CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO

BIOLOGY AND LABORATORY RULES

B IO LO G Y F O R M 4 K SSM B Y
C I K G U N O R A Z I L A K H A L I D SM K
U LU T IR A M , JO H O R
1. FIELD OF BIOLOGY AND CAREER
 BIOLOGY

• The word 'Biology' comes from the Greek

'bios' which means life and 'logos' which
means study.
• Biology is the detailed study of living things
and the natural environment.
• Biology allows us to understand the structure
and function of organisms, as well as the
relationship and interaction between
organisms and the environment
 EXAMPLES
OF STUDY
FIELDS IN
BIOLOGY
-BOTANY

The study of plant

life
EXAMPLES OF STUDY
FIELDS IN
BIOLOGY
- PHYSIOLOGY

The study of
functions and
mechanisms
in organisms
EXAMPLE OF BIOLOGICAL STUDY FIELD
- GENETICS
The study of inheritance and genetic
variation
 EXAMPLES
OF STUDY
FIELDS IN
BIOLOGY
-ECOLOGY

The study of the

interaction between
organisms and their
environment
 EXAMPLES OF STUDY
FIELDS IN
BIOLOGY
- M ICRO BIO LO G Y

Studies on
microorganisms
 3 D Pr i n t i n g Te c h n i q u e

• Three-dimensional
(3D) bioprinting
techniques are used to
print and shape
artificial tissues and
aid in modern medical
engineering.
 BIOLOGICAL
SCAFFOLDING

• One of the successful

technological innovations in
Malaysia is the production
of biological scaffolds from
clam shells for dental
treatment. Technological
innovation in Malaysia is led
by researchers from public
and private universities and
research institutions.
BIOLOGY'S CONTRIBUTION IN DAILY LIFE

MEDICAL FIELD
• PHARMACOLOGY
• FOOD PRODUCTION
• AGRICULTURE
MEDICAL FIELD
In vitro fertilization
methods, family
planning, plastic
surgery and gene
therapy.
 PHARMACEUTICAL FIELD

Manufacture of synthetic vitamins, vaccines, insulin

hormones and synthetic enzymes
FOOD PRODUCTION
The use of microorganisms in the
manufacture of cheese, soy sauce, tapai and
tempeh
A G R I C U LT U R E

• Transgenic plants
and animals,
hydroponic and
aeroponic
technology.
O C C U PAT I O N I N B I O L O G Y

• Pharmacist
• Wildlife biologist
1.2 SAFETY AND RULES IN BIOLOGY
LABORATORIES
 SAFETY AND RULES IN BIOLOGY
LABORATORIES

• Biological laboratories are

important for conducting
scientific investigations.
• To prevent unwanted things from
happening, we must always
follow the rules and safety
measures in the biological
laboratory.
• We must also recognize the
personal protection equipment
provided and understand its
functions.
EMERGENCY SHOWER
STATION

Used when parts of the body are

exposed to chemicals or dangerous
substances
EYE WASHING
STATION

• Used to wash
the eyes when
exposed to
chemicals or
dangerous
substances
FUME HOOD

To avoid inhaling
dangerous gases
such as chlorine,
bromine and
nitrogen dioxide.
 LAMINAR FLOW
CABINET

• Provides filtered air

flow in a clean
workspace inside a
laminar flow
cabinet.
 BIOLOGY SAFETY
CABINET

• Provides filtered
air flow in a
clean workspace
inside a laminar
flow cabinet.
 MATERIALS THAT CAN BE DISPOSED
INTO THE SINK

• Chemicals with a pH
value of 5–9
• Liquids and solutions
that have a low
concentration and are
not dangerous to the
user (sucrose solution,
dye solution, distilled
water)
 MATERIALS THAT CANNOT
BE DISPOSED INTO THE SINK

• Organic solvent
compounds
(acetone,
alcohol,
benzene)
• The pH value of
the material is
less than 5 or
more than 9
• Chemicals (acid,
 T H I N G S T H AT
SHOULD NOT BE
D I S P O S E D I N TO S I N K

• Solid waste
(chemicals, glass,
rubber)
• Heavy metals
(mercury)
• Volatile matter
 T H I N G S T H AT
SHOULD NOT BE
DISPOSED INTO SINK

• Toxic substances
• Organic waste
material
(microorganisms,
carcasses)
• Reactive
material
• Radioactive
material
 BIOLOGICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT

• After conducting the

experiment, there are
waste materials that need
to be carefully managed
before being thrown away.
• Methods of managing
different biological waste
materials according to
Standard Operating
Procedures （ SOP ）
 D E C O N TA M I N AT I O N

Decontamination by autoclave is
carried out at a temperature of
121 ºC and a pressure of 15 psi
for 20 minutes.
Biohazard plastic bags that have
been sterilized in an autoclave
and sharps waste containers
must be temporarily stored in a
special controlled storage area
until the scheduled time of
disposal.
L A B O R ATO RY
ACCIDENTS
Accidents in the
laboratory can be
caused by
carelessness,
negligence or lack of
skill in the
implementation of
experiments.
 STEPS TO MANAGE SPILLS
GENERAL CHEMICALS

Notify the teacher.

Make the spill area a restricted
area.
Block chemical spills from
spreading by using sand.
Clean up chemical spills using
appropriate equipment.
Dispose safely.
 STEPS TO MANAGE SPILLS
ME RKURI

Notify the teacher.

Make the spill area a
restricted area
Sprinkle sulfur powder to
cover mercury spills.
Call the fire department.
 BIOLOGY
LABORATORY
PRACTICES

• A biology laboratory is a
place of learning and
research.
• However, there are
general safety rules that
students must always
follow.
 DRESSING
ETHNICS

Wear lab coats, gloves, shoes and

safety goggles as appropriate.
L A B O R ATO RY S A F E T Y
RULES

It is forbidden to work alone

in the laboratory without
supervision.
Wash hands after conducting
the experiment.
It is forbidden to bring in
unrelated items into the
laboratory.
 P E R AT U R A N
KESELAMATAN M A K M A L

Bersihkan tempat bekerja

dengan disinfektan.
Buang sisa mengikut
prosedur yang telah
ditetapkan.
D ilarang makan dan
minum di dalam makmal.
Kenal pasti semua simbol
keselamatan pada bahan
dan peralatan sebelum
 FIRE SAFETY MEASURES

• Stop work immediately and

turn off all nearby
electrical sources and
unplug.

• Exit the laboratory

according to the
designated emergency plan
route.
 FIRE SAFETY MEASURES

• Call the fire department.

• Don't panic and push each other.
• Don't turn around to pick up
items left behind.
• Gather at the designated place
 HANDLING OF
GLASSWARES
AND CHEMICALS

• Be careful when
handling hot
glassware.
• Report any damage
to equipment or
glassware to the
teacher immediately.
 HANDLING OF
GLASSWARES
AND CHEMICALS

• Keep flammable
chemicals away
from sources of
flame.
• It is forbidden to
touch, taste and
smell chemicals
directly.
 HANDLING OF LIVE
SPECIMENS

• Use appropriate gloves

when handling biological
specimens.
• Innocuous and dissected
specimens should be
covered or frozen.
 HANDLING OF LIVE
SPECIMENS

• Wash your hands with an

antiseptic before and after
the experiment.
• All surfaces and
workplaces should be
cleaned with disinfectant
before leaving the
laboratory.
 • Notify the teacher.
• Call the emergency line.
• Move the victim from the
scene.
• Give emergency treatment.
• Make the crash site a
restricted area.
EMERGENCY
 SCIENTIFIC
ATTITUDE
PRACTICE AND
PURE VALUES
• Interest and curiosity
about the environment.
• Be honest and accurate in
recording and verifying
data.
• Diligent and persevering
in carrying out a study.
 SCIENTIFIC
ATTITUDE
PRACTICE AND
PURE VALUES
• Be responsible for the safety
of yourself and your friends
as well as for the
environment.
• Appreciate and practice a
clean and healthy life.
• Appreciate the contribution
of science and technology.
• Critical and analytical
thinking.
1.3 C O M M U N I C AT I O N I N
BIOLOGY
 TABLE

• Tables are used to record

and present data.
• When conducting an
investigation,
experimental data
should be recorded in an
appropriate table
• Tables allow us to
organize data
systematically to
facilitate comparison.
 GRAPH

• The relationship between

the manipulated variable
and the response variable
can be depicted in the form
of a graph.
• There are several types of
graphs such as line graphs,
bar charts and histograms
 GENERAL
METHOD TO
PLOT A GRAPH
• The response variable is
represented by the vertical
axis (y-axis) and the
manipulated variable is
represented by the horizontal
axis (x-axis).
• The scale on the axis should
be uniform.
• Dots with symbols that
• fits like 'x'.
• Title for the graph: “Graph of
(response variable) against
(manipulated variable)”.
 B AR CHART

presents data using

vertical bars that
are not connected
to each other.
 METHOD OF PLOTTING BAR CHART

• Draw two axes, the horizontal/X axis

to represent the manipulated
variable and the vertical/Y axis to
show the responding variable.
• Each bar width should be uniform.
• The height of the bar depends on
the frequency of the data.
• Bar charts are used to compare two
or more things at a point in time.
H ISTO G RA M

show the distribution

of data visually and
the frequency of a
value in a data group.
 M E T H O D TO
PLOT A
H I S TO G R A M
Draw two axes, the horizontal/X
axis to represent the data that has
been divided into groups according
to the appropriate interval and the
vertical/Y axis to show the
frequency.
Enter axis labels and units.
The size or width of the bars should
be the same for all class intervals
and there should be no distance
between the bars.
BIOLOGY
DRAWING

Biological
drawings must
be accurate to
give an
accurate
representation
of a specimen
being observed
 CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOLOGICAL DRAWING

• Big and accurate; use a sharp pencil and not a colored

pencil or pen.
• Not artistically shaded.
• The drawing lines must be clear, clean, continuous and
uninterrupted.
• Do not use a ruler to draw the outline of the shape of
the specimen.
• Drawings must be labeled.
• Label lines must point to the correct structure, no
arrow heads, must be straight and not cross each
other.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOLOGICAL DRAWING

• Drawings should have a title.

• Each structure in the drawing must be located in
the correct position and its size should be
proportional to all other structures.
• A plan drawing is a line drawing that shows the
outline of the structure.
• A detailed drawing shows the cells in the structure.
• The magnification factor of the drawing must be
specified
PLANES, SECTIONS AND
DIRECTIONS

The plane refers to the flat surface of

the shadow that crosses the body.
Three main planes are used
 PLANES

• sagittal plane (divides the

body into left and right
sides)
• frontal plane (divides the
body into front and back)
• transverse plane (divides the
body into upper and lower
parts)
 • The cross-section divides the structure
into upper and lower parts transversely
• longitudinal sections divide the
structure into left and right halves
• Many anatomical drawings of animals
and plants need to be labeled with
directions. All vertebrates have the
same basic body plan and are
symmetrical.
• The direction consists of anterior,
ventral, posterior, dorsal, superior,
inferior and lateral.
• By studying direction in biology, you
can identify the orientation of
SECTIONS
vertebrates
1.4 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION IN
BIOLOGY
 STEPS FOR
CONDUCTING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.

• Identify problems that can be tested with scientific investigation

• Construct a hypothesis
• Identify and control variables and data collection methods
• Plan and conduct scientific investigations
• Collect data
• Interpreting data and results through scientific reasoning
• Draw conclusions
• Write a report
END