Measuring Tools

1.Ruler

An instrument used in geometry, technical drawing, printing and engineering

to measure distances that is in straight lines.
2.1 ruler

2.Measuring Tape
A measuring tape is a flexible form of ruler.

2.2 measuring tape

3. Micrometer
A micrometer is also called micrometer screw gauge.

Micrometer It is used for precise measurement.

2.3 micrometer

4.Calipers

They are usually of two types- inside and outside calliper.

Inside callipers

They are used to measure internal size (e.g. diameter) of an object.

2.4 inside calliper

External callipers

They are used to measure internal size (e.g. diameter) of an object

2.5 outsie calliper

5.Depth gauge

A depth gauge is used to measure the depth of a slot, hole or any

other surface of an object.

2.6 depth gauge

6..Planimeter

An instrument which is used to measure areas of irregularly shaped areas of

an arbitrary two-dimensional shape on plans or drawings.

2.7 planimeter

7.Dial Gauge

The dial gauge is utilised in different tools as stated above and can be
separately used to measure the trueness of the circular object, jumping off
an object, etc.
2.8 dail gauge

8.Liner Measurement Tool

A liner measurement tool is a special tool for marine engines which comes in a
set of the straight rod of different marked length, which can be assembled
together to make the measuring tool of the required length.

2.9 liner
measurement tool
9.VERNIER CALLIPERS

Vernier callipers, an instrument for making very accurate linear measurements was
introduced in 1631 by Pierre Vernier of France.

2.10 vernier callipers

Vernier callipers are widely used in scientific laboratories and in manufacturing for
quality control measurements

Vernier caliper upper jaws

The upper jaws of a caliper are used for taking inside measurements such
as the diameter of a hole or slot.

2.10 Upper jaws

Vernier caliper lower jaws

The lower jaws are used for measuring outside dimensions such as width,
length and diameter

2.11 lower jaws

Vernier caliper depth rod

The depth rod is used for measuring the depth of holes. It protrudes when
the thumb screw is turned
2.12 depth rod

Vernier caliper main scale

The main scale runs along the beam of the caliper. On a metric vernier
caliper, the main scale is graduated in centimetres (cm) and millimetres (mm).

On an imperial vernier caliper, the main scale is graduated in inches, with each 2.13 main scale
inch divided into increments of a tenth of an inch (0.1 inch).

Vernier scale
The vernier scale adds an extra degree of accuracy to measurements. On the
vernier scale, the smallest increment on the main scale is further divided.

The metric vernier scale is divided into 50 equal parts. The measuring range
of the vernier scale is usually 1mm, with each increment representing
0.02mm. 2.14 vernier scale

On an imperial caliper with a main scale of 6 inches, the vernier scale is 0.6 inch long, and
is divided into 25 parts. Each increment has a length of 0.001 inch .
 Vernier caliper thumb screw
The thumb screw is used to precisely adjust the measuring faces of the
caliper (both sets of jaws and the depth rod). It helps the user to get a tight
grip on the material they are measuring.

2.15 thumb screw

Vernier caliper lock screw

The lock screw secures the jaws into place, so the object you
are measuring can be removed, and readings taken.

2.16 lock screw

How to use a Vernier calliper.

1) The jaws are first gently closed on the object to be measured.

2) Note the main scale reading (M.S.R)

3) Note the division on vernier scale which coincides with any division of the main scale.
Multiply this number of vernier division with the least count. This is the vernier scale
reading(V.S.R) Hence V.S.R = Vernier scale coincidence x Least count(L.C.)

4) Add the main scale reading to the vernier scale reading. This gives the observed

length. Hence, Observed Reading = Main scale reading + Vernier scale reading.

Advantages
Accuracy and precision
Integrated scales
Versatility
Durability
Cost

Disadvantages

Good eyesight is required

Possibility of errors
More accurate tools are available
 Manufacturing Process Lab
Manual Lab Report no.2(4 Sep,
2019) Title: Mfg Process Lab
Layout

Submitted by : Muhammad Shavaiz Ul Hasan

Roll no : 18-MCE-16
Semester : Third
Submitted to : Dr Muhammad Arif