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eader puts the needs and wants of the subordinates first by helping them to develop
professionally. This effort may come at the expense of the servant leaders own

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servant leadership

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are needed for different situations, and leaders should know which approach

leadership
leadership effectiveness. Ultimately, it is found that different leadership styles
are needed for different situations, and leaders should know which approach

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nt Leadership?
Servant leadership focuses on the role of the leaders as serving the needs of others
through employee development and goal attainment. To summarize, the leader puts
the needs and wants of the subordinates first by helping them to develop
professionally. This effort may come at the expense of the servant leaders own

Back To: LEADERSHIP
servant leadership

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 consideration as to interpret a common scenario in

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Share n scenario to Servant leadership focuses on the role of the leaders as serving
the needs of others through employee development and goal attainment. To
summarize, the leader puts the needs and wants of the subordinates first by helping
them to develop professionally. This effort may come at the expense of the servant
leaders own

Back To: LEADERSHIP
servant leadership

Was this article helpful?

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Related ArticlesParticipative leadership
leadership effectiveness. Ultimately, it is found that different leadership styles
are needed for different situations, and leaders should know which approach

leadership
leadership effectiveness. Ultimately, it is found that different leadership styles
are needed for different situations, and leaders should know which approach

Previous article in issue toward the community, and improved job performance.

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 their Back To: LEADERSHIP
their nursing pr to interpret a common scenario in

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User (computing)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

Within Wikipedia, "Username" may refer to Wikipedia:Username. For information on altering
your own username, see Wikipedia:Changing username.

Within a computer program or website, a user is often represented by an abstract icon of a person

Operating systems
 Common features

 Process management
 Interrupts
 Memory management
 File system
 Device drivers
 Networking
 Security
 I/O

 v
 t
 e

A user is a person who utilizes a computer or network service.

A user often has a user account and is identified to the system by
a username (or user name). Other terms for username include login
name, screenname (or screen name), account name, nickname (or nick)
and handle, which is derived from the identical citizens band radio term.
Some software products provide services to other systems and have no direct end
users.

Contents
 1End user
 2User account
o 2.1Username format
 3Terminology
 4See also
 5References

End user[edit]
See also: End user

End users are the ultimate human users (also referred to as operators) of a software
product. The end user stands in contrast to users who support or maintain the product
such as sysops, database administrators and computer technicians. The term is used to
abstract and distinguish those who only use the software from the developers of the
system, who enhance the software for end users.[1] In user-centered design, it also
distinguishes the software operator from the client who pays for its development and
other stakeholders who may not directly use the software, but help establish
its requirements.[2][3] This abstraction is primarily useful in designing the user interface,
and refers to a relevant subset of characteristics that most expected users would have
in common.
In user-centered design, personas are created to represent the types of users. It is
sometimes specified for each persona which types of user interfaces it is comfortable
with (due to previous experience or the interface's inherent simplicity), and what
technical expertise and degree of knowledge it has in specific fields or disciplines. When
few constraints are imposed on the end-user category, especially when designing
programs for use by the general public, it is common practice to expect minimal
technical expertise or previous training in end users. [4]
The end-user development discipline blurs the typical distinction between users and
developers. It designates activities or techniques in which people who are not
professional developers create automated behavior and complex data objects without
significant knowledge of a programming language.
Systems whose actor is another system or a software agent have no direct end users.

User account[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this
section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (October 2019)  (Learn how and when to remove
this template message)

A user's account allows a user to authenticate to a system and potentially to

receive authorization to access resources provided by or connected to that system;
however, authentication does not imply authorization. To log into an account, a user is
typically required to authenticate oneself with a password or other credentials for the
purposes of accounting, security, logging, and resource management.
Once the user has logged on, the operating system will often use an identifier such as
an integer to refer to them, rather than their username, through a process known
as identity correlation. In Unix systems, the username is correlated with a user
identifier or user id.
Computer systems operate in one of two types based on what kind of users they have:

 Single-user systems do not have a concept of several user accounts.

 Multi-user systems have such a concept, and require users to identify themselves before
using the system.
Each user account on a multi-user system typically has a home directory, in which to
store files pertaining exclusively to that user's activities, which is protected from access
by other users (though a system administrator may have access). User accounts often
contain a public user profile, which contains basic information provided by the account's
owner. The files stored in the home directory (and all other directories in the system)
have file system permissions which are inspected by the operating system to determine
which users are granted access to read or execute a file, or to store a new file in that
directory.
While systems expect most user accounts to be used by only a single person, many
systems have a special account intended to allow anyone to use the system, such as
the username "anonymous" for anonymous FTP and the username "guest" for a guest
account.
Username format[edit]
Various computer operating-systems and applications expect/enforce different rules for
the format.
In Microsoft Windows environments, for example, note the potential use of: [5]

 User Principal Name (UPN) format – for example: UserName@Example.com

 Down-Level Logon Name format – for example: DOMAIN\UserName

Terminology[edit]
Some usability professionals have expressed their dislike of the term "user" and have
proposed changing it.[6] Don Norman stated that "One of the horrible words we use is
'users'. I am on a crusade to get rid of the word 'users'. I would prefer to call them
'people'."[7]
Users of computer systems and software products generally lack the technical expertise
required to fully understand how they work. [8] Power users use advanced features of
programs, though they are not necessarily capable of computer
programming and system administration.[9][10]

See also[edit]
 1% rule (Internet culture)
 Anonymous post
 Prosumer
 Pseudonym
 End-user computing, systems in which non-programmers can create working
applications.
 End-user database, a collection of data developed by individual end-users.
 End-user development, a technique that allows people who are not professional
developers to perform programming tasks, i.e. to create or modify software.
 End-user license agreement (EULA), a contract between a supplier of software and its
purchaser, granting the right to use it.
 Luser
 nickname
 Registered user
 User error
 User agent
 User experience
 User space

References[edit]
1. ^ Ko, Andrew J.; Abraham, Robin; Beckwith, Laura; Blackwell, Alan; Burnett, Margaret; Erwig,
Martin; Scaffidi, Chris; Lawrance, Joseph; Lieberman, Henry; Myers, Brad; Rosson, Mary Beth;
Rothermel, Gregg; Shaw, Mary; Wiedenbeck, Susan (April 2011). "The State of the Art in End-User
Software Engineering"  (PDF).  ACM Computing Surveys. 43 (3): 1–
44.  doi:10.1145/1922649.1922658. S2CID  9435548.
2. ^ "Understanding Organizational Stakeholders for Design Success". 2004-05-06.
Retrieved 2016-08-31.
3. ^ Rigsbee, Sarah, and William B. Fitzpatrick. "User-Centered Design: A Case Study on Its
Application to the Tactical Tomahawk Weapons Control System."Johns Hopkins APL Technical
Digest 31.1 (2012): 76–82.
4. ^ "What is end user?". Retrieved  November 7, 2010.
5. ^ "User Name Formats". MSDN. Developer technologies. Microsoft. Retrieved  2016-01-
11.  The down-level logon name format is used to specify a  domain  and a user account in that domain
[...].
6. ^ Don Norman.  "Words Matter. Talk About People: Not Customers, Not Consumers, Not
Users".
7. ^ "Don Norman at UX Week 2008 © Adaptive Path". Retrieved  8 November  2010.
8. ^ Jargon File entry for "User". Retrieved  November 7, 2010.
9. ^ "Power Users' Guide".  sap.com. Retrieved  2015-01-14.
10. ^ "Windows Confidential: Power to the Power User". microsoft.com. 2012. Retrieved  2015-
01-14.

This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of

Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of
the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.

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Cite

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnre.2017.10.001 Get rights and content

Under a Creative Commons license
open access

Ab Contemporary approaches to leadership include transformational leadership,

leader-member exchange, servant leadership, and authentic leadership. The
transformational leadership approach highlights the importance of leader charisma,
inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized methods of What are
the characteristics of transformational leaders? Are transformational leaders more
effective than transactional leaders?

1. What is charisma? What are the advantages and disadvantages of charismatic

leadership? Should organizations look for charismatic leaders when selecting
managers?
What are the differences (if any) between a leader having a high Contemporary
approaches to leadership include transformational leadership, leader-member
exchange, servant leadership, and authentic leadership. The transformational
leadership approach highlights the importance of leader charisma, inspirational
motivation, intellectual stimulation, to interpret a common scenario in

Review article

Leadership theory in clinical practice

Author links open overlay panelJie-HuiXu
Show more
Add to Mendeley
Share
Cite

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnre.2017.10.001 Get rights and content

Under a Creative Commons license
open access

Ab Contemporary approaches to leadership include transformational leadership,

leader-member exchange, servant leadership, and authentic leadership. The
transformational leadership approach highlights the importance of leader charisma,
inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized onal leaders? Are
transformational leaders more effective than transactional leaders?

1. What is charisma? What are the advantages and disadvantages of charismatic

leadership? Should organizations look for charismatic leaders when selecting
managers?
What are the differences (if any) between a leader having a high Contemporary
approaches to leadership include transformational leadership, leader-member
exchange, servant leadership, and authentic leadership. The transformational
leadership approach highlights the importance of leader charisma, inspirational
motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration as methods of What
are the characteristics of transformational leaders? Are transformational leaders more
effective than transactional leaders? to interpret a common scenario in

Review article

Leadership theory in clinical practice

Author links open overlay panelJie-HuiXu
Show more
Add to Mendeley
Share
Cite

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnre.2017.10.001 Get rights and content

Under a Creative Commons license
open access
Ab Contemporary approaches to leadership include transformational leadership,
leader-member exchange, servant leadership, and authentic leadership. The
transformational leadership approach highlights the importance of leader charisma,
inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized

What is charisma? What leadership effectiveness. Ultimately, it is found that

different leadership styles are needed for different situations, and leaders
should know which approach is most effective in a given scenario to achieve
the organization's goals.

Previous article in issue toward the community, and improved job performance.

Back To: LEADERSHIP

their nursing practice. Being adept in recognizing these styles not only
eChinese Nu toward the community, and improved job performance.

Back To: LEADERSHIP
their nursing pr to interpret a common scenario in

Review article

Leadership theory in clinical practice

Author links open overlay panelJie-HuiXu

Show more
Add to Mendeley
Share
Cite

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnre.2017.10.001Get rights and content

Under a Creative Commons license
open access
Ab Contemporary approaches to leadership include transformational
leadership, leader-member exchange, servant leadership, and authentic
leadership. The transformational leadership approach highlights the importance
of leader charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and
individualized actice. Being adept in recognizing these styles not only
enables nurses to develop their skills to become better leaders but also
improves relationships with colleagues and leaders who have previously
been challenging to work with. This article aims to use different
leadership theories to interpret a common scenario inrsing
Research
Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2017, Pages 155-157

toward the community, and improved job performance.

Back To: LEADERSHIP
their nursing practice. Being adept in recognizing these styles not only
enables nurses to develop their skills to become better leaders but also
improves relationships with colleagues and leaders who have previously been
challenging to work with. This article aims to use different leadership theories
consideration as to interpret a common scenario in

Review article

Leadership theory in clinical practice

Author links open overlay panelJie-HuiXu
Show more
Add to Mendeley
Share
Cite

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnre.2017.10.001 Get rights and content

Under a Creative Commons license
open access

Ab Contemporary approaches to leadership include transformational leadership,

leader-member exchange, servant leadership, and authentic leadership. The
transformational leadership approach highlights the importance of leader charisma,
inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized methods of What are
the characteristics of transformational leaders? Are transformational leaders more
effective than transactional leaders?

2. What is charisma? What are the advantages and disadvantages of charismatic

leadership? Should organizations look for charismatic leaders when selecting
managers?
What are the differences (if any) between a leader having a high Contemporary
approaches to leadership include transformational leadership, leader-member
exchange, servant leadership, and authentic leadership. The transformational
leadership approach highlights the importance of leader charisma, inspirational
motivation, intellectual stimulation, to interpret a common scenario in

Review article

Leadership theory in clinical practice

Author links open overlay panelJie-HuiXu
Show more
Add to Mendeley
Share
Cite

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnre.2017.10.001 Get rights and content

Under a Creative Commons license
open access
Ab Contemporary approaches to leadership include transformational leadership,
leader-member exchan