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Green Agrevolution PVT LTD: Delivering 360° "Seed-To-Market" Solution
Green Agrevolution PVT LTD: Delivering 360° "Seed-To-Market" Solution
hashank, the CEO and co-founder of an agriculture-based Indian start-up Green Aditya Sinha is based at
S Agrevolution Pvt Ltd (GAPL), is planning to reach out to more than one million
farmers by 2021-2022, which is more than 20 times of the present volume. His team
Department of Agricultural
Extension, Bidhan Chandra
Krishi Viswa Vidyalaya,
is presently serving around 42,000 farmers with a home-grown technological platform
Mohanpur, West Bengal,
DeHaat which provides end-to-end services right from seed to the market. Micro- India. Suresh Jha and
entrepreneurs are selected and groomed to act as local touchpoints for farmers in the Amritesh are both based at
respective catchment areas ranging from 3 to 5 km. Shashank has been a recipient of Department of Humanities
multiple accolades and recognition and is now firmly seated to drive his start-up to the next and Social Sciences,
level of growth and pan-India market penetration. The venture also requires an Management area, Indian
understanding of segment-specific needs, cropping pattern, using local resources and Institute of Technology
Ropar, Rupnagar, India.
channelizing the advisory services to occupy a central role in the value chain. There are
other impending issues such as low smartphone adoption, low internet access and lack of
entrepreneurial mindset among the rural youth. Similar issues were relatively backward
states of India with little or no provision of app-based services. Will he be successful to
expand on such a high pace in other States with the existing resources and capabilities?
DOI 10.1108/EEMCS-06-2018-0148 VOL. 9 NO. 1 2019, pp. 1-23, © Emerald Publishing Limited, ISSN 2045-0621 j EMERALD EMERGING MARKETS CASE STUDIES j PAGE 1
Information and communication technology and Indian agriculture
There is a growing body of evidence that underscores the role of information and
communication technology (ICT) in agriculture in support services. One of the most notable
market-led interventions in Indian agriculture was ITC’s e-Choupal initiative (E-Choupal,
2018) which introduced a kiosk-based service platform to access market information.
Availability of low-cost online information reduces information asymmetry between
farmers and traders, facilitates input purchase and enhances the farmer’s capacity to
align their production with the consumer’s demand across various marketing channels.
Mobile phone operators have also entered this sector and developed a range of services
for the farming community. Initially, mobile-based services included information about
weather, crop/animal husbandry advisory, fertilizer advisory, market prices, electricity
timings, government schemes and news[2]. Many of such informational services were
delivered either in the form of SMS or voice messages along with an option given to the
farmers to call back and raise queries, and a quick response was provided back to them.
The government has been proactively formulating policies and chalking out plans to
improve the farmer’s life and set the target to double the average farmer’s income by
2022 (Policy paper, 2017). Encouraged by a favorable political environment, many
agriculture startups providing Web and mobile app-based services have marked their
presence at scattered locations in India in the past few years (Exhibit 2).
The mobile phone penetration in India is expected to grow to 85-90 per cent by 2020 from
65-70 per cent at present, and half of the smartphone users are expected to subscribe to
network data services (Omidyar, 2008). The data on all India mobile internet users report
(Exhibit 4) have indicated a decent but a non-uniform growth rate across urban and rural
India in over the past few years. Despite the visible occurrence of demographic
heterogeneity, one cannot deny the percolating effect of ICT in rural India across the
farming community. However, on the other hand, there are other challenges such as lack of
mechanizations, poor access to credit, reduced and fragmented landholding (Deshpandey,
2017), inefficient channels of advisory services, lack of organized market access services,
inadequate storage and transportation facilities, etc., which cannot be overlooked.
Earlier FnF worked with government projects in the area of livelihood generation of rural
women below the poverty line, forming self-help-groups and connecting them with formal
financial institutions such as NABARD[7].
Shashank and his team established their first two DeHaat centers not far from one
another in the two neighboring districts of Vaishali and Muzaffarpur in 2012-2013. They
ran the centers themselves for roughly a year and 3-4 months to understand first-hand
the problems and other hindrances at the village level. Reflecting on the formative
years, Shashank elaborated:
In those initial years, creating awareness about DeHaat model and convincing farmers was
difficult. We started with cash crops. We realized that this is going to be a long process. It is not
about growing crops, but it is whether farmers have trust in you or not [. . .] we used to interact
with farmers [. . .] they were trying to understand why we left the job and came to Bihar. You want
to grow new crops, why not existing crops? Even there are inefficacies with the existing crop they
are growing [. . .] it will be much easier for us to build a relationship to encourage them, to ensure
them, to switch them from old crop to the newer crop [. . .]. That was one of the approaches we
used. Initially, trust was the main issue.
The DeHaat operators were provided with a tablet with preinstalled DeHaatTM app. Further,
they were trained on how to use the app on smartphones; how to talk to the farmer; what all
exactly they have to do on a day-to-day basis, and so on. Using this the initial contribution
as their revolving fund, they worked closely with roughly 600-800 farmers in a catchment
area of 3-5 km approximately and made an earning of Rs 12000-18000 roughly. Many
DeHaat centers are also operated from franchisee owned premises to reduce the operating
cost. Prices of inputs are generally determined by the parent company to keep a check on
DeHaat entrepreneurs.
He further elaborated:
Initially, we were the one who had to take care of everything, i.e. farm, farm level integration,
grading, sorting, entire logistics, and we also had to take care of entire transit risk. If they had to
supply corn to a particular company they had to supply it all the way from their nodes in Bihar to
Kharagpur or to Bhubaneswar. But again, with time, the companies realized that we are
consistent, and the volumes are growing. Then all output companies, in fact, we have more than
80 institutional buyers now, started buying from our warehouse because we could convince
them that is their strength, not ours. Just being consistent and being more and more efficient
concerning time changed the perception.
In the past few years, a lot of agriculture-startups (some of them are listed in Exhibit 2) have
mushroomed up in the Indian market with their services available online and on mobile apps
as well. These startups have been delivering specific kinds of services in small regions.
Considering such kind of emerging business environment, Shashank commented:
[. . .] we don’t consider them as a type of competitor. In a way, we are helping each other. Since
the Indian market is huge (more than $400 billion markets). We need more such startups, more
organization. There are companies e.g. CropIn, AgroStar, Ninjacart etc but these companies are
focusing on specific value chain services like AgroStar which is working in Maharastra, is
working only on input and advisory; CropIn, a Bengaluru-based startup is working only on
advisory, Ninjacart is working only on the output part, and even within that output part, it is for
fruits and vegetables. So, they are either service specific or crop specific.
Explaining the unique value proposition of DeHaat in the market, he further explained:
Somehow, we at DeHaat are farmer specific. So, we have the unique proposition of end-to-end
or one-stop solution. That is our USP. Even if they enter a new area, say, Maharashtra or
Karnataka, we may not have first mover advantage, but we are equipped with a wide set of
offerings that individual farmers need. So, to deliver everything from day one is our plus point. At
the same time, we have to be efficient; we don’t have to ignore the competition for sure. Since we
have complete solution for the farmers so we believe that even in case of competition, we will
definitely be a preferred channel for farmer being a one-stop solution. So, we believe that
wherever be the competition or location, it will be the most prominent factor for the farmers to go
ahead.
India has a diverse socio-cultural background and a huge landscape. Farmer’s agricultural
practices and priorities highly vary across various regions due to changing climatic
conditions, soil quality and uneven landscapes. Therefore, customization of an interface
according to the local needs and developing technology-intensive services may also be
seen as an option for hassle frees extension. Commenting on possible adaptation of
DeHaatTM mobile App, Shashank said:
In the face of such challenges and looking at the future targets (Exhibit 9), the pace of
expansion does not seem to be an easy task. New technology and a wide range of app-based
services could certainly give a competitive lead over other players in the market at the early
Keywords:
stage. Local resources, language diversity, regional diversity in cropping pattern, lower level
Strategy,
of ICT access, trust, etc., are among the other issues which is equally challenging for all the Marketing,
players of the market and the first mover might have an edge over others. Entrepreneurship
Notes
1. Accessed on June 14, 2018, http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=113796
2. India: The Impact of Mobile Phones: Accessed on June 14, 2018 www.icrier.org/pdf/
public_policy19jan09.pdf
3. Bihar stands at the lowest position among Indian according to the per capita net state domestic
product: report by research bank of India, Accessed on June 15, 2018, https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/
rdocs/Publications/PDFs/13SDP_240617EE2A8970184542E895DCE89D75A02259.PDF
4. Web Article, Accessed on June 14, 2018, https://yourstory.com/2016/08/green-agrevolution-
dehaat/
5. News Article, Accessed on June 15, 2018, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-IITians-turn-
down-lucrative-job-offers-tread-new-path-in-farming/articleshow/8990911.cms
6. A unit of land measurement: 1 Kattha is generally equal to 1,361 ft2 in Bihar (This area varies in
different States of India)
7. NABARD: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development; www.nabard.org/
8. Manish left the team in 2015 to pursue an idea of multi sectorial approach and started a not for profit
called back to village (B2V) in Odisha.
9. NABARD: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (www.nabard.org/)
10. Presently DeHaatTM has a recorded database of approximately 1,29,000 acres of land.
11. Singh (2018) earlier reported that operated land size of DeHaat farmers were significantly larger
than (3.71 acres vs 2.78 acres) than the non-DeHaat counterparts (2.78 acres) in Bihar.
References
Cole, S. and Sharma, G. (2017), “A report on ‘The promise and challenges of implementing ICT in Indian
agriculture’”, India Policy Forum, available at: www.ncaer.org/Events/IPF-2017/IPF-2017-Cole-Sharma-
Conf-vesion.pdf (accessed 14 June 2018).
Deshpandey, T. (2017), “86% of land holdings are less than 2 hectares, state of agriculture in India”, PRS
Report, available at: www.prsindia.org/administrator/uploads/general/1517552563State%20of%
20Agriculture%20in%20India.pdf (accessed 15 June 2018).
E-Choupal (2018), available at: www.itcportal.com/businesses/agri-business/e-choupal.aspx (accessed
14 June 2018).
Indian Economic Survey (2018), Financial Express, available at: www.financialexpress.com/budget/
india-economic-survey-2018-for-farmers-agriculture-gdp-msp/1034266/ (accessed 14 June 2018).
Omidyar (2008), “Innovation for the next half billion”, available at: https://omidyar.com/sites/default/files/
file_archive/Next%20Half%20Billion/Innovating%20for%20Next%20Half%20Billion.pdf (accessed 14
June 2008).
Policy paper (2017), “Government of India”, http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/
DOUBLING%20FARMERS%20INCOME.pdf (accessed 14 June 2018).
Table EI
Any Krishi Agricultural Private Radio, TV, Veterinary
Mobile advice Extension Vigyan University commercial Progressive newspaper, department NGO
Region (%) (%) (%) Kendra (%) (%) agents (%) farmer (%) internet (%) (%) (%)
All-India 98 41 6 3 1 8 21 21 8 1
Men – 41 7 3 1 8 20 21 8 1
Women – 40 6 3 1 8 21 20 8 2
Landholding <1 ha – 41 6 3 1 8 20 20 8 1
Landholding <2 ha – 57 15 5 2 10 31 31 16 2
Landholding >2 ha – 60 10 5 3 16 32 35 12 1
High agricultural
income – 39 6 3 1 8 20 21 7 1
Low agricultural
income – 43 7 3 2 9 22 21 10 2
Jammu & Kashmir 80 58 0 14 9 1 21 48 31 4
Himachal Pradesh 127 39 3 3 1 0 4 28 19 0
Punjab 110 51 3 6 11 19 15 24 27 0
Haryana 83 45 6 6 4 9 20 30 18 1
Rajasthan 82 27 3 2 0 4 15 10 3 0
Uttar Pradesh 72 27 1 3 1 8 11 12 3 1
Bihar 68 33 4 1 0 2 19 13 2 0
Assam 59 58 11 1 2 6 17 45 15 1
West Bengal 54 51 3 2 0 22 30 22 6 2
Orissa 69 36 10 2 0 5 22 13 6 1
Madhya Pradesh 81 38 3 1 0 2 20 17 4 1
Gujarat 100 49 7 5 3 4 39 22 9 2
Maharashtra 70 43 9 4 1 9 20 24 8 1
Andhra Pradesh 85 64 28 1 0 37 36 36 12 0
Karnataka 95 66 10 6 3 9 36 44 28 3
Kerala 99 65 14 22 1 2 16 52 21 1
Tamil Nadu 104 40 16 1 6 12 10 33 16 7
Source: Cole and Sharma (2017)
Table EII
Name of Year of
No. start-up launch Nature of business/operations Key services Headquarters
1. Crofarm 2016 F2B (Farm to Business) venture Digitised agri-supply chain for fruits and Bengaluru
vegetables
2. Agrostar 2008 Utilization of technology and data to build Agricultural advisory and input supply for Pune
scalable systems and process farming
3. Aibono 2014 Farm Management-as-a-Service (Farm- Improves farm’s productivity and increases Bengaluru
related technology, expertise and gadgets earnings by helping sell the produce better
to farmers)
4. CropIn 2010 Provides farm management software and Improves financial, operational, and Bengaluru
mobile app enabling connected and data- agronomy aspects
driven farming
5. Ninjacart 2015 B2B Agri-marketing platform Cost-efficient, reliable and scalable supply Bengaluru
chain
6. Waycool 2015 Omnichannel fresh produce distribution Distributes fruits and vegetables to multiple Chennai
company end-use segments spanning small local
shops, modern retail outlets
7. EM3 Agri 2014 Farm mechanization services company, Offers entire range of interventions, from soil Noida
Services Farming-as-a-Service (FaaS) model preparation to harvesting
8. Intello 2016 Uses Artificial Intelligence and deep Proper grading of agricultural commodities, Bengaluru
Labs learning for crop quality parameters eliminating wastages, reducing crop losses
9. FarmLink 2014 End-to-end supply chain of fruits and Supplier of value-added fresh produce Mumbai
vegetables
10. Gramco 2010 Creating and leasing full service agri- Creates better market links for farmers Indore
Infratech infrastructure to the farmers
Pvt Ltd
11. Tessol 2013 Cold chain technology Eliminates the use of fossil fuel for cold chain Mumbai
transport systems, cost-saving
12. BigHaat 2015 Empowering farmers through an Purchase seeds, crop nutrients and Bengaluru
e-commerce platform solutions, and agro instruments online
13. Ravgo 2016 Agri-equipment rental marketplace Access to agri-equipment to all the farmers Gurgaon
Sources: 1. https://startup.siliconindiamagazine.com/ranking/10-best-startups-in-agriculture-solutions-rid-181.html; 2. https://yourstory.
com/2017/12/agri-tech-startups-trends/; 3. https://inc42.com/features/watchlist-agritech-startups-2018/; 4. www.thebetterindia.com/
125044/5-agri-startups-farmers/
Table EIII
Employment in agriculture Agriculture, value Adjusted net national Land under
as a percentage added as a income per capita Agricultural land cereal production
Year of total employment percentage of GDP (current US$) (% of land area) (million hectares)
Figure E1
Figure E3
Table EIV
Name Educational background Year of joining Key roles
Amrendra Singh B.Tech (Computer Engineering), NIT 2012 Agri-Input devision, expansion of DeHaat micro-
Jamshedpur ( 2011) entrepreneurs network
Adarsh Srivastav B.Tech , IIT -ISM Dhanbad (2012) 2013 Agri-output, post-harvest management
Shyam Sundar Singh B.Tech, IIT Kharagpur & MBA , IIM 2013 Using technology and data to improve the efficiency
Ahmadabad of agri-supply chain
Abhishek Dokania MBA, IIPM 2013 Agri-output, post-harvest management
Source: Provided by GAPL
Figure E4
Figure E5
Table EV
State Node Number of DeHaat outlets
Bihar[11] Vaishali 32
Samastipur 16
Purnea 12
West Champaran 8
Bihar Sharif New Node, recently set up
UP Ghazipur 4
Varanasi New Node, recently set up
Odisha Mayurbhanj 2
Ganjam 2
Nuapada 8 FPOs
Source: Provided by GAPL
Table EVI
Year 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020 2020-2021 2021-2022
Table EVII
Year 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020 2020-2021 2021-2022
Suresh Jha is a doctoral student working in management area in the Department of HSS at
IIT Ropar. Prior to this, he has completed his masters in mechanical engineering from IIT
Kanpur. Also, he has a rich industrial experience of working for more than six years in Oil
and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), the top energy company in India.
Case synopsis
In mid-2017-2018, a young entrepreneur Shashank, the CEO of Green Agrevolution Private
Limited (GAPL), was planning to expand his farmer’s network to 11,20,000 in next five years
from the present number of 42,000 in 2017-2018 fiscal year. GAPL along with its non-profit-
arm “Farms and Farmers (FnF)” started operating through its franchised physical nodes
“DeHaat” situated at remote locations in the remote villages of North India. Each of these
DeHaat centers depends on a local microentrepreneur who runs the center and extend the
services at the farm level. These microentrepreneurs are provided with a smartphone with a
preinstalled DeHaatTM app. This app is the technological backbone of this service model
and differentiates it from other app-based agri-services in India. Shashank and his team
have kept collecting farm level data and generated rich insights to make their practices
more efficient, structured, and scalable. The case explored the role of these DeHaat
centers and its technological backbone DeHaatTM app, described as how it has disrupted
the conventional value chain and became able to provide a profitable market linkage to the
farmers. DeHaat has emerged as an influential actor in the Agri-value chain, and Shashank
is now thinking of replicating the same model at thousands of other locations in India in the
next five years to realize his goal. Presently, the majority of their service nodes are located in
Bihar, which is one of the economically most backward states of India. Other states may
have local environmental barriers such as scarce local resources, a different coring pattern,
lack of entrepreneurial mindset and lower level of ICT access. Shashank has been
successful with its strategy centered around DeHaat model, and one cannot deny the
enormous potential in technology. Will he be able to replicate the same model in other
states at an exponentially high rate?
Target audience
This case is about ICT-enabled value chain innovation, which is suited for senior
undergraduate and postgraduate students, entrepreneurs and executives. The data are
collected by conducting interviews with Shashank, the CEO of GAPL, who happens to be
the main protagonist of this case. The case faithfully represents the early challenges faced
by the protagonist, appreciates his successful efforts in the mid-term expansion, captures
the details of the current situation and projects future milestones to explore the available
strategic options.
The case integrates with multiple topic areas for mainstream courses in business strategy,
marketing, social entrepreneurship, e-Commerce. Instructors may use a variety of concepts
such as industry analysis frameworks, business model design, marketing strategy and
value chain innovation in this case. Students should be familiar with the fundamentals of
business strategy and marketing. They may apply the value chain analysis framework,
Porter’s industry analysis framework, VRINE framework, and segmentation and targeting
concepts.
Learning objectives
The prime objective of this case is to introduce learners to a successful agri-start-up where
they can explore the existing challenges and critical strategic decisions for the firm’s
growth. More specifically, the case is designed to fulfill the following learning requirements:
䊏 to understand and analyze the opportunities and challenges associated with an ICT-
based agri-business start-up in a rural set-up by applying well-known frameworks;
䊏 to select an appropriate method of analysis of internal and external business
environment; and
䊏 to identify the unique opportunities and design innovative propositions around it to
address segment specific needs.
Q1. What is the scenario of agriculture sector in India? What opportunities does it provide
for a technology-based startup? What are the challenges? (Instructor may suggest
the usage of PESTLE and SWOT analysis frameworks at this stage)
Q2. What are the various characteristics of DeHaat service platform? How did it create
value for the farmers?
Q3. What is the level of competition in the existing and target market for GAPL? Apply
Porter’s five forces and analysis to explain how did GAPL deal with the competition
from old value chain actors?
Q4. Will Shashank be able to reach out the other states of India as planned pace with the
existing resources and capabilities?
Teaching plan
A 60 min teaching plan may be designed to teach the case in the following stages.
Stage 3: Industry analysis using Porter’s five forces framework (Exhibit 12) (15 min)
The instructor may explain the competitive forces in the agri-business market in the context
of DeHaat and transformation of relationships among value chain actors. The details of
specific points are mentioned in Exhibit 12.
Stage 4: Analysis of internal resources and capabilities, discussion and wrap up (Exhibit 13)
(20 min)
The instructor may adopt the perspective of resource-based view of a firm along with VRINE
framework to analyze vital resources and capabilities such as DeHaat app, DeHaat
franchisee, Knowledge, Market linkage, etc., to evaluate the competitive status of the
company. The discussion can be referred back to Porter’s value chain analysis. A question
can be put up the in class that exploiting which of the existing resources or capabilities
should be on the top priority to attain sustained competitive advantage? The instructor
should lead the discussion towards factors, which could raise the difficulty of imitating the
resources and capabilities. Four key resources are of prime concern: DeHaat app, DeHaat
franchisee, Knowledge, Network of corporate brands, (Exhibit 13) advocating their
relevance for competition.
Creating DeHaat franchisee as a local resource center has provided a way for GAPL to
deliver doorstep services through trained micro-entrepreneurs. Identifying and preparing
micro-entrepreneurs for the assigned role is a difficult job for GAPL. Shashank has also
attempted to ensure regular cash flow for the micro-entrepreneurs by addressing the
seasonal variations in demand. The initial capital required by the micro-entrepreneurs
further create an exit barrier for them. This will undoubtedly act as a source of competitive
advantage in the Northern Indian States assuming that other modes of direct service
channels are not being explored. FPOs could be one possible option to use as a channel of
Relevant readings
Figure E6
Rivalry Nature of competition that firms strive for advantage over their rivals
Competitors A scattered market with little or not much competition, Growth of App-based Agri-services is likely to increase
the competition in future.
Industry growth Great prospect for industry growth in line with the emergence of new players. Over 20 agriculture start-ups have
come up in recent years.
Differentiation Differentiation regarding services offered through mobile applications, e.g., DeHaat application.
Degree of transparency Terms of trade are highly formalized and easy to monitor through the DeHaat App.
Exhibit 12. Porter’s five forces
Sustainable competitive advantage Offering 3600 services to the farmers from seed to market. Use of mobile application for placing orders,
through innovation agriculture-knowhow, customized crop advisory services, market information, etc.
Level of advertising expense Low; mostly through word-of-mouth of member farmers and collaborative partners, local workshops and training
of micro-entrepreneurs.
Threat of new entrants New entrants lead to a decrease in profitability for other firms in the industry
Farmer’s switching cost Switching costs are low for the consumer (farmers can shift to another supplier at ease without incurring much
loss). Switching cost for the micro-entrepreneur is also low since the amount invested for the purchase of inputs
is easily recoverable from the sale. There is no lock-in amount either for the farmer or the micro-entrepreneur.
Economies of scale Scale-economies are leading to better bargaining power for input demand and output supply.
Industry profitability High. As the entire sector is supposed to grow in terms of GDP.
Brand Identity Low, yet to invest in brand building.
Access to distribution channels Conventional distribution channels were inefficient. DeHaat has introduced itself as a new channel of Agri-trade.
Threat of substitutes Greater threat of substitutes poses lesser attractiveness for the incumbent
Availability of close substitutes Low.
Farmer’s propensity to substitutes Low. Substitutes are mainly input dealers and middlemen which provide expensive and incomplete services
forcing the farmers to depend on multiple sources.
Perceived service differentiation Highly differentiated services regarding quality and completeness.
Industri
Rivalry
(Low)
Bargaining
Threat of
power of
sunstitutes
customers
(Low)
(Low)
DeHaat
Bargaining
Threat of
power of
new entrants
Suppliers
(Moderate)
(Low)
Table EIX
Competitive
Resource Value Rarity Inimitable Non-substitutable Exploitable outcome?
DeHaat app- High value: App-based Not much difficult to Not easily Very effective in Sustainable
based Efficient and services are not imitate (until left substitutable once collecting farm level competitive
services effective services rare, but an unpatented) if supply you get the first data along with other advantage
integrated 360˚ chain actors are ready mover advantage services
solution is unique to collaborate
DeHaat An important rural Such franchise Yes, this a common There are other Very much so for Temporary
Franchisee/ touch point to models are not franchisee model for available alternatives multiple purposes advantage
Microentre deliver services very rare service extension such as FPOs, PACS,
preneurs and other agriculture
co-operative
organizations
Knowledge Knowledge Yes, such Difficult to imitate Farm-level local Yes, particularly for Sustainable
(Rich volume derived from farm knowledge is not knowledge is the key designing crop Competitive
of farm data) level insights is easy to get in resource for GAPL diagnostic & advisory Advantage
the prime aggregated form which is hard to services, Creates
resources substitute R&D opportunities for
input companies,
Demand forecasting,
etc
A network of Key actors to It is a B2B Depends on the Not substitutable at Yes, to scale up the Competitive
big corporate provide market condition where bargaining power, least in the domestic supplies & sales parity
brands linkage not many players which is currently in market. GAPL may
are there, and a GAPL’s favor due to its further look at the
first mover may access & control over international markets
always get an farm level data (a as well to form new
advantage critical input for brands) networks