Describe and explain with diagram examples of these two common basic measuring tool used

in workshop.
a) Vernier Caliper
A Vernier caliper is a precision instrument that measures internal dimensions, outside
dimensions, and depth. It can measure to an accuracy of one thousandth of an inch and one
hundredth of a millimeter. The caliper has two sets of jaws, one each on the upper and lower
portions. Each set has a fixed jaw and a movable jaw. The upper set is designed to measure
inside dimensions, while the lower is designed for outside dimensions. It also has a depth
probe at the base or on the rear part, which functions as a depth measuring tool.
The accuracy of Vernier calipers
The Vernier consists of a main scale engraved on a fixed ruler and a Vernier scale
engraved on a movable jaw. The movable Vernier scale is free to slide along the length of the
fixed ruler. This main scale is presented in centimeters with the smallest division in millimeters.
The actual length of the Vernier scale is 9 mm. The 9 mm are divided into 10 divisions.
According to the number of divisions the accuracy values are determined.
The Vernier caliper with 10 divisions in Vernier scale is accurate to (1/10) 0.1 mm.
The Vernier caliper with 20 divisions in Vernier scale is accurate to (1/20) 0.05 mm.
The Vernier caliper with 50 divisions in Vernier scale is accurate to (1/50) 0.02 mm.
Parts
The Vernier caliper has 6 parts: as illustrated in Fig. 1.
1. Outside jaws: used to measure external lengths.
2. Inside jaws: used to measure internal lengths.
3. Stem: used to measure depths.
4. Main scale
5. Vernier scale
6. Screw clamp: used to block the movable jaw to allow the easy transferring a
measurement.
Figure 1 : Main parts of Vernier Caliper

Where it Is Used
The Vernier caliper is typically used in scientific labs and engineering schools where precise
measurements are a must. High precision instruments like the Vernier caliper do not leave room
for many errors. It is also a great addition to a woodworkers tools since it comes in handy when
working with different projects that require careful and precise measurement. Below are the best
uses for a Vernier caliper.
1. Measuring Inside Dimensions
The upper set of jaws on the caliper can be used to measure inside dimensions, such as
the diameter of a hole on a piece of wood or metal. Measuring the precise diameter of holes in
pipes, cylinders, and other hollow objects is very important to many projects or applications. To
get a precise measurement, the jaws will just be slid into the hole and the measurement taken
from there. The caliper can also be used to measure holes of different shapes, e.g., square,
rectangular, cylindrical, or hexagonal. Lastly, the upper jaws can be used to measure the
distance between two objects, which can be done by putting the jaws between the objects.

Figure 2: Measuring the inside diameter or width of an object.

2. Measuring Outside Dimensions
Outside dimensions include things such as the outer diameter of a cylinder and total length
or width of an object. For measuring the outer diameter of something with the lower jaws, you
will simply clamp them around the object. However, to measure length or width, you will place
the object between the caliper jaws.

Figure 3: measuring the

outside diameter or width of an

object.

3. Measuring Depth
As previously mentioned, the Vernier caliper has a depth probe on the rear part. This probe
can be extended from the edge of the hole through to the other end for a measurement.

Figure 4: measuring the depth of an object.

b) Micrometer
A micrometer sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating
a calibrated screw widely used for precise measurement of components in mechanical
engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades, along with other metrological
instruments such as dial, vernier, and digital calipers. Micrometers are usually, but not always, in
the form of calipers (opposing ends joined by a frame), which is why micrometer caliper is
another common name. The spindle is a very accurately machined screw and the object to be
measured is placed between the spindle and the anvil. The spindle is moved by turning the
ratchet knob or thimble until the object to be measured is lightly touched by both the spindle and
the anvil.
The micrometer screw gauge is used to measure even smaller dimensions than the
Vernier calipers. The micrometer screw gauge also uses an auxiliary scale (measuring
hundredths of a millimeter) which is marked on a rotary thimble. It is a screw with an accurately
constant pitch. The micrometers in our laboratory have a pitch of 0.50 mm (two full turns are
required to close the jaws by 1.00 mm). The rotating thimble is subdivided into 50 equal
divisions. The thimble must be rotated through two revolutions to open the jaws by 1 mm.

Figure
Main

5:
parts
of micrometer

Parts
A micrometer is composed of:

Frame

The C-shaped body that holds the anvil and barrel in constant relation to each other. It is thick
because it needs to minimize flexion, expansion, and contraction, which would distort the
measurement.

Anvil

The shiny part that the spindle moves toward, and that the sample rests against.

Sleeve / barrel / stock

The stationary round component with the linear scale on it. Sometimes vernier markings.

Lock nut / lock-ring / thimble lock

The knurled component (or lever) that one can tighten to hold the spindle stationary, such as
when momentarily holding a measurement.

Screw

It is inside the barrel.

Spindle

The shiny cylindrical component that the thimble causes to move toward the anvil.

Thimble

The component that one's thumb turns. Graduated markings.

Ratchet stop

Device on end of handle that limits applied pressure by slipping at a calibrated torque.