were obtained from breeders in

the vicinity of St. Paul, Minnesota. Both feather pulp and leucocyte cultures
were used as a source of mitotic plates.
REFERENCES:
1) Mott, C. L., L. H. Lockhart, and R. H. Rigdon. 1968. Chromosomes of the

sterile hybrid duck. Cytogenetics 2, 403-412.
Tribe: CAIRININI
Cairina moschata (Muscovy duck)
2n = 78
z z
• • •• • ,
••
• •
z w

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: DENDROCYGNINI
Dendrocygna bicolor
(Fulvous tree duck)
2n=80

Dendrocygna bicolor (Fulvous tree duck)
2n = 80

W Acrocentric
Single pair specimens were supplied by Mr. Forrest Lee of the Northern
Prairie Wildlife Research Station, U.S.F.W.S., Jamestown, N.D. Feather pulp
was used as the source of mitotic plates.
Dendrocygna bicolor (Fulvous tree duck)
2n = 80
z z
z w

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: ANATINI
Anas acuta
(Pintail duck)
2n=82

Tribe: ANATINI
Anas acuta (Pintail duck)
2n = 82
AUTOSOMES: 4-6 Submetacentrics

SEX CHROMOSOMES: Z Sub telocentric

W Acrocentric
were obtained from feather pulp.
Tribe: ANATINI
Anas acuta (Pintail duck)
2n = 82
z z
• .. -- •
..
-
.,. •
z w
, . •
#A ...
..
... ".
, • ••• .. .....
•• •

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: ANATINI
Anas ciypeata
(COlllll10ll shoveler)
2n=78

Tribe: ANATINI
Anas clypeata (Common shoveler)
2n = 78
SEX CHROMOSOMES: Z Appears to be acrocentric

W Acrocentric
were obtained from feather pUlp.
Tribe: ANATINI
Anas clypeata (Common shoveler)
2n = 78
z z •
-
, . •
•
•
• •
•
z w

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: ANATINI
Anas discors discors

(Prairie blue-winged teal)
2n=80

Tribe: ANATINI
Anas discors discors (Prairie blue-winged teal)
2n = 80

W Acrocentric
Specimens of this species were supplied by Mr. Forrest Lee of the

Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Station, N.S.F.W.S., Jamestown, N.D.
Feather pulp was used as a source of mitotic plates.
Tribe: ANATINI
Anas discors discors (Prairie blue-winged teal)
2n = 80
z z
.• • -- ....
.."
- - ....
,.
• . . .• •
4 - •• •
z w
a •
•
~
.- • -• ........• .-
• •

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: ANATINI
Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos

(Mallard and its domesticated varieties)
2n=80

Tribe: ANATINI
2n = 80

W Acrocentric
Several specimens of Mallards of the wild type, game farm varieties, and
domesticated varieties, e.g., Pekin Duck, were obtained in the vicinity of St.
Paul, Minnesota. Mitotic plates were obtained from feather pulp, embryonic
tissue, and leucocyte cultures. The karyotype of the Mallard is typical of the
Dabbling Ducks (Anatini) so far examined in this laboratory. The Z chromosome
is 4th largest in size and is subtelocentric. It can be readily distinguished
from numbers 5 and 6 in the better preparations. Hammar (1966) concluded that
the Z chromosome is number 6.
REFERENCES:
1) Ohno, S., C. Stenius, L. C. Christian, W. Be~ak, and M. L. Be~ak. 1964.

Chromosomal uniformity in the avian subclass carinatae. Chromosoma (Berl.)
15, 280-288.
2) Hammar, B. 1966. The karyotypes of nine birds. Hereditas~, 367-385.
3) Mott, C. L., L. H. Lockhart, and R. H. Rigdon. 1968. Chromosomes of the

sterile hybrid duck. Cytogenetics I, 403-412.
4) Bloom, S. E. 1969. Mitotic chromosomes of Mallard ducks. J. Heredity

60, 35-38.
Tribe: ANATINI
2n = 80
z z
z w
•
• . _..
• •• •
•

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: AN ATINI
Anas streptera
(Gadwall)
2n=80

Tribe: ANATINI
Anas streptera (Gadwall)
2n = 80
SEX CHROMOSOMES: Z Subtelocentric

Specimens were supplied by Mr. Forrest Lee of the Northern Prairie Wild-
life Research Station, U.S.F.W.S., Jamestown, N.D. Mitotic plates were ob-
tained from feather pulp.
Tribe: ANATINI
Anas streptera (Gadwall)
2n = 80
z z
••• •
• •
z w

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: AYTHYINI
Aythya valisineria
(Canvasback)
2n=80

Tribe: AYTHYINI
Aythya valisineria (Canvasback)
2n = 80

W Acrocentric or sub telocentric
were obtained from feather pulp. The karyotype is indistinguishable from the
Redhead (Aythya americana) (Folio Av-32) and Lesser Scaup (~. affinis) (Folio
Av-3l).
Tribe: AYTHYINI
Aythya valisineria (Canvasback)
2n = 80
z z
z w
• . .. •
• •
• ..• .. ....
• ••• •• •
••••••••
•• ..• ."
• •

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: AYTHYINI
Aythya a/finis
(Lesser scaup)
2n=80

Tribe: AYTHYINI
Aythya affinis (Lesser scaup)
2n = 80

W Acrocentric or Sub telocentric
Single pair specimens were supplied by Mr. Forrest Lee of Northern

were obtained from feather pulp tissue. The karyotype is similar if not
identical to that of the Canvasback (A. valisineria) (Folio Av-30) and Redhead
(!. americana) (Folio Av-32). -
Tribe: AYTHYINI
Aythya affinis (Lesser scaup)
2n = 80
z z
". .
z w
• .... - ••
•
.- • •
•

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: AYTHYINI
Aythya americana
(Redhead)
211=80

Tribe: AYTHYINI
Aythya americana (Redhead)
2n = 80

W Acrocentric or subtelocentric
Prairie Wildlife Research Station, U.S.F.W.S., Jamestown, N.D. Mitotic material
was obtained from feather pulp tissue. The karyotype is similar if not
identical to that of the Canvasback (~. valisineria) (Folio Av-30) and the
Lesser Scaup (~. affinis) (Folio Av-3l).
Tribe: AYTHYINI
Aythya americana (Redhead)
2n = 80
z z
z w

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: TADORNINI
Tadorna tadorna
(Comnl0n shelduck)
2n=80

Tribe: TADORNINI
Tadorna tadorna (Common shelduck)
2n = 80
AUTOSOMES: 10 or more metacentrics, submetacentrics or subtelocentrics

W Acrocentric
were obtained from feather pulp.
Hammar (1970) suggests that the chromosome number 5 is probably the Z

chromosome in this species. Because of the similarity in size of chromosome
numbers 4, 5, and 6, it is difficult to determine which one is definitely the
Z chromosome. We believe that chromosome number 4 is the Z chromosome, based
on measurements made on the chromosomes of the heterogametic female.
REFERENCES:
1) Hammar, B. 1970. The karyotypes of thirty-one birds. Hereditas~, 29-58.

Tribe: TADORNINI
Tadorna tadorna (Common shelduck)
2n = 80
z z
ZW

Order: ANSERIFORMES
Family: ANATIDAE
Tribe: MERGINI
Bucephala clangula americana

(American goldeneye)
2n=80

Tribe: MERGINI
Bucephala clangula americana (American goldeneye)
2n = 80
AUTOSOMES: 14 Subtelocentrics
The remainder appear to be acrocentric
SEX CHROMOSOMES: Z Subtelocentric

W Subtelocentric
Single pair specimens were kindly furnished by Mr. Forrest Lee of the
Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Station, U.S.F.W.S., Jamestown, N.D.
Feather pulp was used as a source of mitotic plates.
Th~species presents an unusual karyotype among birds, as all macro-

chromosomes including the Z and Ware subtelocentric. The Z chromosome is
very similar in size to numbers 5 and 6 and difficult to distinguish. The
size relationship of the W to the Z chromosome is large as compared to other
avian species. The W is hard to distinguish from chromosomes 7 and 8. Hammar
(1970) states that the number 3 chromosome is the Z.
REFERENCES:
1) Hammar, B. 1970. The karyotypes of thirty-one birds. Hereditas~, 29-58.

Tribe: MERGINI
Bucephala clangula americana (American goldeneye)
2n = 80
z z
•••
z w

Order: SALMONIFORMES
Family: SALMONIDAE
Salvelinus namaycush
(Lake trout)
2n=84

Order: SALMONIFORMES Family: SALMONIDAE
Sa1ve1inus namaycush (Lake trout)
2n = 84
CORRIGENDUM
Re: Folio P-6, 1971, Sa1ve1inus namaycush (Lake trout)
This species belongs to the Order Sa1moniformes, not the C1upeiformes as

listed. The reason for this listing is the change in taxonomic listings
between the second and third editions of the American Fisheries Society's:
itA List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States
and Canada, II whose nomenclature is adopted.
Order: SALMONIFORMES Family: SALMONIDAE
Salvelinus namaycush (Lake trout)
2n = 84
iC'
I t I
IAGI.' A t
.• • . ,~ • I'

Index, Volume 2
Folio
Aix galericulata Av-21
sponsa Av-22
Arnphisbaena dubia R-24
vermicularis R-25
Anas
- - -acuta
-- Av-25
clypeata Av-26
discors discors Av-27
platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Av-28
streptera Av-29
Aythya affinis Av-31
americana Av-32
valisineria Av-30
Bothrops alternatus R-16

Bubo virginianus Av-18
Bucephala clangula americana Av-34
Bufo regular is Am-l 2
valliceps Am-13
Cairina moschata Av-23

Calypte ~ Av-19
Catostomus cornrnersoni P-18
Charadrius vociferus Av-16
Clelia occipitolutea R-17
Corvus corax Av-17
Dendrocygna bicolor Av-24

Dryrnarchon corais corais R-18
Hyla chrysoscelis Am-14

cinerea Am-l 5
Hyla versicolor Am-l 6
Ictalurus nebulosus P-17
Leposternon microcephalum R-26

Liophis miliaris R-19
Lophortyx gambelli Av-20
Mabuya mabouya mabouya R-27

Mastigodryas bifossatus bifossatus R-20
Megupsilon aporus P-15
Morone americana P-13
Noturus gyrinus P-16
Ophiodes striatus R-28
Perca flavescens P-14

PhUodryas ~ R-21
Pleurodeles waltli Am-23
Rana catesbeiana Am-l 9

nigromaculata Am-20
pipiens sphenocephala Am-21
sylvatica sylvatica Am-22
Rhea americana Av-15
Scaphiopus bombifrons Am-l 7

couchi Am-18
Spilotes pullatus anomalepis R-22
Tadorna tadorna Av-33

Tropidurus torguatus R-29
Xenodon neuwiedii R-23

Cumulative Index., Volumes 1 & 2
Folio
Aix galericulata Av-2l
sponsa Av-22
Allotoca dugesi P-ll
Alosa pseudoharengus P-7
Amphisbaena alba R-l

dubia R-24
vermicular is R-25
Anas acuta Av-25
clypeata Av-26
discors discors Av-27
platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Av-28
streptera Av-29
Anolis carolinensis R-2
Aythya affinis Av-3l
americana Av-32
valisineria Av-30
Boa constrictor amarali R-3

Bothrops alternatus R-l6
jararaca R-ll
jararacussu R-l2
moojeni R-l3
Bubo virginianus Av-l8
Bucephala clangula americana Av-34
Bufo americanus Am-l
marinus Am-2
regular is Am-l2
valliceps Am-13
Caiman crocodilus R-l5

Cairina moschata Av-23
Calypte ~ Av-19
Catostomus commersoni P-18
Ceratophrys dorsata Am-3
Charadrius vociferus Av-16
Chironius bicarinatus R-6
Chrysolophus pictus Av-2
Clelia occipitolutea R-17
Colinus virginianus Av-3
Collipepla squamata Av-4
Columba livia domestica Av-12
Corvus ~ Av-17
Coturnix coturnix japonica Av-S
Crotalus durissus terrificus R-14
Dendrocygna bicolor Av-24

Drymarchon corais corais R-18
Epicrates cenchria crassus R-4

Esox reicherti P-I
niger P-2
Eunectes murinus R-S
Gallus domestica Av-6
Hyla chrysoscelis Am-l 4

cinerea Am-IS
versicolor Am-l 6
Ictalurus nebulosus P-17
Lepomis gibbosus P-8

macrochirus P-9
Cumulative Index., Volumes 1 & 2
Leposternon microcephalum R-26
Leptodactylus ocellatus Am-4
Liophis miliaris R-19
Lophortyx californicus Av-7
gambelli Av-20
Lophura swinhoei Av-8
Mabuya mabouya mabouya R-27

Mastigodryas bifossatus bifossatus R-20
Megupsilon aporus P-15
Meleagris gallop avo Av-IO
Micropterus dolomieui P-IO
salmoides P-IO
Mitu mitu Av-l
- ---
Morone americana P-13
Noturus gyrinus P-16

Numida meleagris Av-ll
Ophiodes striatus R-28
Perca flavescens P-14

Phasianus colchicus Av-9
Philodryas olfersii olfersii R-7
~ R-21
Pleurodeles waltli Am-23
Rana arvalis Am-7

catesbeiana Am-l 9
clamitans Am-8
dalmatina Am-9
esculenta Am-l 0
Rana nigromaculata Am-20
pipiens pipiens Am-ll
pipiens sphenoceph~l~ Am-21
sylvatica sylvatica Am-22
Rhea americana Av-15
Salmo salar salar P-3

salar sebago P-4
Salvelinus fontinalis P-5
namaycush P-6
Scaphiopus bombifrons Am-l 7
couchi Am-l 8
holbrooki Am-5
Spilotes pullatus anomalepis R-22
'strep top'elill r'isoria Av-13
Tadorna tadorna Av-33

Thamnodynastes strigatus R-8
Tomodon dorsatus R-9
Tropidurus torguatus R-29
Xenodon merremii R-IO

neuwiedii R-23
Xenopus laevis Am-6
Zenaidura macroura Av-14

Zoogoneticus guitzeoensis P-12

Chromosome Atlas

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Chromosome Atlas

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CHROMOSOME ATLAS:

Coordinating Editors Editors

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

© 1973 by Springer Science+Business Media New York

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-166079

ISBN 978-3-642-49090-3 ISBN 978-3-642-65751-1 (eBook)

representation of species will be presented. It is hoped that investigators with

Coordinating Editors: Editors:

Bu/o regularis Am-I2

Amphisbaena vermicularis Wagler (Worm lizard;

Colinus virginian us (Bobwhite quail) Av-3

Morone americana (Gmelin)

Volume 2, Folio P-13, 1973

Morone americana (Gmelin) (White perch)

TYPES: Acrocentrics and subtelocentrics

The karyotype of 48 chromosomes in this species consists of one-arm

Morone americana (Gmelin) (White perch)

Volume 2, Folio P-13, 1973

Perea flaveseens (Mitchill)

Volume 2, Folio P-14, 1973

Perca flavescens (Mitchill) (Yellow perch)

The karyotype of 48 chromosomes consists of one-arm chromosomes, all of

Perca flavescens (Mitchill) (Yellow perch)

Volume 2, Folio P-14, 1973

Megupsilon aporus (Miller and Walters)

2n=47 (0),48 (9)

Volume 2, Folio polS, 1973

Megupsi10n aporus Miller and Walters

TYPES: Metacentrics, acrocentrics and subte10centrics

This species is quite unusual in showing chromosomal sexual dimorphism.

1) Uyeno, T. and Miller, R.: Multiple sex chromosomes in a mexican Cyprinodon-

Megupsilon aporus Miller and Walters

J\ ,lJ\ t\ nt) 1\" -' fJ

Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill)

Volume 2, Folio P-16, 1973

Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill) (Tadpole madton)

TYPES: Metacentrics and acrocentrics

This karyotype consists of 11 pairs of metacentric chromosomes showing a

Both karyotypes were provided by Catharine B. Levin, Department of Lim-

Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill) (Tadpole mad ton)

Volume 2, Folio P-16, 1973

Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur)

Volume 2, Folio P-17, 1973

Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur) (Brown bullhead)

This karyotype consists of 60 chromosomes, most of which are subtelocen-

Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur) (Brown bullhead)

Volume 2, Folio P-17, 1973

Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede)

Volume 2, Folio P-18, 1973

Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede) (White sucker)

Of the total karyotype of 100 chromosomes, about 24 are metacentrics and

The upper karyotype is from a primary cell culture of testicular tissue

1) Uyeno, T. and Smith, G.: Tetraploid origin of the karyotype of catastomid

Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede) (White sucker)

Volume 2, Folio P-18, 1973

Volume 2, Folio Am-12, 1973

AUTOSOMES: 8 large metacentrics and submetacentrics

SEX CHROMOSOMES: No sex dimorphism

The medium-sized pair of submetacentric chromosomes contains a

With the exception of several species of African toads (including Bufo

The karyotypes displayed (~ top; i bottom) were prepared by Dr. Elizabeth

1) Bogart, J. P.: Chromosome number difference in the amphibian genus Bufo:

2) Earley, E. M.: Karyotypes of fifteen anuran species, with particular

Volume 2, Folio Am-12, 1973