Course Name: Metrology and Measurement Lab

Course Code: ME-216

Course Type: Core
Contact Hours/ Week: 2P Course Credits: 01
Course Objectives
 To gain practical knowledge about different types of measuring systems
 To acquire the knowledge about different physical parameters measurement.
 learn the usage of different measurement principles
List of Experiments
1. Study of different types of gauges (Vernier caliper, Vernier Height gauge, Vernier depth gauge, Micrometer, filler
gauge go-nogo gauge, plug gauge, go-nogo snap gauge bourdon tube pressure gauge).
2. Calibrations of linear measuring instruments by using slip gauges and calculation of percentage error.
3. Measurement of included angle of a given specimen using Sine Bar and Clinometers.
4. Measurement of diameter of small size hole using Tool Maker’s Microscope.
5. Measurement of pitch diameter of a screw thread by vertical Profile Projector
6. Determination of RPM and Torque of a given motor using RPM Measurement Tutor and calculation of percentage error.
7. Determination of velocity of given velocity transducer (Magnetic sensor UGM3140) using velocity Tutor and calculation
of percentage error.
8. Measurement of Temperature of a given sample using Temperature Measurement Tutor and calculation
of percentage error.
9. Calibration of pressure gauge using Dead Weight Tester.
10. Measurement of strain of a given metallic strip using Strain Measurement Tutor.
Course Outcomes
Upon successful completion of the course, the students will be able to
CO1: Evaluate the phenomenon of measurements system
CO2: Understand and analyze measurement techniques
CO3: Use different systems and instruments to measuring parameters with precision
CO4: Develop basic concept of the various comparators and interference
 Experiment No. 1

Aim:- Study of different types of gauges. (Vernier caliper, Vernier Height Gauge,
Vernier Depth Gauge, Micrometer, Feeler Gauge, Go-Nogo Gauge, Plug Gauge,
Snap Gauge and Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge)

A gauge, is a device used to make measurements or in order to display

certain dimensional information. A wide variety of tools exist which serve such
functions, ranging from simple pieces of material against which sizes can be
measured to complex pieces of machinery. Depending on usage, a gauge can
be described as "a device for measuring a physical quantity",

Vernier Caliper :- Vernier Caliper is a widely used linear measurement

instrument with a least count of 0.02 mm. It is used to measure linear dimensions
like length, diameter, depth. It is Basic Instrument of measurement, consist of
two types of scale – The main scale and the Vernier scale that can slide along the
main scale. Two types of measurement we can do, the first one is through the
external jaw (measure external dimensions) and another one is internal jaw
(measure internal dimensions). The main scale is graduated in millimeters or
inches, or usually both in many cases. The Vernier caliper is made of either
stainless steel or tool steel, depending on nature and application.

In order to measure dimensions like outer diameter, inner diameter, depth with
External jaws, internal jaws, extension rod respectively, the simple steps are –

See the main scale read just before zero of vernier scale like 8 mm

Now, observe the vernier scale such like, which graduation like exactly meets
with the main scale. In a simple term, check which line of main and vernier scale
are meet or align.
1.Main Scale
The main scale consists of a steel metallic strip graduated in centimeters at one
edge and in inches at the other edge . It carries the inner and outer measuring
jaws. When the two jaws are in contact, the zero of the main scale and the zero
of the Vernier scale should coincide. If both the zeros do not coincide, there will
be a positive or negative zero error.
2. Vernier Scale
A vernier scale  slides on the strip. It can be fixed in any position by the retainer.
On the Vernier scale, 0.9 cm is divided into ten equal parts.
3. Outer Measuring Jaws
The outer measuring jaws helps to take the outer dimension of an object
4. Inner Measuring Jaws
The inner measuring jaws helps to take the inner dimension of an object.
5. Retainer
The retainer helps to retain the object within the jaws of the Vernier calipers.
6. Depth Measuring Prong
The depth measuring prong helps to measure the depth of an object. 

Vernier Height Gauge Vernier height gauge used to measure vertical

dimension from reference ground. Vernier Height Gauge consist of a graduated
scale or bar is held in a vertical position by a finely ground fixed base.
Vernier Depth Gauge:-  as the name suggests is used to measure the depth from
the surface of reference of an object. Vernier caliper also has depth bar but this
cannot be used as the standard measurement.

For measuring the depth of holes, recesses and distances from a plane surface to a
projection, the vernier depth gauge is employed. In vernier depth gauge, the graduated scale
can slide through the base and vernier scale remains fixed.
MICROMETER:- The micrometer screw gauge is used to measure even
smaller dimensions than the vernier calipers. The micrometer screw gauge also
uses an auxiliary scale (measuring hundredths of a millimeter) which is marked
on a rotary thimble. Basically it is a screw with an accurately constant pitch (the
amount by which the thimble moves forward or backward for one complete
revolution).  The micrometers in our laboratory have a pitch of 0.50 mm (two
full turns are required to close the jaws by 1.00 mm).  The rotating thimble is
subdivided into 50 equal divisions.  The thimble passes through a frame that
carries a millimeter scale graduated to 0.5 mm.  The jaws can be adjusted by
rotating the thimble using the small ratchet knob.  This includes a friction clutch
which prevents too much tension being applied.  The thimble must be rotated
through two revolutions to open the jaws by 1 mm.

Feeler Gauge:- A feeler gauge is a tool used to measure gap widths. Feeler

gauges are mostly used in engineering to measure the clearance between two
parts.
They consist of a number of small lengths of steel of different thicknesses with
measurements marked on each piece. They are flexible enough that, even if they
are all on the same hinge, several can be stacked together to gauge intermediate
values. It is common to have two sets: one for imperial units (typically measured
in thousandths of an inch), and one for metric (typically measured in hundredths
of a millimeter) measurements.
The same device with wires of specific diameter instead of flat blades is used to
set the gap in spark plugs to the correct size; this is done by increasing or
decreasing the gap until the gauge of the correct size just fits inside the gap.[2]
The lengths of steel are sometimes called leaves or blades, although they have
no sharp edge.
Go-No Go Gauge:- A go/no-go gauge refers to an inspection tool used to check
a work piece against its allowed tolerances via a go/no-go test. Its name is
derived from two tests: the check involves the work piece having to pass one test
(go) and fail the other (no-go).
A Go Gage is used, serving as the equivalent to one of the part's specified
features. If the Go Gage fits into the part, then it stands to reason that the mating
part does not have excessive material and will also fit, ensuring proper assembly.
Likewise, if the No Go Gage does not fit into the part, it shows that the feature
under inspection is not lacking material or is not too large and consequently too
loose.

Plug Gauge :- Plug gauges, in some cases called pin gauges, are metrology tools
whose purpose is to gage the inside diameters of holes that have been drilled or
machined into a manufactured part, component, or assembly. They are essential
tools for quality control and enable inspectors, machinists, manufacturing
engineers, and others to quickly obtain a go/no-go decision about whether the
characteristic of the part being gaged falls within the specified dimensional
tolerance for the inside diameter measurement. This gaging process is designed
to allow accurate assessments to be made without the need for production
personal to resort to the use of additional, more sophisticated, and more
expensive measuring instruments such as inside micrometers. In production
operations where a large volume of parts is being produced, plug gauges provide
a rapid means of assessing the quality without taking time to perform actual hole
diameter measurements and to set-up instrumentation.
When using plug gauges, it is important to recognize that the gauge results in a
yes/no condition only – the tool is allowing the quality control inspector to
accept or reject a part. It is not performing an actual measurement of the
diameter, but merely assessing if that diameter is within the tolerance band
established for that parameter.

Snap Gauge:- Snap gauges, sometimes called gap gauges, are metrology tools
that are used to gage the diameter or thickness of a part or material. These tools
are versatile and are designed to provide a quick go/no-go decision on cylinders,
shafts, grooves, and other similar parts and features in machining operations.
Functionally, snap gauges perform assessments on the outside diameters of parts,
similar to other tools and measurement instruments such as ring
gauges and thickness gauges. Snap gauges can be used for checking dimensions
on both cylindrical and non-cylindrical parts whereas ring gauges are for
cylindrical parts only.

As a tool for inspection and quality control, the purpose of a snap gauge is to
provide a rapid means of determining if the outside dimensions of the part are
within its specified tolerances. It is a gaging tool principally, and as such is
designed to perform an assessment of whether the part meets its dimensional
specification without directly providing a measurement of the actual value of
that dimension. 

Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge :- Bourdon tube pressure gauges are used for
the measurement of relative pressures from 0.6 ... 7,000 bar. They are classified
as mechanical pressure measuring instruments, and thus operate without any
electrical power.
Bourdon tube pressure gauge Bourdon tubes are radically formed tubes with an
oval cross-section. The pressure of the measuring medium acts on the inside of
the tube and produces a motion in the non-clamped end of the tube. This motion
is the measure of the pressure and is indicated via the movement.

The C-shaped Bourdon tubes, formed into an angle of approx. 250°, can be used
for pressures up to 60 bar. For higher pressures, Bourdon tubes with several
superimposed windings of the same angular diameter (helical tubes) or with a
spiral coil in the one plane (spiral tubes) are used.

EXPERIMENT NO - 2

Aim :- Calibration of Linear Measurement Instruments by Using, Slip Gauge

and Calculation of percentage error.

Apparatus :- Slip Gauge,

Theory :- Slip gauge-

Slip gauges with three basic forms are commonly found. These are
rectangular square with center hole, and square without center hole.
Rectangular forms is the more widely used because rectangular block are
less expensive to manufacture, and adopt themselves better to application
where space is restricted or excess weight is to be provided.
For certain application squarely gauges, through expensive, are preferred.
Due to their large surface area, they wear longer and adhere better to each
other when touch to high stack.

PROCEDURE :-
For calibration checking.
1. The slip gauge is used for the purpose of checking the calibration.
2. A known slip gauge is taken and placed in the jaw of measuring
instrument.
3. The least count of instrument is calculated.
4. The final reading is obtained

OBSERVATION :

S.No Slip gauge size in Instrument Reading in Percentage Error

. mm mm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Slip gauges were first developed by Johnson, and sometimes also called as
‘Johnson Gauge Blocks’. These are rectangular blocks of steel having a cross-
section of about 32 mm x 9 mm.
Slip gauges are the universally accepted ‘standard of length’ in industries. These
are the simplest possible means of measuring linear dimensions very accurately.

Slip gauges are the universally accepted ‘standard of length’ in industries. These
are the simplest possible means of measuring linear dimensions very accurately.

Need of Slip Gauges:

For tool-room and other precision work, the ordinary methods of measurement
are not always accurate. Micrometer and verniers calliper can be used to check
tolerance fine within 0.002 to 0.02 mm, but for fine tolerance they are not
effective. Thus there is a need of instrument which can measure fine tolerance
limit.

The means to do so are ‘slip gauges’. They can be used to measure tolerances in
the range of 0.001 to 0.0005 mm very accurately.

Grades of Accuracy of Slip Gauges:

Slip gauges are made in five grades of accuracy. Calibration grade, grade 00,
grade 0, grade I, and grade II, in the decreasing order of accuracy.

Grade 0, grade I, grade II are used for general workshop purpose and are known
as working gauge blocks, whereas, calibration grade (master gauge blocks) and
grade 00 (Inspection gauge blocks) are used only for checking other types of
blocks.

(i) Calibration Grade:

This is special grade and is used for experimental work, research work and for
measurement and inspection of other gauges (grades).

(ii) Grade 00:

This is also termed as inspection gauge block. This is used for highest precision
work such as measuring Grade I and II.

(iii) Grade 0:

This is used for tool room or machine shop inspection.

(iv) Grade I:
This is used for more precise work such as setting up sine bars, checking gap
gauges, measurement of components, tools etc.

(v) Grade II:

This is used in workshop for rough checks, for ordinary inspection work, for
setting up machine tools, and for measurement where production tolerances are
relatively wide.

Slip Gauges Sets:

Gauge blocks are available in sets with steps with steps of 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01 and
0.001 mm. on small size blocks, the size is marked on the measuring face, and
large blocks are marked on a side surface.

The sets are available in ‘Metric’ and ‘English’ units. Letter ‘E’ is used for inch
units (English units) and

Letter “M’ is used for mm units (Metric units). The number of pieces in a set is
given by the number followed by letter E or M.

Wringing Process:

If two blocks are twisted together under certain pressure, it will be found that
due to molecular attraction and atmospheric pressure they will adhere to each
other quite firmly. This process is known as wringing. This Process is very
useful to produce a required size by assemble several gauge blocks.

Before wringing of blocks; wipe them clean using a cloth, chamois leather, or a
cleansing tissue. Vaseline, grease or dust should be removed by petroleum.

Start wringing with the largest sizes first. Place two faces together at right angles
as shown in figure 1.8 (b) and (c), and, with pressure, twist through 90°. This
action should be smooth and with constant pressure.

When the largest gauges have been assembled, follow same process with the
others in order of decreasing size of blocks.

Diagrams for Slip Gauges

Method of Assembly:

To produce an assembly of required dimensions, begin with the smallest

increment of size and subtract this from the required dimension.

Eliminate the next smallest number in the same way, and repeat this procedure
until the assembly is complete. This process will give the minimum number of
gauge blocks necessary to build up the given dimension.
Uses of Slip Gauges:
Slip gauges are important means of measurement in industries and laboratories.

Their uses are:

1. They universally accepted as a “Standard of length”.

2. They used for direct precise measurement where accuracy of work piece being
measure is high.

3. They used with high-magnification comparators, to establish the size of the

gauge blocks.

4. They are used for checking the accuracy of measuring instruments.

5. They are used to setting up a comparator to specific dimension.

6. They are used to check a batch of components quickly and accurately.

Care of Slip Gauges:
Since the initial cost of slip gauges in high, so to maintain their accuracy, they
require great care.

Following points should be kept in mind regarding the care of slip gauges:

1. When not in use, the slip gauges should be kept in their respective positions in
the gauge box.

2. Before wringing the blocks together, ensure that their faces are perfectly
clean.

3. Measuring faces should not be fingered.

4. Gauges should not be wrong together over an open gauge box, due to the
possibility of accidently drop of any gauge on several gauges placed in the box
and could be damaged.

5. Gauges should not be wrung together for a long time.

6. After use, does not break the pile but slide one gauge over the other to
separate them.

7. After use, a thin layer of good quality grease should be applied on their faces,
before they are kept in their case.

8. As far as possible, slip gauges should be used in air-conditioned rooms, free

from dust and maintained constant temperature.

9. During the use, their working faces should never be placed on the surface
plate etc.

10. Check accuracy at appropriate intervals.

11. Use minimum number of gauges for a combination.

12. Wring together in correct manner.

13. Use 2.5mm protector slips whenever possible.

 Experiment No. 3(a)

Aim:- Measurement of included angle of a given specimen using (a) sine

bar and (b) clinometer.
(a) :- To determine unknown angle using sine bar.
Apparatus:- Sine bar, surface plate, dial indicator/vernier height gauge, slip
gauges.
Introduction:- Sine bar is used in conjunction with slip gauges for precise
angular measurement. Sine bar is used either to measure angle very accurately or
face locating any work to a given angle. Sine bars are made from high
chromium, corrosion resistant steel, hardened, ground and stabilized. Two
cylinders of equal dia. are attached at ends. The axes of these two cylinders are
mutually parallel to each other and also parallel to and at equal distance from the
upper surfaces of the sine bar. Accuracy up to 0.01mm /m length of sine bar can
be obtain.

Application of Sine bar :-

a) Checking of unknown angles of small workpiece.
b) Checking of unknown angles of heavy component.

Procedure:-
1)Surface plate is placed on a horizontal surface.
2)Build up slip gauges of a proper height by wringing.
3)Place one of the cylinders of sine bar on surface plate and other on slip gauges.
4)Dial indicator is set at one end of the component and moved to the other end.
5)Note the deviation in dial reading.
6)Again slip gauges are so adjusted that dial indicator reads zero deviation
across the work surface if deviation is ‘δh’ over length ‘l 1’, change slip gauge
height by (δh * L / l1)
Where L is standard sine bar length
7)Again take dial indicator reading to assure zero deviation.
8)Read slip gauge height and perform calculation
Reading:-
Height of Slip Gauges h=
Distance between centres of ground cylinders in sine bar L=

Calculations:-
Sin θ = h/L
θ = Sin-1 ( h/L )

Observation Table:-
S. No. Specimen Sine bar Height(mm) Sin θ θ
length
( mm)

Precaution in use of sine bar :-

1)The sine bar should not be used for angle greater than 450
2)A compound angle should not be formed by mis-aligning the component with
sine bar.
3)Accuracy of sine bar should be ensured.
4)As far as possible longer sine bar should be used since many errors are
reduced by using longer sine bars.
Result:
The taper angle of the given specimen is
Using sine bar =_________________________ degrees
 Experiment No. 3(b)
(b):- To Study the Calinometer and to Measure the angle of inclination of
given job.

CLINOMETER

1. Calinometer
2. Specimen

Description of Calinometer:- clinometer Supplied as standard with a

hardened combined flat and 'V' base and a wooden box for protection.
In use, the worm is disengaged by depressing the micrometer drum,
and the vial assembly is rotated manually until the vial is
approximately level. Fine adjustment is then made by rotating the
micrometer drum until the vial is perfectly level. The angle is then
read off the scale in degrees and minutes.
Theory:- Calinometer is generally used for checking angular faces
and relief angles on large cutting tools and Milling Cutting Inserts.
They can also be used for setting rotating table on Jig Baring Machine,
Angular on Grinding Machine and similar works.

Procedure:-
1. Place Calinometer over true surface and adjust the sprit level in
centre and note the reading.
2. Now put the Calinometer on the test piece and Adjust the screw
provided with scale to bring the bubble of spirit level in centre and
note the reading.

OBSERVATION TABLE
Specimen No INITIAL FINAL READING ANGLE OF
READING INCLINATION

Result :- Angle of inclination of given job = Final reading – initial

Reading =
 Experiment No 4

Aim - Measurement of small size hole using tool maker's microscope.

Apparatus :- Tool maker's microscope, threading job.

Tool maker's microscope :-

Tool maker's microscope is versatile instrument that measures by optical means
with no pressure being involved it is thus a very useful instrument for making
measurements on small and delicates parts. The tool maker's microscope is
designed for the following measurements; measurements on parts of complex
form for example, the profile of external thread as well as for the tools,
templates and gauges, measuring centre to centre distance of holes in any plane
and other wide variety of linear measurements and accurate angular
measurements.
A tool maker's microscope is as shown in given fig. The optical head can be
moved up or down the vertical column and can be clamped at any height by
means of a clamping screws. The table which is mounted on the base of the
instrument can be moved in two mutually perpendicular horizontal directions
(longitudinal and lateral) by means of accurate micromeres screws having
thimble scale and venires.
A ray of light from light source is reflected by mirror through 900. It is then
passes through a transparent glass plate (on which flat parts may be placed). A
shadow image of the outline or contour of the work piece passes through the
objective of the optical head and is projected by a system of three prisms to
ground glass screen. Observations are made through an eyepiece. Measurements
are made by means of cross- lines engraved on the ground glass screen. The
screen can be rotated trough 360o the angle of rotation is read through an
auxiliary eyepiece.
Procedure:-
The use of - tool maker's microscope for the taking the various measurements is
explained below-
For taking linear measurements, the work piece is placed over the table. The
microscope is focused and one end of the work piece is made to coincide with
cross line in the microscope (by operating micrometers screws). The table is
again moved until the other end of the work piece coincide with the cross line on
the screen and the final reading taken. From the final reading, the desired
measurement can be taken.
To measure the screw pitch, the screw is mounted on the table. The microscope
is focused (by adjusting the height of the optical head) until a sharp image of the
projected contour of the screw is seen of the ground glass screen. The contour is
set so that some point on the contour coincides with the cross line on the screen.
The reading on the thimble of the longitudinal micrometer screw is noted. Then
the table is moved by the same screw until a corresponding point on the contour
(profile) of the next thread coincides with the cross line. The reading is again
noted and the difference in two reading gives the screw pitch.
To determine pitch diameter the lateral movement to the table is given
To determine the thread handle, the screen is rotated until a line on the angle of
Dial protector rotation is noted. The dial is further rotated until the same line
coincides with the other flank of the threads. The angle of thread on the dial will
be difference in two angular readings.
Different types of gradated and engraved screens and corresponding eye piece
are used for measuring different elements.

Results:- 1) Diameter of hole = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.

Precaution:- 1) Obtain clean picture of cross line and the cross thread seen
through the eyepiece.
2) For angular measurements lines must remain parallel to flank edge to the
tooth.
 EXPERIMENT No. 5

Aim :- Measurement of Pitch diameter of a screw thread by

Vertical profile projector.

It is the instrument used to measure geometrical parameters of gear /

screw threads and compare the profiles with the standard templates
by projecting the image of the object on a screen.

Apparatus :
An optical profile projector consists of
• A projector having a light source, a condensor or collimating lens.
• Work holding table.
• Projection system having mirrors and lenses.
• Screen on which image of the workpiece is projected.
• Measuring devices.
The light source is a tungusten lamp, filament lamp or high pressure
mercury lamp. A strong beam of light consisting of concentrated
bundle of parallel right rays is produced by optical means. Two
common arrangements of light sources used in optical projectors
are shadow contour diascopic and surface (episcopic). The image
of the object may be produced either on horizontal or vertical screen.
Surface illumination produces a reflected image of the object on the
screen.
The objects to be tested are placed on the work table. The light beam
after passing the object to be projected passes into the projection
system comprising lenses and mirrors. The lenses are used to obtain
desired magnification and mirrors to direct the beam of light on the
screen. Normally 10x, 20x, 50x, 100x magnification is done.
Screens usually made of acrylic plain glass are used for
measurement. The work table is provided with means for
measurement like micrometer. Angles can be measured by rotating the
screen. The screen is divided into 360 degree with 90 degree cross line
marking. Various charts can be fixed on the screen with the help of
four clamps.
Stepwise Procedure :
1. Switch on the optical profile projector.
2. Place the clean workpiece on the glass of the table.
3. Focus it properly by moving focusing wheel and moving the work
table to obtain correct magnified image of the object.
4. Horizontal (x axis) measurement can be taken by right hand side
micrometer and the vertical measurement can be taken from front side
micrometer.
5.To measure pitch take the distance between two similar points on
adjacent flank or crest to crest or root to root on adjacent threads,
parallel to the axis of the screw thread. For achieving this adjust the
reference line on the projector to the corresponding points and note
the micormeter readings between these points.

6. Adopt similar procedure for the measurement of the depth of the

screw.
7. For measurement of thread angle match the reference line between
flanks and note down the angle.
8. Image of the component can be compared with master template or
chart.

Observations:
Components : Threaded component.

Dimension to Ref. point Ref. point Difference

be measured Reading 1 Reading 2 (Measured Value)

1 Pitch Dia = …..mm

 Experiment No. 6

AIM : - Determination of RPM and Torque of a given motor using RPM

Measurement Tutor and calculation of percentage error.

SPECIFICATIONS & TOP PANEL DESCRIPTION

Range : 1999 RPM
Resolution : 1 RPM
Display : 31/2 Digit LED
Inputs : RPM Transducer
Single turn pot : Motor speed control Adjustment pot
ON/OFF Switch : To ON/OFF the system
Fuse : 0.5 milli. amp.
Light LED : Indicates the power supply the switch is in
ON position.
Test point : a) Display card supply +5V
There are two terminals :
Red : +5V
Black : Gnd.
b) Signal conditioner card supply +12V
There are two terminals for :
Red : +12V
Black : Gnd.
c) Sensor output to CRO
Red : High
Black : Low
Square wave in CRO.

RPM sensor with teeth wheel disc 8 Nos. teeth.

All the points can be measured through multimeter/ or CRO.
OPERATING PROCEDURE
1. Connect the RPM sensor at the 9 pin connector.
2. Power ON the switch.
3. Give 5 min. time to stabilize the instrument.
4. Display show 0000 reading.
5. Motor rotated by single turn pot. Motor speed control pot rotated
minimum to maximum.
PRECAUTIONS
1. To get good performance from the tutor, maintain the room
temperature.
2. Power should be 230 VAC ± 10%.
3. Room environment should be dust proof and humidity free.
CALCULATION
Frequancy x Diameter of disc
RPM = No . of Teeth
Diameter of Disc = 60 mm
No. of teeth = 8 No.s
1 1000
Frequency = Div . x TimeBase =  3.75  = 266.66 Hz
266 .66 x 4
RPM = 8 = 1999

SENSOR :- Opto coupler sensor for measurement of RPM.

THEORY : - When a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field such

that the field is at right angle to the direction of the current, an electric field is
produced in the conductor at right angles to both the current and the magnetic
field.

CONTROL POTS
* Zero adjustment trimpot

* Span adjustment trimpot

                 OBSERVATION TABLE
S.No. No. of Div. Time Calculated Display RPM % Error
Base RPM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 Experiment No. 7

AIM : - Determination of given velocity transducer (Magnetic sensor UGM 3140)

using VELOCITY TUTOR and calculation of percentage error.

SPECIFICATIONS & TOP PANEL DESCRIPTION

Range : 2.35 meter/sec

Display : 31/2 Digit LED
Inputs : Velocity Transducer
Single turn pot : Motor speed control Adjustment pot
ON/OFF Switch : To ON/OFF the system
Fuse : 0.1 milli. amp.
Light LED : Indicates the power supply the switch is in
ON position.
Teat point : a) Display card supply +5V
There are two terminals :
Red : +5V
Black : Gnd.
b) Signal conditioner card supply +12V
There are two terminals for :
Red : +12V
Black : Gnd.
c) Sensor output to CRO
Red : High
Black : Low
d) Analogue output to measure multimeter and
CRO 2 Volt maximum range.
Red : High
Black : Low
All the points can be measured through multimeter/ or CRO.
OPERATING PROCEDURE
1. Connect the velocity sensor at the 9 pin connector.
2. Power ON the switch.
3. Give 5 min. time to stabilize the instrument.
4. Display show 0000 reading.
5. Motor rotated by single turn pot. Motor speed control pot rotated
minimum to maximum. Maximum velocity 2.35meter/sec.

PRECAUTIONS

1. To get good performance from the tutor, maintain the room

temperature.
2. Power should be 230 VAC ± 10%.
3. Room environment should be dust proof and humidity free.

CALCULATION

Frequancy x Circumference of Disc

Velocity = No. ofPules ( No. ofmagnets)

Diameter of Disc = 0.120 meter

Circumference of the disc = π x Diameter of the disc  = 0.377

No. of teeth = 16
 1 1 x 1000
Frequency = Div . x TimeBase  = 2 x 5  = 100 Hz

Frequancy x Circumference of Disc

Velocity = No. ofPules ( No. ofmagnets)

100 x 0 .377
Velocity of Disc = 16  2.35 meter/sec

SENSOR :- Velocity Transducer Magnetic sensor UGM 3140 for measurement of

Velocity.

THEORY : - When a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field such

that the field is at right angle to the direction of the current, an electric field is
produced in the conductor at right angles to both the current and the magnetic
field.
CONTROL POTS

* Zero adjustment trimpot

* Span adjustment trimpot
 OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. No. of Time Calculated Velocity Display % Error

Div. Base Velocity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 Experiment No. 8

Aim: Measurement of Temperature of a given sample using Temperature

Measurement Tutor and calculate percentage error.

SPECIFICATIONS & TOP PANEL DESCRIPTION

Range : 1000C
Resolution : 0.10C
Display : 31/2 Digit LED
Inputs : RTD Sensor
Zero Pot : For Zero adjustment
Span Pot : Provided for calibration
ON/OFF Switch : To ON/OFF the system
Fuse : 0.5 milli. amp.
Light LED : Indicates the power supply the switch is in
ON position.
Teat point : a) Display card supply ±5V
There are three terminals :
Red : +5V
Black : - 5V
Green : Common
b) Signal conditioner card supply ±12V
There are three terminals for :
Red : +12V
Black : -12V
Green : Common
c) Analogue output 2 volt full scale display
Red : +ve
Black : -ve
d) Water level sensor input point, when the system is in off
position, you can measure the resistance of the RTD.
 All the points can be measured through multimeter/ or CRO.

OPERATING PROCEDURE

1. Connect the RTD sensor at the 9 pin connector.

2. Power ON the switch.
3. Give 5 min. time to stabilize the instrument.
4. Give the 00C temperature to the RTD by keeping it into the ice, adjust
the 0.00 reading on the display by adjust through zero pot.
5. Give the 1000C temperature to the RTD by keeping it into the boiling
water , adjust the 100 0C reading on the display by adjust through span pot.
6. Keep the RTD in air in room temperature. The indicator will display
room temperature.

PRECAUTIONS
1. To get good performance from the tutor, maintain the room
temperature.
2. Power should be 230 VAC ± 10%.
3. Room environment should be dust proof and humidity free.
SENSOR :- RTD sensor for measurement of temperature.
Range : up to 1000C
THEORY : - RTD resistance convert to temperature.

CONTROL POTS

* 00C (ice point) Zero adjustment trimpot

* 1000C (boiling point) Span adjustment trimpot

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No Resistance Temperature according to Chart 0C Digital Display Reading 0C % Error

.        Ω

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 Experiment No. 9

Aim:- Calibration of Pressure Gauge Using Dead weight Tester.

RANGE:-  0 – 50KG/CM2

INTRODUCTION :- This dead weight pressure gauge Tester has a pressure

gauge of 50 kg/cm2. The system is mounted on four screws to adjust the surface
of the instrument to take accurate reading. The system is nickled crome to
protect from rust. The weight are black anodized for long term use.

DETAIL OF PARTS :

1. Pressure pump to give the pressure to the weight.

2. Oil tank to provide oil to the system.
3. Piston lever for the weights.
4. Dial pressure gauge to measure the pressure.
 OPERATING PROCEDURE :

1. To place the system at even surface and if not to set the system through
four screws at the platform.
2. To release the right hand “T” and then to release pressure through the
pressure pump.
3. To tight the right hand “T” so that the pressure may not be released.
4. To place the 50 kg weights on the piston leaver.
5. To rotate slight the weight first and then to give pressure through the tank
of pressure pump.
6. When the pressure will reach at the 50 kg/cm 2 the weight will be lift on the
piston lever and a red mark will be observed at the bottom of the weights.
7. The pressure will also be observed on the dial of the pressure gauge.
8. Similarly to measure the pressure at 10.20.30,50 the procedure to measure
the pressure will be same and only the respective weights will be placed on the
piston lever.

NOTE :- To release the right hand “T” and then pressure is released through the
pressure pump and put the oil in the tank. Gelesrene oil is to be used.

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.N. Weight Pressure gauge Reading Percentage Error

Kg/cm2 Kg/cm2
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
 Experiment No :- 10

Aim:- Measurement of Strain of a given metallic strip using Strain Measurement

Tutor.

AIM : - Study of STRAIN MEASUREMENT TUTOR and to

perform experiment to determine percentage error.

GENRAL DESCRIPTION :- It is a table mounted tutor which consists of a

digital strain indicator, cantilever beam and a hanger with set of weights. To train
the student or to measure a strain, digital strain indicator is used for
measurement/training purpose in 1, 2 or 4 arm configuration with 120, 350 and 600
ohm strain gauges. It is high resolution and accurate tutor which displays the strain
values or output of measuring transducers such as load/force, pressure etc
operating on the principle of strain gauges.

Cantilever beam supplied with tutor is fabricated by bonding of four No. of strain
gauges at this section where maximum strain are produced while applying the load
at the free end of the cantilever beam. To apply the loads at the free end of the
cantilever beam, weights can be put on hanger in step of 50gm each or total load of
500gm can also be put or at the desired interval.

BASIC DESCRIPTION :- The indicator provides necessary excitation power to

the bridge or the sensor. The output of the bridge or sensor which is proportional to
the strain or the measuring parameter is fed to the indicator for further processing
and is displayed on a seven segment LED display. The resolution of A/D converter
defines the resolution of the indicator. The analogue output in the form of voltage
enables the user to interface with other equipments such as meters, printers,
recorders, CRO.
The indicator has a numeric LED display.
FRONT PANEL DESCRIPTION :
Display  : 41/2digit red colour LED Display
Bridge selector switch : To select the bridge configuration
   when switch is ON.
                                      F  : Full Bridge configuration
       H : Half Bridge configuration
       Q : Quarter Bridge configuration
Resistance selector switch: To Select the resistance of strain  gauge used in bridge
bonded on to the cantilever beam/transducer facility is given for 120,
350, 600 ohms.

Toggled switch : A two way you keep it at GF

indicator will display gauge factor of strain gauges under measurement when you
keep  ST indicator  will display the strain.
Adj. 1/GF  : This is a ten turn potentiometer for setting
the gauge factor.
BAL                       : A ten turn potentiometer to balance the                                    
     initial unbalance of bridge.
Cal Check : A push button when you push this button it will display the
strain in ( strains.
BINDING TERMINALS:
Red post  : +ve Excitation wire.
Green post  : -ve Excitation wire.
Yellow post  : +ve signal
Black post  : -ve signal
Blue  : For grounding.
RAER PANEL DESCRIPTION
Power switch  : To ON/OFF the power
Mains cord : A lead to give power to the digital
    strain   indicator.
Analogue : CRO will be connected on this terminal.
CANTILEVER BEAM
It is ready to connect with strain indicator, in quarter, half and full
bridge configuration.

Red wire  : +ve Excitation wire.
Green wire : -ve Excitation wire.
Yellow wire : +ve signal
Black wire : -ve signal

SPECIFICATIONS
Measuring range : 0 to ± 1999 (m/m (micro strain)
Display : 41/2 digit
Resolution : 1 micro strain (over entire range)
Polarity Indication : Automatic, on display
Bridge configuration : 1,2 and 4 arm
Internal dummy resistors: 120, 350, 600 ohms
 Bridge balancing range : More than ±10,000 micro strains

Bridge balancing :

1) Two step switch for coarse arrangement balance.

2) Ten torn control for fine balancing. Facility to switch out the     balancing
controls.
Gauge factor range : 1 to 10 adjustable through screw driver panel
control.
Gauge factor display : Same display displays reciprocal of gauge
factor.
Calibration check : Push button on panel simulates known  strain.
Facility for control of external  calibration resistor.
Over all inaccuracy : ±0.05% of full scale ± 1 digit
Temperature Drift : ±0.02% of full scale per 0C.
Analogue output : ± 200 mv corresponding to full scale display.
Power source : 230 V± 10%, 50Hz.
SYSTEM OPERATION
1. Fix the Cantilever beam with the help of supplied nuts, bolts and screws.
2. Connect the unit to 230 V, 50 Hz mains and switch ON the power
provided on the rear panel of the strain indicator, let the unit warm up for at least
5 minutes for stabilization.
3. Select the connected wires from the cantilever beam in the desired
bridge configuration.
4. Now connect these selected connecting wires to the binding posts
provided on the front panel of the indicator, connect the red wire to red post and
green wire to green post & respectively. If LED display is blinking it shows
that the connection is wrong.
5. Select the bridge mode with the help of selector switch on the front panel,
selected through the cantilever beam.
6. Select the bridge resistance by the help of resistance switch viz. 120,
350 & 600 ohm.
7. Now put the toggle switch on GF and adjust the GF for example : Suppose
the gauge factor of the strain gauge used is 2 (on our Case). 1/GF = ½ = 0.500.
8. Now by the help of Adj. a ten turn pot, by revolving it to right or left set
o.00 on the display.
9. Put the toggle switch on strain (ST) mode and use BAL (a ten turn pot) on
front panel by revolving to right or left, balance the bridge on a pre-amplified
signal ( 0.000 on the display).
10. Now press the CAL CHECK push button after pressing it the display
 shows 1000 strains ( approximately). It shows the connecting bridge is in working
conditioning.
11. Now keep the hanger at the free end of the cantilever beam and once
again adjust the display reading to 0.000with the help of BAL.
12. Now the unit is ready for measurement.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Length of cantilever beam = 300 mm
Height of cantilever beam = 3.4 mm
Width of the beam = 25 mm
3
bd
I = 12  , E = 7.6518 x 1010 N/m2
Moment M = Wg x l
M
xY
Stress σ = I
By using 1-D (stress-strain) Hookes’s Law
σ
Strain εo = E
Gauge factor = 2
εo
strain = (G. F )
                          OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No Load Calculated Display reading  % Error

. Value Strain
 Strain
1. 50 gm
2. 100 gm
3. 200 gm
4. 300 gm
5. 400 gm
6. 500 gm