Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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History & Aftermath
of May 1968, France
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COVID 19
History of Graphic Design & Friends, Inc.
COLOPHON
CONTENTS PAGES
THE SIXTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 6
THE ART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 - 46
Horst Faas/Associated Press
During the 1900’s the United States joined in 5 foreign wars. The 1950’s
found the U.S., fearing Communism, choosing sides in a civil war in
Vietnam. Backing, and then assassinating the corrupt ruler, Diem in
South Vietnam, and approving use of Agent Orange and Napalm in war.
Meanwhile, at home, college sit-ins mount to protest Government cor-
ruption, foreign war, and the U.S. Military industrial complex,
1
Photo by Marc Riboud 2
Protesting in the 1960s and 1970s
By Michelle L Janowiecki
This article goes into detail of “the most contentious decade in living
memory” of protest culture: 1960’s United States. The article details the
racism and injustice that ran rampant during these times, and the
The protests range from anti- war (Vietnam), Women’s liberation, Red
Power (Native Americans), Civil rights, and Gay rights. The article claims
and those in favor of basic human rights, and those opposed to war.
3
What the 1960s can teach us
about modern-day protests
By Hari Sreenivasan
This short but persuasive interview relates the civil unrest in 1960s
America to the political unrest of 2020 and Black Lives Matter marches.
helps steer the reader through 12 years of protests during the ‘Long hot
4
Race Riots of the 1960s
By Encyclopedia.com
This article delves into the social problems leading up the race riots of
5
The Rage Unifying Boomers and Gen Z
By Ronald Brownstein
This article compares American political activism and protests from the
the differences in both reason and time frame, the article points out the
similarity that younger people are at the forefront of the cry for change,
while the electoral system favors older generations. The author makes
an interesting point, that the youth of today are far more diverse than of
those in the 1960’s which, in turn, leads them toward different progressive
causes.
Brownstein, Ronald. “The Rage Unifying Boomers and Gen z” The Atlan-
tic. 18 June 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/06/
todays- protest-movements-are-as-big-as-the-1960s/613207/
6
Sipa Press/REX/Shutterstock
7
AFP Contributor/AFP/Getty Images 8
May 1968: A Month of Revolution
Pushed France into the Modern World
By Alissa J Rubin
summarizes, in broad strokes, the key events that lead to – and the after-
France in just one month in 1968. The implications of the Mai ’68 protests
are so far-reaching that it’s hard for any single article to summarize. The
days and this social movement that inspired liberation in 1960’s France.
9
This Day in History: May 16: Worker
Protests Mount in France
By History.com Editors
The History Channel, first, focuses on May 16th in France: as the Mai ’68
working- class citizens joining the strike alongside students soon total-
ginning the Mai ’68 revolts. The article closes with negotiations between
10
What Happened in France in May 1968,
Explained
By Jake Lahut
to document the events and effects of politics, strikes and protests and
police crackdown and arrests of young citizens, this was followed by sol-
unrest. This article mentions “Les paves,” the cobblestones that were lifted
that the protests lead to “Gaullists” inspired stronger than before and pos-
11
The Paris riots of May 1968: How the
frustrations of youth brough France to
the brink of revolution
By Andreas Whittam Smith
“The French always celebrate 1 May with a few riots,” jokes Andreas
tion for the layman to the riots in Mai ‘68 France. The article asks if the
energy of the 60’s was a factor in the ‘possibility’ and ‘hope’ of this gen-
eration of protesters. But of course, it was after two worldwide wars, and
of the troubled country. The article details the “rise in the sheer number
of young people as a result of...” the baby boomers. The article details a
chronological history, from turmoil to protests to fading revolution, and
changes itself.
12
Charles de Gaulle by Michel Droit
In the wake of Mai 1968, France’s leader Charles de Gaulle was forced to
hold democratic elections in 1969. Workers saw a 35% increase in
minimum wage. Schools were broken up to provide better facilities
to students. But, perhaps, the largest victory was for basic human rights:
Women, LGBTQNIA, students, workers, and the poor had more rights -
and more of a voice in France’s political arena.
13
14
AFP/Jacques Marie
Gaullism
By Oxford Reference
its ideologies spreading all over the political map. For example, Gaullism
article details the timeline of Gaullist party within the French political
sphere. It seems, according to the article that the movement last held grip
15
Why the French Communists
Stopped the Revolution
By Arthur P. Mendel
Revolution in France. The Abstract states that France was saved from
nist Party (PCF). The abstract points to the 9 million workers, students
France, and distraught with unlivable wages. This direct action, it asserts,
financial institutions. It ends: “At will they could have deprived Paris and
other cities of food, water, fuel, electricity and gas.
16
Climate Justice Connection in France’s
Yellow Vest Protests
By Zoe Loftus-Farren
This article details the “Yellow Vest Protests” in France from the vantage
of 2018. The protestors of “Gilets Jaunes” wear neon yellow vests, sym-
bolic of danger or hazard on the road. The article says that this group is
fuel.
populated streets “every weekend in the last month” (2018, Dec). The tax
tax credits handed to Frances upper class. These strikes and protests call
for higher taxes on the wealthy, ecological action regarding environmental
joined the workers to pressure the government for more human rights.
17
Why are the French always protesting?
Blame unions and history.
By Zack Beauchamp
This article is about the protest culture of France. Mass protests popu-
late the streets of France, the Gilet Jaunes. This protest began as a group
of cabbies protested over Uber drivers replacing their jobs. Tires were
burned and roads were blocked. This sort of activity dates back to the
17th century “charivari” a form of protest in which community members
would oust troublesome individuals (picture pitchforks and torches),
which in time developed to targeting political figures, tax collectors, and
national policy. The article poses that this history be not overlooked. It
captures the Mai 1968 protests as, yet another example of “glamourous
French tradition,” the most recent protest to carry the torch for a success-
ful cultural revolution in France. The article details an important relation-
ship between the Unions, workers, management and the government. It
seems that the Unions struggle for members, and though they are credited
for laws leading to worker’s rights, these rights could be repealed by the
French Government. This combined with the capitalistic relationship be-
tween governments and businesses makes the union a target of bullying.
Thusly when business management gives the Union a ‘hard-line” the only
bargaining chip the union can use is a protest. Without a solution to this
bind, France may just always be in protest.
Beauchamp, Zack. “Why are the French always protesting? Blame unions
and history.” VOX. 06 July 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/7/6/8887667/
france- protest
18
Stop Comparing today’s protests to 1968
By Thomas J. Sugrue
This artfully composed article walks a moderate political line while
comparing and contrasting similarities and differences between 2020’s
marches, and the protests of 1968 USA. Looting, vandalism and burning
populate the news in both cases, as pundits’ debate whether protestors
are majority peaceful. The article details Americas history of protests and
riots from LA to Detroit. History repeats itself as the article relates Nixon’s
law and order approach in 1968 to Trump’s same general policy in 2020.
Sugrue poses that this approach could win favor for Trump if the protests
proceed with violent antics, it will work to their disadvantage. However,
Sugrue doesn’t lump the protestors into a group, nor define a ‘proper’ way
to be marginalized – instead he points to victories. The Civil Rights Act
was the concerted effort of civil rights activists, and who knows where our
country would be without that? The article is focused on pointing to the
actual goals of today’s protests instead of lumping it together like we are
still in 1968. “Protest fills a vacuum left by abdication of political lead-
ership,” in this case Sugrue is pointing to police violence, underfunded
schooling, and overpriced houses – three key issues that directly relate to-
days protests to 1968. The article captures the times as people give Trump
the finger for instigating racial divisions and mismanaging the economic
collapse that’s left many unemployed during a worldwide viral pandemic.
Today’s protestors are also noticeable multi-racial, and we can’t take for
19
How today’s protests compare to 1968,
explained by a historian
By Dylan Matthews
20
Events of May 1968: French history
By Richard Wolin
Historian Richard Wolin details the events of May 1968 in France via:
article does a good job of staging the events that lead to the protests and
had disbanded, and students were left with little opportunity, low wages,
outdated schooling, with a seemingly autocratic, ‘hierarchal’ WWII era
the most notable effects of the protests, which lead to higher pay, better
work and school conditions, and a liberal tug that helped usher in Femi-
21
In France, The Protests of May 1968 Re-
verberate Today – And Still Divide
the French
By Eleanor Beardsley
This article, by NPR discusses the political and social atmosphere of
France in May of 1968 as compared to the Train transport and University
strikes of 2018 – half a century later. While the president is no longer a
“deeply conservative” leader who’s held power for ten years, President
Macron’s Academic Admission policy and overhaul of the railroads has
led France back to striking workers and students. This article hints at the
revolution/protest culture of France and details the history leading to the
May ’68 revolt at Nanterre and the Sorbonne and Streets all over greater
France. NPR, here, mentions barricades and cities “awash in idealistic
posters and slogans” including: “life quickly!” “be realistic – demand the
impossible!” “under the paving stones, the beach!” The article documents
the republican governments oppression of the protests via censoring the
“state-owned” television news, but the inability to successfully censor
ground level radio stations housed in ‘second-floor apartments.’ Beardsley
mentions that the majority of French believe that May ’68 protests were a
positive force that led to possibility and hope: and catalyzed the Women’s
and Sexual revolutions that followed.
22
graphiene.com
During the revolution of Mai 68’ students and faculty of Paris art college
occupied the studio space, renaming the facility “the popular studio” or
Atelier Populaire. The Atelier produced thousands of serigraph and litho-
graph posters promoting idealism, and inspiring hope for a
Utopian France. The impact of this public messaging can’t be overstated,
and through designers like Grapus the impact of Mai 1968 can be felt in
graphic design still today.
23
Philippe Vermès 24
A Gallery of Visually Arresting Posters
from the May 1968 Paris Uprising
By Josh Jones
This article opens with a paragraph about the 1960s turmoil in the US.
RFK and Martin Luther King Jr were recently assassinated as President
Nixon escalates the war in Vietnam and backs the FBI director Hoover’s
paranoid attacks on Black activists and Anti-war protesters. Relating these
protests to those of today the article suggests we look at our neighbors
across the ocean in the same time period. Students and workers revolt
against an “Authoritarian President” beginning with student rights and
leading to a revolution with Utopian aims. The article chronicles the
movement with quotations documenting peoples varying opinions on
Mai 68. The general theory is that Mai 68 is used too often as a stick in
political conversations and should be left to represent itself in history. The
movement fell short of its aims but scored people’s rights in various de-
mographics in France including workers, students, women and LGBTQ.
This ‘near civil war” is most interestingly explored in the pedestrian
archaeology of Graphic Poster. The article documents how the Atelier
Populaire run by student artists famously occupied the École des Beaux-
Arts to create thousands of screen-printed posters on newsprint to paste
in the streets. The creators employed bold and iconic symbols in “single
color” prints to inspire “hope to change the world.” Though their goals fell
short, these students were a spark, and catalyst that changed the history
of France forever – and through this alone were a success. (Let alone their
Jones, Josh. “A Gallery of Visually Arresting Posters from the May 1968
Paris Uprising.” Open Culture. 05 Jan 2017. https://www.openculture.
com/2017/01/a-gallery-of-visually- arresting-posters-from-the-may-1968-
paris-uprising.html
25
Grapus
By MoMa
the links to the specific artworks one can see the name of the artwork,
year of creation, specific dimensions, credit for how the museum attained
the work, and mediums used to produce the poster. The works were made
techniques.
26
Pascal Béjean
27
Pierre Bernard, social conscience of
graphic design, died at the age of 73
By Xavier de Jarcy
28
Reputations: Gérard Paris-Clavel
By Ursula Held
In this article, Ursula Held asks Gerard Paris-Clavel questions from the
beginning of his art studies at Ecole Des Metiers d’Arts, his role in the
sociation with friends named, Ne pas plier. He explains how his desire to
help seek political change and choosing clients and co-workers who were
29
ivierdeserres.fr
30
Jan Popłoński
31
Henryk Tomaszewski
By Augustin
This article is about the “undisputed master” of the school of Polish poster
his carefree and intuitive illustration style. The article details Tomaszews-
cinema during the Soviet Bloc of Poland. The article notes Henryk’s “New
semantic language” that differed from the standard Socialist Realism that
reined in his time. By combining Abstract and Surreal art with a radical
32
Henryk Tomaszewski, Leader of
the Polish Poster School, Dies at 91
By Steven Heller
poster design for over two decades. The article contrasts his “shockingly
playful work” rife with “abstract sensibility” to the dark, boring Stalinist
his art-direction and the artist is quoted as saying, “Politics is like weath-
er, you have to live with it.” Tomaszewski thus walked a line dealing satire
that members of the famed Grapus studied under the designer at Warsaw,
33
1982 French Grapus Exhibition Poster,
Adolf Mouse, Au Musée de l’affiche: Paris
By laffichiste.com
Grapus. The poster is dated 1982 and is 23.75 x 31.5” and is credited to
vant information on the artwork. It details that this poster, perhaps titled
in Paris. The blurb details the founding members and mission statement
descriptive art terms that shed light on Grapus’ designs: “bright colors,”
symbols meaning.
34
Grapus
and they communicated their ideals through their voice in design. The
over with their “idealistic principles” that brough “culture to politics and
politics to culture.” The article notes that Bernard’s intentions are “mort
artistically than politically driven” and uses the infamous Louvre-Logo in-
cident (that disbanded Grapus in 1990) as their case in point. It also cred-
its the groups downfall to a surge in demand for graphic arts in France
in the 1980s – soiling Grapus “raison d’etre” (the most important reason
they exist, their meaning). The article ends with each of the members of
35
Demanding the Impossible
By Véronique Vienne
The heart of this article focuses on the ideologies and methods of Pierre
Bernard. From his influences and the formation of Grapus, through the
an innovator in the field of graphic art; his work has been described as
having “an honest edge, but it’s not edgy.” And the success of his projects
ingly explains some social aspects particular to France which may have
36
The Painted World
By Andrzej Klimowski
designer and graphic artist. This article captures the artists free-spirited
out of the Warsaw Graphic Design program on the first day only to study
famed professors of graphic design. The article mentions the overall unity
He employed irony and wit and remained working “simpler and more
objectively.
37
Henryk Tomaszewski
By Culture.pl
This article chronicles the life of Polish poster designer Henryk Tomasze-
wki. “The strength of his graphic works lies in a simple and intelligent
and social themes into a visual language,” it begins before delving into
sible to everyone.” The article captures his early life, academic studies,
fine art education, print work during Nazi occupation, before becoming
own way.” The article details his work in posters via awards, images and
background information. His poster works are said to have brought Polish
38
Grapus – A French Collective
of Graphic Designers
By Broehan-Museum
This article mentions that the three founding members of Grapus were
joined by none other than Joseph Beuys’ student Alex Jordan in 1976, an
interesting art- historical note. The group used its criticism of capitalism
39
Reputations
Pierre Bernard
By Rick Poynor
Bernard expresses his interest in combining fine art with commercial art
Bernard nods to Push Pin Studio (Milton Glaser, Seymour Chwast) of the
typography.” Bernard also mentions his belief that strong designs have a
that when other designers copy, they use the same forms but lost the con-
40
Pierre Bernard & Grapus
“Graphic design of Public Utility”
1942/2015
journey in: “one of the most interesting pages in the history of graphic
in 68, and the ‘design years’ as Grapus fights to remain true to its cause
graphique.”
41
Grapus:
A French Collective
of Graphic Designers
By Anna Larkin
“plaster there work all over the city” and become the “visual voice” of the
Mai ’68 student protests. Larkin points to Grapus left-leaning politics and
how their moral compass lead the collective to design for similarly aligned
the work’s, “clever visual jokes, bombastic colours, classic typography and
42
Pierre Bernard and the Grapus Collective
By Baylee Bennett
This essay details the trajectory of Pierre Bernard (b. 1942) and his for-
to explore his own visual language to back the revolution. The group
Charles de Gaulle and Co. This article details the collectives distinctive
clients and within the collective itself; working only jobs that aligned with
their morals and core values. Grapus spoke and fought FOR the people
43
Utopian Image: Politics and Posters
By Rick Poynor
44
Pierre Bernard:
“Make the Message Your Own”
Pierre Bernard died on November 23rd, 2015. His artistic career lasted for
over 40 years of poster and “identity systems” design for “well known cul-
politics in design, which set the bar for contemporary design in France. It
delves into the social unrest in France during Bernard’s time at university,
for liberal causes. The article most potently quotes Bernard himself on his
design-logic, “to move the viewer, an image has to go through the filter of
one’s personal experience and inner convictions, and you must make the
Type Directors Club. “Pierre Bernard: “Make the Message Your Own””
TDC. https://archive.tdc.org/news/pierre-bernard-make-the-message-
your-own/
45
Pierre Bernard
By David Raizman
early life and academic studies in fine art under Henryk Tomaszewski,
winning French Grand Prix National des Arts Graphiques that same
the logo for Frances National parks was made. It concludes that Bernard
taught Graphic Design at ENSAD until 2007, and he was awarded the
Erasmus Prize.
46