VERNIER

CALIPERS &
MICROMETRS

BANEEN RAAD HAMZA

University of Baghdad
Al-Khawarizmi College of Engineering
Department of Automated Manufacturing Eng
Third stage.
Laboratory Experiment Report #4
Lab Report Submittal 9 November 2022

VERNIER CALIPERS

VERNIER CALIPERS
AIM:
To measure the external, internal dimensions and depth of
holes.

APPARATUS:
The quality of industrial products requires the manufacture of
mechanical
parts with a high accuracy that exceeds the accuracy of the iron ruler,
so accurate
measurements require the use of more accurate devices such as the
vernier calipers
and the micrometer. These precise devices are also used during the
installation of
machines and cutting tools and during maintenance operations on
them. The vernier
calipers are used in workshops and laboratories to make
measurements of the
external and internal dimensions and the depth of the holes in the
pieces and
workpieces.

Vernier usage for measuring external and internal

dimensions.

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VERNIER CALIPERS

The main parts of Vernier.

The Vernier caliper Device consists of two main parts:

A B

- Fixed part: It contains a fixed - The movable part: It is in the

jaw attached to the main form of a slide that bears the
scale. The standard ruler is movable jaw and its vernier
usually listed in millimeters scale. The measurement
(mm) on one side and in vernier is listed in millimeters,
inches (inch) on the other. On which represents the
the ruler, we read the correct accuracy of the device.
millimeters.

• The vernier enables the reading of the fractions on the main measuring
ruler with high measurement accuracy. Usually this precision is in: (0.1 = 1/10
mm) or (0.05 = 1/20 mm) or (0.02 mm = 1/50).

• The measurement process is carried out using the vernier by placing the
size to be measured between the fixed and moving jaws (without pressing
them hard).

• The vernier also has a stem or shaft to measure the depth of the holes.
(Stem for depth measurements).

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VERNIER CALIPERS

Type of vernier
1 - Vernier caliper
The measurement is used
and read on the device in the
way that was explained in the
previous parts.

2- Dial Caliper
A dial caliper is a sliding, F-
shaped tool, typically made of
hardened stainless steel. It
makes outside, inside and
depth measurements. A small
thumbwheel adjusts the jaws
of the tool when making a
measurement and a dial
indicates the smallest
increments.

3- Height caliper

Height gauges and depth

gauges can be considered
relatives of hand calipers.
When combined with a dial
gauge, a height gauge can be
used to measure height. Depth
gauges, meanwhile, are used
to measure level differences.

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VERNIER CALIPERS

Type of vernier
4 - Electronic or digital caliper
The electronic foot is used in the same
way as for the caliper. However,
reading the measurement result is
directly on the electronic screen. This
type is characterized by ease of use,
but it is sensitive and its accuracy may
be affected by temperature, humidity
and chemicals.

5- Depth Caliber

This type of footing is used to

measure the depths of the
longitudinal ducts and the lengths of
the various holes and cavities. It
consists of a main measuring rod and
a bridge located on it and a
measuring vernier. It is of three types:
the vernier, the electronic one, and the
clock.

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VERNIER CALIPERS

PROCEDURE:
The process of reading the vernier measurement is carried out in two main
stages:
1. look at the measurement vernier, specifically at the zero position, and read the
number to the left of it that is recorded on the main measuring ruler. We record
the value of the reading (A) in the correct millimeters.
2. look from zero of the vernier and determine the first perfect match between
the gradations of the ruler and the vernier, then we read the number of
gradations of the vernier recorded with the match, this number is multiplied by
the accuracy of the vernier, and this is the value of the vernier reading (B) in
parts of a millimeter.
The sum of the value (A) and the value of (B) is the result of the measurement
value on the old vernier device.
3.Vernier accuracy is determined from the device details panel and is usually
registered on the device.
If we cannot, then the accuracy can be calculated in a very simple way, such
that if we know that the total vernier scale is equal to 1 mm; The number of
steps in the vernier can be counted, let it be (n), for example. The accuracy is
the smallest gradation on the vernier and is calculated by the relationship:
Accuracy = (1/n) mm.
• In general, if the number of increments on the vernier is n = 50 (we call this the
Pentecostal vernier) and its accuracy is equal to 1/50 = 0.02 mm.
• If the number of increments on the vernier is n = 20 (and we call this twentieth
vernier) and its accuracy is 1/20 = 0.05 mm.

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VERNIER CALIPERS

H.W

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MICROMETRS

MICROMETRS
AIM:
find accuracy of measuring object.
APPARATUS:
micrometer, rods with different dimensions.

THEORY:
The micrometer is one of the most accurate dimensions measuring
devices available in workshops and laboratories, as its accuracy is
usually 0.01 mm, and in some devices, it may reach a value less than
0.001 mm. In addition to its accuracy, the micrometer is distinguished
by its many uses in measuring dimensions and its ease of use. The
principle of operation of the micrometer is based on the rotational
motion of the screw.

The correct way to measure

with an external micrometer:
We hold the micrometer with the right hand
with the frame in the palm of the hand and
the pinky inside the frame. The thumb and
forefinger are used to rotate the sleeve in
order to determine the size of the workpiece
that we hold in the left hand.

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MICROMETRS
Micrometer Components:
The external measuring micrometer consists of two main parts:
A B
The fixed part: It contains the
frame or structure of the
device (U-shaped) to carry
the rest of the fixed and
moving
components of the device.
The frame supports both the
anvil and the measuring rod,
which are used to fix the
workpiece whose dimensions
are to be measured. The
frame of the device also
carries the main scale or the
sleeve with main scale. The
main scale is inserted in
millimeters (1 mm) on one
side and
(0.5 mm) on the bottom.
The moving part: The main
moving part is the thimble,
which if we move it with an
intentional rotary movement
through the Ratchet Knob, and
the measuring column moves
to fix the workpiece to be
measured. The circumference
of the gauge bushing is
usually divided into 50 steps
and moving it a full turn allows
it to advance by 1/2 mm = 0.5
mm. From here, the sensitivity
of the device can be deduced
as a value: 0.5/50 = 1/100 =
0.01 mm.
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MICROMETRS

Micrometer types and uses

1 - Outside Micrometer
Different Size Micrometers There are several types
of external measuring micrometers in different
shapes designed for special measurements. They
are available in different sizes depending on the
available size range. The sizes usually available
are: 0 - 25 mm, 25 - 50 mm, 50 - 75 mm, 75 -
100 mm until the size reaches 1000 mm.
These devices are used to measure the external
dimensions of workpieces such as outer
diameters and surfaces.

2 - Inside Micrometer

A dial caliper is a sliding, F-shaped tool, typically

made of hardened stainless steel. It makes
outside, inside and depth measurements. A small
thumbwheel adjusts the jaws of the tool when
making a measurement and a dial indicates the
smallest increments.

3 - depth micrometer
Bathymetry Micrometer This type of micrometer is
used to measure the depths of holes and
sinkholes. This type consists of a fixed part and a
moving part as in the external micrometer. It has
a base used to base the device on the work to be
measured.

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MICROMETRS

PROCEDURE:
The micrometer is a sensitive device used in accurate
measurements and for special purposes in the industrial field.
Therefore, its user must observe some basic rules that allow
accurate measurements to be made on the device. The scale of the
micrometer is read as follows:
Reading the main measurement:
We look at the edge of the measuring sleeve and read the value of
the gradient recorded on the gradient cylinder in millimeters and
record the value of A.
Note the presence (or lack thereof) of any 0.5 mm gradient on the
linear gradient cylinder after the value of A: In the case of this
gradient, add the value of B = 0.5 mm to the measurement, in the
absence of the gradient we take the value of B = mm 0.
2- Reading the measurement on the sleeve:
We determine the correspondence between the gauge bushing
gradient and the main line on the longitudinal gradient cylinder. We
multiply the value of the gradient recorded on the bushing with the
accuracy of the device and the result is the value of the reading on
the measuring bush and we denote it with C.
3 - The result of the measurement on the micrometer is the sum of
(A + B + C).

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MICROMETRS

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disscution

The micrometer and vernier caliper are two instruments that are
based on the vernier scale that are used to determine
measurements of an object. They both allow for more precise
readings of thickness, length, and width, having a reading main scale
in millimeters.
Vernier calipers typically allow a user to measure external diameters,
internal diameters as well as depths. Micrometers usually only allow
users to measure external diameters. Other, more specialized types
of micrometers are available for measuring internal diameters and
depths.

Conclusion:

This experiment demonstrated the use of different instruments in lab.

The measurements were very precise and accurate.
The number of significant figures in a measurement depends on the
measuring device and its precision. When an object is measured in a
same manner, a vernier caliper has a greater precision than a
meterstick and a micrometer has a greater precision than a vernier
caliper but at the same time measurement range of micrometer is
less than vernier caliper.

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