1 ldnksl ridhkh

pß; Èidkdhl
we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak B. Sc. Engineering (Hons)
UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA

we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak

ldKavh wvx.= jk ixfhda. ldnkhs,a ixfhda. f,i ye¢kafõ' ldKavh ldnks,a ldKavh f,io tu

ldKavfha wvx.= ldnka mrudKqj ldnks,a ldnka mrudKqj f,io y÷kajhs' ldnks,a ixfhda. we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak

f,i foj¾.hls'

we,aäyhsv " "

lSfgdak " "

we,aäyhsvj, yd lSfgdakj, jHQyh" .=K yd m%;l

s %shd

we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak hk foflys u ldnks,a l%h

s dldß ldKavh (C=O) we;=<;a fõ' we,aäyhsvj, fï ldnks,a

l%shdldß ldKavh yhsv%cka mrudKqjlg;a we,als,a fyda weß,a ^wefrdaueál& ldKavhlg;a wE£ we;' flfia jqj;a

ir,;u we,aäyhsvh jk f*daue,aäyhsâj, ^fu;ke,a& ldnks,a ldnka mrudKqjg H mrudKq folla iïnkaO ù we;'
lSfgdakj, ldnks,a ldnka mrudKqjg we,als,a fyda weß,a ldKav iïnkaO ù we;' ldnks,a ldnka mrudKqj sp2

uqyqïlrKh jQjla jk w;r" Bg iïnkaO mrudKq ;=k tlu ;,fha ^;,Sh ;sh
% dk;s& msysghs' ldnka - Tlaiscka oaú;aj

nkaOkh" s nkaOkhlska yd p nkaOkhlska iukaú; fõ'

ldnksl ridhkh 2

fN!;sl .=K

we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdakj, mj;sk oaúO%ej wka;¾ wKql n, fya;=fjka wkqrEm idfmalaI wKql ialkaO we;s

we,aflakj,g jvd we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdakj, ;dmdxl by< h' flfia jqj;a tajdfha ;dmdxl wkqrEm idfmalaI wKql

ialkaO we;s we,afldfyd,j,g jvd my< fõ' óg fya;=j we,afldfyd,j, wka;¾ wKql H nkaOk fkdmje;Suhs'

ixikaokd;aul idfmaCI wKql ialkaO we;s c, ødjK we,aäyhsv" lSf gda k" w,afldfyd, yd we,aflakj, ;dmdxl

flfia jqj o we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdakj,g c,h iuÕ wka;¾ wKql H nkaOk iE§ug iyNd.s úh yelsh' ta ksid
idfmalaIj wvq wKql ialkaO we;s we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak c,fha Èh fõ'

we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak c,h iuÕ wka;¾ wKql H nkaOk iE§u

3 ldnksl ridhkh

we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak ksmoùu

(1) we,afldfyd, u.ska

(a) m%d:ñl we,afldfyd, P.C.C. u.ska TZlrKh lsÍfuka we,aäyhsv iEfohs'

- +
(b) oaú;shsl we,afldfyd, P.C.C. fyda H+/MnO4 fyda H /Cr2O72- fyda H+/CrO3 u.ska TZlrK lsÍfuka
lSfgdak iEfohs'

(2) we,alhsk u.ska

we,alhsk Hg2+ / H2SO4 / H2O iu. 600C r;a lsÍfuka t;hska uÕska we,aäyhsvo wksla we,alhsk uÕska
lSfgdako iEfohs'

we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak olajk m%;slsh

% d
ldnks,a ldKavfha m%;slh
s% d

kshqla,sfhda*,
s l
s wdl,kh
ldnks,a ixfhda. C = O nkaOkfha wvx.= O mrudKqfõ jeä úoHq;aiDK;djh ksid C = O nkaOkfha bf,lafg%dak
O mrudKqj foig jeä mqr we§ tu tu nkaOkh f,i O%eùlrKh ù mj;S' tkï O mrudKqj u; bf,lafg%dk
a
>k;ajh iq¿ jYfhka jeä jk w;r C mrudKqj u; bf,lafg%dak >k;ajh iq¿ jYfhka wvq ù mj;S' tksid
bf,lafg%dak >k;ajfhka jeä ldKavj,g fuu ia:dkhg myr § wdl,kh ùfï yelshdjla ,eî we;'
fufia bf,lafg%dak >k;ajfhka wvq ia:dkj,g myr fok m%fNaohka kshl
q a,sfhda*hs, f,i y÷kajhs' idudkHfhka
kshqla,sfhda*hs, f,i ls%hdlrkafka iDK wdfrdams; whk fyda tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., iys; ldKavhka h' fï i|yd
WodyrK f,i H2O: , :NH3 , R- , CN- jeks ldKav ie,lsh yelsh'
ldnksl ridhkh 4

fuu wld,kh fmdÿ jYfhka fufia ±laúh yelsh'

kshqla,sfhda*hs, úiska ldnks,a mrudKqjg myr §fuka isÿjk wdl,k m%;slsh

% dj,g kshqla,sfhda*s,sl wdl,k
m%;sls%hd hehs lshkq ,efí'
kshl
q ,
a f
s hda*hs, flfrys úúO ldnks,a ixfhda. olajk idfmaCI ,eÈhdj ldnks,a ldnka mrudKqfõ Ok wdfrdamKh
u; r|d mj;S'
ldnks,a ldnka mrudKqjg bf,lafg%dak úl¾Il ldKav iïnkaOj we;s úg tajdhska we;s flfrk bf,lafg%dak
úl¾IKh ksid tu ldnka mrudKqj u; Ok wdfrdamKh wvq fõ' túg kshqla,sfhda*s,sl m%;slh
s% d iS>%;djh o wvqfõ'

kshqla,sfhda*s,sl m%;sldrl flfrys we,smeál lSfgdak olajk wvq ,eÈhdjg fya;=jk ;j;a lreKla kï ;s%udk
wjysrhhs' ldnks,a ldnka mrudKqjg iïnkaO wdfoaYl ldKav fofla úYd,;ajh jeäjk úg kshqla,sfhda*hs,hkag
ldnks,a ldnka mrudKqj fj; meñKSu wmyiq fõ'
weß,a we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdakj, § ldnks,a ldnka mrudKqj u; we;s Ok wdfrdamKh wefrdaueál kHIaáfhka
isÿjk bf,lafg%dak úia:dmkh ksid wvq fõ' tksid tajd kshqla,sfhda*hs, flf¾ olajkafka b;d wvq ,eÈhdj ls'
5 ldnksl ridhkh

jeo.;a kshqla,sfhda*s,l
s wdl,k m%;l
s s%hd lSmhla my; ±lafõ

1' HCN j, wdl,kh (-

2' .Sk
% dâ m%;sldrlh iu. m%;sls%hdj
ldnks,a ixfhda. .S%kdâ m%;sldrlh iu. m%;slsh
% d lr jQ úg ,efnk M,h c,úÉfþokh l< úg we,afldfyd,
,efí'
ldnksl ridhkh 6

3' m%d:ñl weókj, wdl,kh

m%d:ñl weókhl khsg%cka mrudKqj u; tlir bf,lafg%dk

a hq.,hla we;s ksid th fyd|

kshqla,sfhda*hs,hls' m%d:ñl weók we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak iuÕ m%;sls%hd lr bók kï ixfhda. idohs'
7 ldnksl ridhkh

4' fí%ä m%;sldrlh iu. m%;sls%hdj

fí%ä m%;sldrlh hkq 2,4-vhskhsÜfrdfmks,a yhsv%iSka (2,4-D.N.P) h' tys jHqyh fufia h'

fuys o -NH2 ldKavfha N mrudKqj u; tlir bf,lafg%dak hq.,hla we;' tksid th o we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak
iuÕ kshqla,sfhda*s,sl wdl,k m%;slh
s% djl fhfoa' tys § iEfok M,h ly fyda r;= meye;s wjlafIamhls'
ldnksl ridhkh 8

ix>kk m%;slh
s% d

ldnks,a ixfhda.j, nkaOkh f,i O%eùlrKh ù we;s nj o tu O%eùlrKh ksid ldnks,a

ldnka mrudKqj u; bf,lafg%dk

a >k;ajh wvq ù we;s nj o i|yka lrk ,§'
fufia ldnks,a ldnka mrudKqj u; bf,lafg%dak >k;ajh wvqùu ksid th ;ud wjg we;s ish¿ nkaO kj,
bf,lafg%dak ;ud foig weo .ekSug W;aidy lrhs' wKqfõ b;sß fldgfiys a ldnka mrudKqjg iïnkaO
nkaOkj, fuu bf,lafg%dak we§u jeämqr isÿ fõ' th fufia ±laúh yelsh' ^a ldnka mrudKqj hkq ldnks,a
ldnka mrudKqjg iïnkaOj we;s C mrudKqjhs'&
a ldnka mrudKqjg iïnkaO H mrudKq ;sfí kï by; ls%hdj,sh ksid tu ixfhda.hg b;d iq¿
wdï,sl;djhla ,eìh yels h'
9 ldnksl ridhkh
ldnksl ridhkh 10
11 ldnksl ridhkh
ldnksl ridhkh 12
13 ldnksl ridhkh

we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdakj, m%;sls%hd

TlaislrKh
fuf;aka " fu;fkda,a " fu;ke,a " fu;fkdhsla wï,h yd CO2 hk ixfhda.j, ldnka mrudKqfõ Tlaislrk
wxl i,luq'

fuu Tla isl rK wxl foi ne¨úg we,aäyhs vfha ldnks, a ldnka mrudKqf õ
TlaislrK wxlhg jvd jeä TlaislrK wxl olajk ldnka mrudKq iys; ixfhda.
we;s nj fmfka' ta wkqj we,aäyhsvhg TlaislrKh ùfï yelshdjla we;s nj
fmfka' tkï tajd Tlaisydrl f,i ls%hd lrhs'

we,aäyhsv Tlail
s rKh
fgd,kai a m%;s ldrlh yd f*a ,sx ødjKh jeks ÿ¾j, Tla isl drj,sk a mjd we,a äyhsv ldfndlai,sl a wï, njg
Tla isl rKh fõ'

(i) fgd,ka m%;sldrlh uÕska TlaislrKh

c,Sh is,aj¾ khsÜf¾Ü ødjKhlg ;kql fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ ìxÿ lsysmhla tla lsÍfuka ,efnk is,aj¾
yhsâfrdlaihsâ wjlafIamhg ;kql wefudakshï yhsâfrdlaihsâ tla lsÍfuka fgd,ka m%;sldrlh [Ag(NH3)2]+
idokq ,nhs'
ldnksl ridhkh 14

(ii) f*a,sx ødjKh uÕska TlaislrKh

Ndiañl lshqmaßla gdgf¾Ü ødjKhla f*a,sx m%;sldrlh f,i ye¢kafõ' fuh ;o ks,a meye;s c,Sh ødjKhls'
we,aäyhsvhlska ìxÿ lsysmhla fuu m%;sldrlhg tl;= lr r;a lsÍfï § ødjKfha ks,a meyeh l%ufhka ke;s ù
.fvd,a r;= mdg lshqmaria Tlaihsâ wjlafIamh we;sfõ'

(iii) wdï,sl fmdgEishï vhsfl%dafïÜ fyda wdï,sl fl%dañla Tlaihsâ fyda wdï,sl fmdgEishï mZuex.fkaÜ hk
Tlaisldrl uÕska we,aäyhsv" fldfndlais,l
s a wï, njg TlaislrKh fõ'
15 ldnksl ridhkh

Tlaiy
s rKh
(i) Zn(Hg)/id'HCl uÕska TlaisyrKh ^laf,ukaika TlaisyrKh&
fuys § we,aäyhsv iy lSfgdak wkqrEm yhsâfrdldnk njg TlaisyrKh l< yelsh'

(ii) LiAlH4 fyda NaBH4 fyda uÕska TlaisyrKh

fuys§ we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak we,afldfyd, njg TlaisyrKh fõ'
ldnksl ridhkh 16

ldfndlai,
s l
s a wï,
ldfndlais,l
s a wï, ksmoùu

(1) m%d:ñl we,afldfyd, u.ska

+ - +
m%d:ñl we,afldfyd, H /MnO4 fyda H+ / Cr2O72- fyda H /CrO3 uÕska TlaislrKfhka ldfndlais,sla wï,
iEfoa'

(2) we,aäyhsv u.ska

-
we,aäyhsv H+/MnO4 fyda H+/Cr2O72- fyda H+/CrO3 uÕska TlaislrKfhka ldfndlais,sla wï, iEfoa'

(3) we,als,a ihkhsâ fyda weß,a ihkhsâ u.ska

we,als,a ihkhsâ fyda wß,a ihkhsâ wdï,sl c, úÉfþokfhka ldfndlais,sla wï, iEfoa'

(4) CO2 .S%kdâ m%;sldrlh iuÕ m%;sls%hdfjka

CO2 .S%kdâ m%;sldrlh iuÕ m%;sls%hdfjka iEfok M,h c, úÉfÉokfhka ldfndlais,sla wï, iEfoa'
17 ldnksl ridhkh
(5) we,als,a fnkaiSk" weß,a we,afldfyd," weß,a we,aäyhsv u.ska"
+ - + +
we,als,a fnkaiSk " weß,a we,afldfyd, " weß,a we,aäyhsv H /MnO4 fyda H /Cr2O72- fyda H /CrO3 uÕska
TlaislrKfhka fnkafidhsla wï, iEfoa'

O
C-H

ldfndlais,l
s a wï,j, m%;l
s h
s% d
(1) O-H nkaOkh ì£fuka isÿ jk m%;sls%hd
ldnksl ridhkh 18

(2) C - O nkaOkh ì£fuka isÿ jk m%;sls%hd

ñ PCl3 / PCl5 iuÕ

+ H3PO3

+ POCl3 + HCl

ñ we,afldfyd, iuÕ

+ C2H5OH + H2O

(3) ldfndlai,
s sla wï, LiAlH4 uÕska TlaisyrKh

ldfndlais,sla wï, b;d m%n, Tlaisydrlhla jk LiAlH4 uÕska TlaisyrKfhka we,afldfyd, ,nd fok w;r

NaBH4 uÕska TlaisyrKh fkdfõ'

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - OH

19 ldnksl ridhkh

wï, fya,hsv
wï, fya,hsv ksmoùu
(1) ldfndlais,sla wï, uÕska
ldfndlais,sla wï, ks¾c,Sh PCl3 fyda ks¾c,Sh PCl5 iuÕ m%;slsh
% d lrùfuka wï, laf,darhsv iEfoa'

wï, fya,hsvj, m%;slh

s% d
(1) fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ iuÕ m%;sls%hdj

wï, laf,darhsâ NaOH iuÕ m%;slh

s% d l< úg jeämqr NaOH m%;sls%hd lr fidaähï ,jKh njg m;a jk

wkqrEm ldfndlais,sla wï,h iEfoa'

m%;sls%hdfõ hka;%Kh

(2) c,h iuÕ m%;sls%hdj

wï, laf,darhsâ c,h iuÕ o iudk hka;%Khlska m%;slsh

% d lr wkqrEm ldfndlais,sla wï,h idohs'
ldnksl ridhkh 20

(3) we,afldfyd, iuÕ m%;sls%hdj

wï, laf,darhsv" we,afldfyd, iuÕ m%;sls%hd lr tiagr idohs'

(4) *Sfkda,a iuÕ m%;sls%hdj

wï, laf,darhsv" *Sfkda,a iuÕ m%;sls%hd lr *Skhs,a tiagr idohs'

(5) NH3 iuÕ m%;sls%hdj

wï, laf,darhsv" wefudakshd iuÕ m%;sls%hd lr tauhsv idohs'
21 ldnksl ridhkh
ldnksl ridhkh 22

tiagr
tiagr ksmoùu

(1) we,afldfyd," W;afm%arl f,i idkaø H2SO4 we;súg ldfndlai,sla wï, iuÕ m%;sls%hd lr tiagr idohs'
m%;sls%hdj m%;sj¾;H fõ' fuys§ we,afldfyd,fha -OH ldKavfhka H o ldfndlais,sla wï,fhka -OH ldKavho
bj;a fõ' fuh úlsrKYS,s O iys; we,afldfyd, Ndú;d lsÍfuka y÷kd .; yel'
O
+ H -*O - CH3 CH - C -*O-CH + H2O

(2) we,afldfyd, wï, laf,darhsv iuÕ m%;sls%hd lr tigr idohs' W;afm%arl wjYH fkdfõ' m%;slsh
% dj m%;Hdj¾;

fkdfõ'

+ H - O - CH3 ® + HCl

*Sfkda, wï, laf,darhsv iuÕ m%;sls%hdfjka muKla *Sfkda,sl tiagr idohs' *Sfkda,a ldfndlais,sla wï, iuÕ

m%;sls%hd fkdlrhs'

+ ®

tiagrj, m%;l
s %shd

(1) tiagr c,úÉfþokh

23 ldnksl ridhkh

(2) .S%kdâ m%;sldrl iu.

.S%kdâ m%;sldrlh tiagr iuÕ m%;sls%hd lr ;D;shsl we,afldfyd, idohs' fuys § tiagrh m<uqj lSfgdakhla

njg m;aù wk;=rej .S%kdâ m%;sldrlh iuÕ kej;;a iS>%fhka m%;slsh

% d lrñka M,h ,ndfohs'

+ 2CH3MgBr ®

(3) LiAlH4 uÕska TlaisyrKh

ldnksl ridhkh 24

weuhsv
weuhsv ksmoùu

(1) wï, fya,hsv u.ska

wï, fya,hsv idkaø wefudakshd iuÕ m%;sls%hdfjka weuhsv iEfohs'

+ NH 3 ®

weuhsvj, m%;slh
s% d

(1) NaOH iuÕ

tuhsv c,Sh NaOH ødjKhla iuÕ WKqiqï l< jg NH3 msg lrñka wkqrEm ldfndlais,l
s a wï,fha fidaähï
,jKh idohs'
25 ldnksl ridhkh

(2) LiAlH4 uÕska TlaisyrKh

LiAlH4 yuqfõ wkqrEm weókh njg TlaisyrKh fõ'

ldnksl ridhkh 26

weók
wefudakshdj, yhsârcka mruKq fjkqjg we,als,a fyda weß,a ldKav iïnkaO ù we;s ixfhda. weók jYfhka

ye¢kaúh yels h' weók" m%d:ñl" oaú;shl

s yd ;D;shsl jYfhka j¾. lrkq ,efí' we,als,a fya,hsv yd we,afldfyd,

fuka fkd j" weók j¾.SlrKh flfrkqfha khsÜrcka mrudKqjg iïnkaO ù we;s we,als,a fyda weß,a ldKav ixLHdj

wkqj hs' wefudakshdj, yhsârcka mrudKq ;=fkka tlla fjkqjg we,als,a fyda weß,a ldKavhla iïnkaO ù we;s

ixfhda. m%d:ñl weók f,i ye¢kafõ' wefudakshdj, yhsârcka mrudKq folla fjkqjg we,als,a fya weß,a ldKav

folla iïnkaO ù we;s ixfhda. oaú;shsl weók f,i o yhsârcka mrudKq ;=k fjkqjg we,als,a fyda weß,a ldKav
;=kla iïnkaO ù we;s ixfhda. ;D;shsl weók f,i o ye¢kafõ'

ksoiqka (

m%d:ñl weók oaú;shsl weók ;D;shsl weók

27 ldnksl ridhkh

weók ksmoùu
(1) we,alhs,a fya,hsv uÕska

we,alhs,a fya,hsv jeämqr NH3 iuÕ r;a l< úg m%Odk M,h f,i m%d:ñl weók iEfoa'

CH3CH 2-Br CH3CH2-NH2

(2) we,als,a ihkhsâ $ wß,a ihkhsâ TlaisyrKh uÕska

we,alhs,a ihkhsâ $ weß,a ihkhsâ LiAlH4 uÕska TlaisyrKfhka m%d:ñl weók iEfoa'

CH3CH 2-CN CH3CH2CH2NH2

(3) weuhsv TlaisyrKh uÕska

weuhsâ LiAlH4 uÕska TlaisyrKfhka m%d:ñl weók iEfoa'

CH3CH2CH2NH2

weókj, m%;l
s h
s% d
(1) wï, laf,darhsv iuÕ

(2) we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak iuÕ

by; ±lafjk m%;slh

s% dj fí%ä m%;sldrlh iuÕ we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak olajk m%;slh
s% djg wkqrEm fõ'
ldnksl ridhkh 28
(3) we,alhs,a fya,hsv iuÕ

CH3NH2 + RCl ®

fufia iEfok oaú;shsl weók ;j ÿrg;a we,als,a fya,hsv iuÕ m%;sls%hd lrñka ;D;shsl weók yd p;=¾:

we,als,a wefudakshï ,jK ,nd fohs'

fï wkqj by; m%;sls%hdfõ§ M, ñY%Khla ,efí'

(4) NaNO2/HCl ^khsÜria wï,h& iuÕ

m%d:ñl weók khsÜria wï,h iuÕ m%;sls%hd lr vhefidakshï ,jK idohs' we,als,a vhefidakshï ,jK

wia:dhs neúka khsÜrcka jdhqj msg lrñka YS>%fhka we,afldfyd, njg m;afõ'