Welcome to 2021

Form 1 Science
Class
THEME 1 SCIENTIFIC
METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
What is science??

Science is a systematic study of nature

and how it affects us and our environment

Science can explain natural phenomena

that happen in our environment

How?
Through careful observations, studies and
investigations by scientists
 NATURAL
PHENOMENA
TORNADO
TSUNAMI
 GROWTH OF
BABY INTO AN
ADULT
MELTING OF ICE
THUNDERSTORM
 THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE

• Contributes to
the area of
engineering such
as construction
of tall building
 THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE

• Invention of
satellites has
made
communication
more effective
and faster
 THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE

• Increases crop
yields by
invention of
fertilisers,
pesticides and
hydroponic
method
 THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE

• Discovery of
vaccines and
antibiotics in the
field of medicine in
controlling the
infectious diseases
and reduces death
rate.
 Fields in Science

Physics Biology

Study of energy and its influence

on matter Study of living things

Ex : Zoology, microbiology,
Ex : engineering physiology, botany
 Fields in Science

Chemistry Geology

Study of matter and its reaction Study of rocks, soil and minerals

Ex : Pharmacology, forensics, Ex : Geochemistry, geomorphology

toxicology and geophysics
 Fields in Science

Astronomy Meteorology

Study of planets, stars and other Study of weather and climate

objects in the universe change

Ex : Astrophysics Ex : Hydrometeorology
CAREERS IN SCIENCE
MEDICA
L
DOCTOR
• A person that assess
patients, diagnose
diseases and illnesses,
and treat a variety of
conditions.
• Subject need to study :
Biology
FORENSIC
SCIENTIST
• Person that collects
evidence from crime
scene.
• Subject need to study :
chemistry
OCEANOGRAPHER
• A person that study physical
conditions and physical
processes within the ocean
such as waves, current and
tides.
• Subject need to study :
Physics, Biology and
Chemistry.
METEOROLOGIS
T

• A person that analyse

and forecast the
weather.
• Subject need to study :
Physics
GEOLOGIST
• Scientist who studies the
solid, liquid and gaseous
matter that constitutes the
Earth.
• Subject need to study :
Geology
ZOOLOGIS
T• A person that study
animals and other wildlife
and how they interact
with the ecosystem.
• Subject need to study :
Biology
MICROBIOLOGIS
T
• Scientist who studies
microscopic life form and
processes.
• Subject need to study :
Biology
SCIENCE TEACHER
 Innovation in Technology
• Are applications of science to fulfil the needs of humans.
1.2 A SCIENCE LABORATORY
 COMMON
LABORATORY
APPARATUS
BOILING TUBE
To contain or
heat small
amounts of
chemicals
TEST TUBE
To hold small
amounts of
chemicals
BEAKER
To hold larger
amounts of
chemicals
CONICAL
FLASK
To hold larger
amounts of
chemicals
FLAT-BOTTOM
FLASK
To hold larger
amounts of
chemicals
MEASURING
CYLINDER
To measure
volume of liquid
BURETTE
To measure a
fixed volume of
liquid
PIPETTE
To measure a
fixed volume of
liquid. Ex 25.0
cm3 or 50.0 cm3
 TRIPOD
STAND
To support
apparatus during
heating
 WIRE
GAUZE
To spread heat
evenly during
heating
 FILTER
FUNNEL
To filter or
separate
insoluble solids
from mixtures
GAS JAR
To contain gas
RETORT
STAND
To hold or
support
apparatus
EVAPORATING
DISH

To evaporate
excess solvent
 PORTABLE
BUNSEN BURNER

To provide flames
for heating
 LABORATORY
THERMOMETER

To measure
temperature of
substances
TEST TUBE
HOLDER
To hold test tube
during heating
process
TEST TUBE
RACK
To hold test tubes
in an upright
position
 PT3 TIPS
When drawing a scientific diagram for apparatus

• The diagram should be large, clear and in correct proportions

• The diagram should be simple two-dimensional (2D)
representations
• Label the diagram completely, including the title for diagram
• Make sure the labelling lines do not intersect each other
• Do not use arrow heads on labelling lines
• Draw all straight lines including labelling lines using ruler
SYMBOL OF HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS IN THE
LABORATORY
Hazardous materials with hazard symbols
• Some chemicals like potassium , sodium and lithium will
react if exposed to air.
• So these chemicals must be kept in paraffin oil.
IRRITANT
• Chemical which irritate give out
vapour or fumes that will hurt
the eyes, nose and throat.
• AVOID inhaling the vapour or
fumes.
• Use the chemicals inside a
fume chamber.
• Ex : chloroform and ammonia.
 RADIOACTIVE
• Radioactive materials
that emit radioactive
rays can cause cancer.
• Example : uranium
and plutonium
CORROSIVE
• These chemicals are corrosive.
• DO NOT touch these chemicals
because it will burn your skin.
• In case of contact with the skin,
wash the affected part with lots
of water.
• Examples : concentrated acid
and alkali
 POISONOUS /
TOXIC
• This chemical is
poisonous or toxic.
• DO NOT drink, eat,
smell or taste this
chemical.
• Example mercury and
chlorine.
EXPLOSIVE
• This chemical is
explosive.
• Use this chemical
according to the
instructions
CAREFULLY.
• Examples hydrogen
gas and butane gas.
 FLAMMABLE
• This chemical easily
vaporises and is flammable.
• KEEP AWAY this chemical
from fire or heat sources.
• Use this chemical according
to instructions carefully.
• Examples alcohol and petrol.
Rules and safety
measures in the
laboratory
GENERAL RULES AND
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

DO’S IN THE
LABORATORY
 PUT YOUR
SCHOOL BAG
OUTSIDE THE
LABORATORY
FOLLOW TEACHER INSTRUCTION
OPEN DOORS AND WINDOWS – TO IMPROVE AIR CIRCULATION
MEASURE CAREFULLY
 WASH YOUR
HANDS AFTER
ALL
LABORATORY
WORKS
 REPORT ALL THE
ACCIDENTS,
BREAKAGES AND
SPILLAGES
IMMEDIATELY TO
YOUR TEACHER
GENERAL RULES AND
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

DONT’S IN THE
LABORATORY
DO NOT ENTER THE
LABORATORY
WITHOUT TEACHER’S
PERMISSION
FOOD AND DRINKS NOT
ALLOWED IN
LABORATORY
DO NOT PLAY IN
LABORATORY
 DO NOT PERFORM
ANY EXPERIMENT
WITHOUT TEACHER’S
PERMISSION
 HOMEWORK
•Text book Page 10 and 11
•Draw, label and state function
of the apparatus inside your
Science note book.
1.3 Physical Quantities
and Their Units
 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
- Physical characteristics that can be measured
BASE S.I. UNIT SYMBOL OF S.I.
QUANTITY UNIT
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Electric Ampere A
Current
SI Unit = The International System of Units (Systeme
International d’Unites)
• This allows accurate exchange of data and scientific knowledge to
the entire world)
• Have been used as the standard unit of physical quantities since
1960 to prevent problems of inconsistent units in measurement.
SI UNIT???

LENGTH OF TABLE
SI UNIT???

MASS OF ONION
SI UNIT???

TEMPERATURE OF WATER
SI UNIT???

TIME
HE VALUES OF PREFIXES AND SYMBOLS FOR PHYSICAL QUANTITY UN

PREFIX VALUE STANDARD FORM SYMBOL

giga 1 000 000 000 109 G
mega 1 000 000 106 M
kilo 1 000 103 k
deci 0.1 10-1 d
centi 0.01 10-2 c
milli 0.001 10-3 m
micro 0.000 001 10-6 µ
nano 0.000 000 001 10-9 n
Example 1
1.9 kg = ___________g
Example 2
8200 g = ______________kg
Example 3
80 m = _____________cm
Example 4
600 cm = _____________m
Example 5
95 mm = _____________m
Example 6
7 min = ____________s
Example 7
450 s = _______________hr
 THE
IMPORTANCE
OF S.I. UNITS IN
LIFE
 Inconsistencies of units used in daily life may
cause a lot of problem

The use of a standard unit for measurement

will make it easier for scientist to communicate
at international level.
SPAN. Same size????
FADHEM. Same size????
Measure the length the laboratory
by counting your paces
1.4 The use of measuring
instruments, accuracy,
consistency, sensitivity and
errors
 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Base quantity S.I. Unit Symbol of S.I. Measuring

Unit instruments
Length metre m ?
Mass kilogram kg ?
Time second s ?
Temperature Kelvin K ?
Electric Ampere A ?
Current
 Yard
SI UNIT
Meter (m)

Span
 •The ability of measuring instruments to
Accuracy obtain a value closest to the actual value

Consistenc •The ability of measuring instruments to

give the same reading with repeated
y measurements.

•The ability of measuring instruments to

Sensitivity detect a small change in the
measurement quantity
 The Use Of Right Measuring Instruments

a) Measuring
length
• Length is a distance between
two points
• S.I unit metre (m)
• Also measured in
milimetres(mm), centimetres
(cm) or kilometres (km)
 When using a ruler, the eyes of the observer must be
parallel to the scale of the ruler to prevent parallax
error. Parallax error occur due to the wrong positioning
of the eyes when taking instruments.
(b) Measuring mass SI UNIT
Kilogram (kg)

Kati, ounce, pound, tahil

 The Use Of Right Measuring Instruments
b) Measuring mass

Lever balance Triple beam balance

Mass  quantity of matter (SI unit: kg)

Used in the olden times:

Weighing scale
 The Use Of Right Measuring Instruments

c) Measuring time
• SI unit: second (s)
• Other unit: minute, hour, day,
week, month, year

A stopwatch is used to measure

time with an accuracy of 0.1 s or
0.2 s.
 The Use Of Right Measuring Instruments

d) Measuring temperature

laboratory thermometer
-accuracy 1oC- clinical
thermometer
• temperature  degree of heat of an object
• (SI unit: Kelvin) -accuracy 0.1oC-
• However, degree Celcius (oC) is usually used as a measuring unit
for temperature.
0 C + 273 = 273 K
O
 The Use Of Right Measuring Instruments

e) Measuring electric current

• An ammeter is used to
measure electric
current in a circuit.
 Error
Systematic error( zero error ) Random error ( parallax error )
 The Use Of Right Measuring Instruments

f) Measuring volume of water

Parallax error occurs
when the reader’s eye
are not perpendicular
to the reading scale.
Using Measuring Instruments With Higher Accuracy
a) Measuring length
- Vernier Calipers

Is used to measure the thickness or

outer diameter, inner diameter or depth
of an object. The smallest division of the
reading of a vernier calipers is 0.01 cm
or 0.1 mm. Therefore, vernier calipers is
much more accurate compared to a
ruler which can only measure the
smallest reading up to 0.1 cm or 1 mm
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
 Zero error in vernier calipers
• Can be determined when the jaws of the vernier calipers are closed
 Zero error in vernier calipers
• Can be determined when the jaws of the vernier calipers are closed
Positive zero error in vernier calipers
Negative zero error in vernier calipers
Actual reading = reading of vernier calipers – zero error
Classkick exercise 1
Classkick exercise 2
Using Measuring Instruments With Higher Accuracy
a) Measuring length
- micrometer screw gauge
Is used to measure the thickness
and diameter of small objects like
paper and hair. The smallest
division of the reading of a
micrometer screw gauge is 0.001
cm or 0.01 mm. Therefore,
micrometer screw gauge more
accurate compared to the vernier
calipers.
Anvil

Vernier
scale
Example 1
= 3.50 + 0.32
=3.82 mm
Example 2
Example 3
 Zero error of the micrometer screw
gauge
• Can be determined when the anvil is closed
completely.
Zero error of the micrometer screw
gauge
• Positive zero error
Zero error of the micrometer screw
gauge
• Negative zero error
Actual reading = reading of micrometer screw gauge – zero error
EXAMPLE:

ERROR = + 0.03 mm Reading = 2.5 + 0.38

= 2.88 mm

Actual Reading = 2.88 - error

= 2.88 – 0.03
= 2.85 mm
EXAMPLE:

ERROR = - 0.04 mm Reading = 2.5 + 0.38

= 2.88 mm

Actual Reading = 2.88 - error

= 2.88 – (-0.04)
= 2.88 + 0.04
= 2.92 mm
 Digital micrometer screw
Digital vernier calipers gauge
Using Measuring Instruments With Higher Accuracy
b) Measuring mass
- digital electronic balance
Using Measuring Instruments With Higher Accuracy
c) Measuring time
- digital stopwatch
Using Measuring Instruments With Higher Accuracy
d) Measuring temperature
- digital thermometer
Using Measuring Instruments With Higher Accuracy
e) Measuring electric current
- digital ammeter
MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT

1) LENGTH ??
 MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT

LENGTH
Let say, length of pencil  4 cm
 MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT

LENGTH = number of pencil x 4 cm

Of table
LENGTH = 5 x 4cm
= 20cm
MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT

2) AREA FOR REGULAR SHAPE??

MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT

AREA FOR REGULAR SHAPE??

MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT

AREA FOR IRREGULAR SHAPE??

mark on squares
that are half and more
than half covered by
the leaf
Count the total number
of squares marked
Total number
of squares
marked

= 27 cm2
 2 cm

2 cm
 2 cm

2 cm

Number of square counted = 17

Area of each square = 2cm x 2cm

= 4 cm2

Area = 17 x 4 cm2
= 68 cm2
 MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT

3) MASS??

What is the mass of a sheet of paper which is light and cannot be measured?
 Mass of 100
sheets of
paper
= 500 gram
Mass of a sheet of paper??
 MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT

4) Volume for regular shape??

Using formula
MAKING AN ESTIMATION BEFORE TAKING THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT

Volume for irregular shape??

Water displacement method

Volume of stone
= 260 – 200
= 60 cm 3
 70cm3 VOLUME =
=
50 cm3
How to measure
the volume of
LIGHT object???
 8 cm3
7 cm3
VOLUME OF CORK = 8-7
= 1 cm3
4 cm3
TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION IN MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Sphygmomanometer
TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION IN MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Digital
blood
pressure
Digital
heart
rate
1.5 DENSITY
Why they float
easily??
Density of water in
the Dead Sea is
extremely high
because Dead Sea
has an extremely
high salt content
and can make
people float easily.
 THE FORMULA OF DENSITY
Density is mass per unit volume of the substance

Density
M
Unit = g/cm3 or kg/m3
D M V
 EXAMPLE 1:

A stone has a volume of 10 cm3 and mass of 30 g.

Find its density.
EXAMPLE 1:

A stone has a volume of 10 cm3 and mass of 30 g. Find its density.

D M V
EXAMPLE 1:

A stone has a volume of 10 cm3 and mass of 30 g. Find its density.

Density
M

D M V
EXAMPLE 1:

A stone has a volume of 10 cm3 and mass of 30 g. Find its density.

Density
M
Density
D M V
Density 3 g/cm3
 EXAMPLE 2:

A stone has a volume of 100 cm3 and its density is of 3 g/cm3. Find its mass.
EXAMPLE:

A stone has a volume of 100 cm3 and its density is of 3 g/cm3. Find its mass.

D M V
EXAMPLE:

A stone has a volume of 100 cm3 and its density is of 3 g/cm3. Find its mass.

Mass density x volume

M

D M V
EXAMPLE:

A stone has a volume of 100 cm3 and its density is of 3 g/cm3. Find its mass.

Mass density x volume

M Mass 3 g/cm3 x 100 cm3
Mass 300 g
D M V
Difference
thing with
the same
volume do
not have
the same
mass
 Density concept
•Materials that are
less dense will
float and will be
above the
materials which
are denser Egg is
less dense than the water
 Wood is
less dense than
the water
 Density concept
•Materials which
are denser will
sink and will be
under the
materials which
are less dense
Rock is
more dense than the water
 Candle is
less dense than
the water

Marble is
more dense than
the water
MATERIAL DENSITY (g/cm3)
Gold 19.30
Lead 11.30
Copper 8.92
Aluminium 2.70
Ice 0.92
Cork 0.24
Mercury 13.60
Seawater 1.03
Pure water 1.00
Petrol 0.80
Gold
Mercury
Gold
 Lead
Mercury
Gold
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
 Aluminium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
Seawater
Aluminium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
 Pure water
Seawater
Aluminium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
 Ice
Pure water
Seawater
Aluminium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
 Petrol
Ice
Pure water
Seawater
Aluminium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
 Cork
Petrol
Ice
Pure water
Seawater
Aluminium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Gold
Brain Teaser

How can you

float this
egg?
Determining the Density of Objects Using
the Water Displacement Method

• Water displacement
method is a method
that is used to
measure the volume
of an irregular
objects.
 Water displacement method

The water
displacement
method was
discovered by a
Greek scientist
named Archimedes.
Differences in Density in Everyday Life

Bamboos have
cavities filled with
air which helps the
bamboo raft stay
afloat.
Differences in Density in Everyday Life
• When air in the balloon is
heated, it becomes less
dense and causes the hot
air balloon to rise.
• When the air in the
balloon becomes less hot
and denser, the balloon
descends.
Differences in Density in Everyday Life
• When the ballast tanks are
filled with air, the submarine
becomes less dense than
water and floats.
• When the ballast tanks are
filled with water, the
submarine becomes denser
than water and dives into the
sea.
Differences in Density in Everyday Life

Float and life

jacket contain air
to keep us afloat
in water.
Differences in Density in Everyday Life
Layered drinks are
prepared by mixing
substances of different
densities layer by layer
into a glass, starting from
the densest substance
followed by less dense
substances.
1.6 STEPS IN A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
 Observing
Classifying
Measuring and using numbers
Making inference
Predicting
Communicating
Using time-space relationships
Interpreting data
Defining operationally
Making a hypothesis
Experimenting
 Scientific Method
-is a systematic method used to solve problems in science-
1. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMS
2. CONSTRUCT A HYPOTHESIS
3. CONTROL VARIABLES
4. PLAN AN EXPERIMENT
5. CONDUCT THE EXPERIMENT
6. COLLECTING DATA
7. ANALYSE AND INTERPRET THE DATA
8. MAKE A CONCLUSION
9. WRITING A REPORT
 Identify a problem

• Identify a problem
that could be tested
with a scientific
investigation.
• Problem statement :
 Construct a hypothesis
• We need to build a
hypothesis as an initial
explanation of the
observation or
phenomenon being
investigated. The
hypothesis has to be
tested.
• Hypothesis :
 Control variables

Identify the type of variables involved. Variables

are physical quantities that influence the
observation or scientific phenomena and it consist
of:
• Manipulated variables :
• Responding variables :
• Constant variables :
 Plan an experiment

• We have to design an experiment carefully

beforehand. We also need to choose the
right materials and apparatus for the
experiment.
 Conduct the experiment

• While conducting the

experiment,
precautions must be
practised at all time to
obtain a more accurate
data. Safety measures
must also be followed
to prevent accidents
 Collect data

• Data collection is carried out

carefully using suitable
instruments while taking into
consideration any random or
systematic error that might
occur. Make sure the
measurements are carried out
at least 3 times to obtain a
more accurate and precise
reading. Use a table to record
your data.
 Conduct the experiment

• While conducting the

experiment,
precautions must be
practised at all time to
obtain a more accurate
data. Safety measures
must also be followed
to prevent accidents
 Analyse and interpret data

• Analysis must be accompanied

by effective communication
forms such as graphs and
tables. Graphs and tables assist
us to easily interpret the data.
 Make a conclusion
• Conclusions are made based on experimental
analysis; either hypothesis is accepted or
rejected. If rejected, we need to make a new
hypothesis and carry out the experiment
again.
• Conclusion :
Write a report
1.7 Scientific Attitudes and Values in
Carrying Out Scientific Investigation
 Examples of other values that need to be
practised during a scientific investigation:
1. Realise that scientific knowledge is one way to understand
our environment.
2. Appreciate and practise a clean and healthy lifestyle
3. Appreciate the balance in the natural environment
4. Be polite and respect each other
5. Be grateful that the natural environment is a
gift from God
 CORRECT WAY TO LIGHT UP A BUNSEN BURNER

HOLD THE
CLOSE THE AIR MATCHSTICK NEAR OPEN THE AIR
TURN ON THE GAS
HOLE THE MOUTH OF HOLE
THE BARREL