INTERNSHIP REPORT

Building maintenance unit

Electrical and Mechanical Systems

Ubaid Ur Rehman
BS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD YEAR
SESSION: 2018-2022
REG NO: FA18-BEE-121
COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD LAHORE CAMPUS
INTERNSHIP DURATION: 4 WEEKS

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 Abstract
For all types of tall buildings, from relatively standard, box-shaped residential and office buildings to the
tallest and most architecturally complex structures that define the skylines of the world’s great cities,
effective access solutions to reach all the exterior facades is an absolute necessity.Building maintaince
refers to the work done to maintain and restore the functioning of residential and commercial buildings.
It includes tasks such as , landscaping, and maintenance of the electrical and mechanical system. It aims
to maintain a safe, efficient and comfortable environment for employers at all times. Systems include
HVAC system comprising of 280 TR capacity Direct Fired Absorption Chiller, Air Handling Units
(AHUs), induced draft cooling towers, chilled and condenser water pumps. Multiple diesel generators
of Cummins, Perkins and John Deere with a cumulative capacity of 1500 kVA.LT Panel room which
also had automatic transfer switches (ATS) for the operation of generators with a cumulative capacity
of 1500 kVA and surge arrestors for the protection of devices.Diffenrent types of closed circuits
television (CCTV) including digital and analogue.maintaince and operation of different type of wiring
in the building. Multiple lighting arrestor installed on the top of the building for the protection of
building from lighting.This university also has different kinds of steam boilers and swing machines and
different electrical machine some of which run on the three phase power supply.
Acknowlegment
I would like to thank PIFD for providing me the opportunity to complete an internship with their Building
Maintenance unit This internship has given me the chance to be involved with first hand, real world
Electrical engineering projects/work. My sincere gratitude is expressed towards the entire engineering
group at the PIFD. Their guidance and relentless assistance has contributed greatly to the success of this
internship. First of all my gratitude is towards HOD maintenance sir Moeed Ahmed .Then my gratitude is
towards Hiring manager and all the other professional who have helped us by giving us their kind
attention and support

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Types of Mechanical and Electrical systems ..................................................................................... 6
2. HVAC System ............................................................................................................................................ 6
2.1. Working of HVAC System .................................................................................................................. 6
2.1.1. Air Return ................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2. FILTER.......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3. Exhaust Outlet ............................................................................................................................ 7
2.1.4. Duct............................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.5 Outdoor Unit ............................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.6. Compressor................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.7. coils ............................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.8 bowler .......................................................................................................................................... 7
3. Process Of Chiller Plant ............................................................................................................................ 8
3.1. Motor Control Center of chiller plant ............................................................................................... 8
3.2. Chiller plant optimization ................................................................................................................. 8
4.ELECTRICAL ROOM .................................................................................................................................... 9
4.1. LT Panel.............................................................................................................................................. 9
4.2. HT Panel ............................................................................................................................................. 9
4.3.Switchgear and Switchboard ............................................................................................................. 9
4.4. Transformer ..................................................................................................................................... 10
4.5. Electrical Protection and Control .................................................................................................... 11
4.5.1 Circuit breaker ........................................................................................................................... 11
4.5.2. Fuses ......................................................................................................................................... 11
4.5.3. isolator and switches ............................................................................................................... 12
4.5.4. Capacitor................................................................................................................................... 12
4.5.5. Contractors ............................................................................................................................... 12
4.5.6. Motor Starter ........................................................................................................................... 13
5. Diesel Generators .................................................................................................................................. 13
6. Lightening Arrestors ............................................................................................................................... 14
6.1 Lightening Energy ............................................................................................................................. 14
6.2. Lightening Protection System ......................................................................................................... 15
6.3. Components of Lightening Protection System ............................................................................... 15

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7.Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 15

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1. Introduction
Pakistan Institute of Fashion and Design, also referred as PIFD, is a public design institution primarily
located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established in 1994 as the Pakistan School of Fashion Design
(PSF) by the Trade Development Authority of Pakistan, a department within the Ministry of Federal
Education and Professional Training. The close collaboration between the textile industry, Erasmus+,
Commonwealth Association, business and arts communities is intended to foster multi-disciplinary
education and research. The institute seeks to produce graduates who are able to combine design
capability with manufacturing dexterity to create products that are innovative and aesthetically
beautiful. PIFD trains students with the necessary management and marketing tools in order to
promote these products in markets around the world. PIFD endeavors to create a new generation of
designers, entrepreneurs, and highly skilled youth to cope with the demand of the new millennium
through its full-time bachelor's and master's degree programs. It has consistently been ranked
among the best educational institutions in Pakistan for art and design education.this report will cover
the different electrical and mechanical systems used in the building of pifd
1.1 Types of Mechanical and Electrical systems
There are different types of electrical and mechanical system used in the building which includes are
1) HVAC System (280 TR capacity Direct Fired Absorption Chiller, Air Handling Units (AHUs), induced
draft cooling towers, chilled and condenser water pumps.)
2) LT and HT PANELS(ELECTRICAL)
3) Control Room
4) Diesel Generators (Cummins, Perkins and John Deere with a cumulative capacity of 1500 kVA)
5) Lightning Arrestors
6) X Ray Baggage Scanner
7) Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
8) steam boilers and different types of electric machines in Lab

2. HVAC System
HVAC stands for heating, ventilation and air conditioning. This system provides heating and cooling in
residential and commercial buildings. You can find HVAC systems anywhere from single-family homes to
the bowels of the ship where they offer natural comfort options. As they are popular in new
construction, these systems use fresh air from outside to provide high quality indoor air. V in HVAC, or
air intake, the process of changing or exchanging air in space. This provides better indoor air quality and
includes the removal of moisture, smoke, odor, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other
gases as well as temperature control and oxygen filling.
2.1. Working of HVAC System
The three key functions of the HVAC system are compatible, especially when it provides acceptable
indoor air quality and warm comfort. Your heating and air conditioning system is often one of the most
complex and extensive systems in your home, but once it stops working you will soon find out! There
are nine components in your HVAC system that you should be familiar with airflow, filter,duct areas,
plumbing, electrical appliances, outdoor unit, compressor, coils and blower
2.1.1. Air Return
Air return is the part of your system that marks the starting point of the ventilation cycle. This return
sucks in air, draws it through a filter, and then passes it into the main system

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2.1.2. FILTER
For your HVAC system to continue functioning properly, it is important to keep the air that
circulates through it clean. This is where your HVAC filter comes into play. The air usually
contains a lot of dust, dirt, and other contaminants, which could cause damage to your HVAC
system. Contrary to the popular belief that the air is cleaned to protect your health, HVAC filters
are primarily designed to to protect the blower fan in your HVAC system.
2.1.3. Exhaust Outlet
Another part of your system is the exhaust outlets where the exhaust created by the heating system is
expelled

2.1.4. Duct
Your ducts are the channels in which the heated or cooled air passes through

2.1.5 Outdoor Unit

This is likely the part of your system you think of when someone mentions an HVAC system. The outdoor
unit houses the fan which provides air flow

2.1.6. Compressor
As a part of the outdoor unit, the compressor is responsible for converting refrigerant from a gas
to liquid and sends it to the coils
2.1.7. coils
Usually another part of the outdoor unit, coils cool the air as it passes through with a little help
from the refrigerant
2.1.8 bowler
The blower draws in warm air through the main section of the unit. Pro tip: The more efficiently
this air moves through, the more durable your system will be.

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3. Process Of Chiller Plant
In most process cooling applications, a pumping system circulates cool water or a water/glycol solution
from the chiller to the process. This cool fluid removes heat from the process and the warm fluid returns
to the chiller. The process water is the means by which heat transfers from the process to the chiller.
Process chillers contain a chemical compound, called a refrigerant. There are many types of refrigerant
and applications depending on the temperatures required but they all work on the basic principle of
compression and phase-change of the refrigerant from a liquid to a gas and back to a liquid. This process
of heating and cooling the refrigerant and changing it from a gas to a liquid and back again is the
refrigeration cycle. The refrigeration cycle starts with a low-pressure liquid/gas mix entering the
evaporator. In the evaporator, heat from the process water or water/glycol solution boils the
refrigerant, which changes it from a low-pressure liquid to a low-pressure gas. The low-pressure gas
enters the compressor where it is compressed to high-pressure gas. The high-pressure gas enters the
condenser where ambient air or condenser water removes heat to cool it to a high-pressure liquid. The
high-pressure liquid travels to the expansion valve, which controls how much liquid refrigerant enters
the evaporator, thereby beginning the refrigeration cycle again. There are two types of condensers used
in chillers; air-cooled and water-cooled. An air-cooled condenser uses ambient air to cool and condense
the hot refrigerant gas back down to a liquid. It can be located inside the chiller or can be remotely
located outside, but ultimately it rejects the heat from the chiller to the air. In a water-cooled
condenser, water from a cooling tower cools and condenses the refrigerant.
3.1. Motor Control Center of chiller plant
An MCC would typically be provided by the electrical contractor, and would receive signals from the
chiller package to start/stop the various motors, etc. chiller package have its own Industrial Control
Panel, which would receive one feed from the main electrical system and would have its own short
circuit, overload protection, and starters for each motor. Most likely such an arrangement would be
furnished by the manufacturer of the chiller package. it is recommended to use mcc panel for chillers
because chillers are having more no of motors .for these motors protection starters should be used.
VFDs(variable frequency drives) are also used for smooth running energy saving. panel should be
installed under the roof near chillers only.if VFD used proper ventilation or AC should be used.

3.2. Chiller plant optimization

Optimization is the action of making the best or most effective use of a situation or resourceThere are
different levels of optimization currently being applied in the industry ranging from simple sequencing of
the equipment to the installation of electrical usage metering to enable system adjustments in real time
through software Currently, some controls manufacturers integrate plant optimization into their
standard control package. This is typically limited to inputting project specific equipment performance
data into the control software, which will, in turn, sequence a specified number of chillers, cooling
towers and pumps based on operational to meet building load. This could also include using control
sequences such as pump differential pressure reset and optimum start controls for systems using
setback control. The next level of optimization is through standalone software packages, which operate
in the background using proprietary algorithms and work in conjunction with the building management
system. This typically involves the installation of electrical energy usage meters for real time data

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collection in determining equipment sequencing as well as implementing predictive actions based on
the software algorithms.

4.ELECTRICAL ROOM
The electrical room of this building consist of LT and HT panel along with one step down transformer of
2000 KVA

4.1. LT Panel
LT Panel is an electrical distribution board that receives power from generator or transformer and
distributes the same to various electronic devices and distribution boards Lt Panels involve voltage
which comes from step down transformer around 415V . And Panels just are voltage switching devices
which serves as protection for distribution transformers.LT switchgears consists of Main Incoming Circuit
Breaker (MCCB/ACB) as per capacity of the Transformer, Rated Bus-bars, Out going Circuit Breakers
(ACB/MCCB/MCB) in order to control/switch the power required in different machines/sections.
Necessary indications and measuring equipment for current, Voltage, Power (optional) are built in so
that the panel operator can easily monitor the usage. All the bus-bars/live parts are well insulated to
avoid any kinds of accident.

4.2. HT Panel
HT Panels basically involve high voltage which comes from step up transformer for eg. voltages ranging
from 11kv , 33kv etc HT panel is a metal enclosure fitted with HT Circuit Breakers, relays &metering that
is used to receive 11KV/33KV supply (from one or more source) & distribute the power through its
outgoing feeders. Outgoing feeder may be one or more it depends on the load of the building. The main
functions of HT Panel is to make & break HT supply (or switch on or switch off supply), To receive &
distribute HT supply, To provide protection against faults, To provide metering to monitor various
parameters. HT panel receives electrical Supply 11KV or 33KV from 3 core HT cable & then it distributes
power through one or more outgoing feeders. These outgoing feeders are connected with distribution
transformers which convert HT supply into 415V, 3-phase 4 wire AC supply. To measure electrical power
consumption, Energy Meter is installed in it, Meters are installed to measure electrical Voltage, Current,
frequency, power factor etc. Short circuit protection, over load protection, earth fault protection relays
can be installed in it against protection from faults. HT Circuit Breakers such as VCB, SF6, etc but VCB is
the most commonly used HT breaker are used to make & break HT supply. HT circuit breakers can be
switched ON & OFF either manually or electrically. 24V (or 30V) DC supply which is an external source to
HT panel is used for various purposes like for metering, relay operations, indicating lights, 240 V ac
supply is also used in HT panel for 16A power sockets provided inside panel, for panel lights & space
heater. Space heater is provided in HT panel to avoid moisture inside the panel. To measure Incoming
Supply voltage, 11KV is converted into 110V through PT (Potential Transformer). And 110V voltmeter is
used for voltage measuring purpose.
4.3.Switchgear and Switchboard
The switchgear refers to the collection of the switching devices required for a low, medium or high
voltage electrical circuit. It consists of switching and protection devices such as fuses, circuit breakers,
isolators, disconnect switches, relays and other devices that control the flow of electricity.

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The switchboard refers to a large single panel, assembly of panels, a structural frame or assembly of
structural frames, on which buses, switches, and protective and other control devices may be mounted.
The mounting may be done on the face, the back side, or both.

4.4. Transformer
The transformer is the heart of the substation. The transformer changes the relationship between the
incoming voltage and current and the outgoing voltage and current. It consists of two separate coils of
wire wound around a laminated steel core. When an alternating current is passed through one coil of
wire the current flow creates a magnetic field around the coil. The second coil of wire, usually wound
directly over the first coil, is within the magnetic field created by the current in the first coil. Because the
current in the first coil is alternating back and forth, the magnetic field will be in constant motion. The
moving magnetic field induces a current flow in the second coil of wire. The relationship between the

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voltage of the first coil and the voltage of the second coil is directly proportional to the number of turns
of wire on the first coil as compared to the number of turns of wire on the second coil. If the first coil
(called the primary winding) has twice as many turns as the second coil (called the secondary winding),
then the voltage of the secondary winding will be only half that of the primary winding.
4.5. Electrical Protection and Control
Circuits are controlled by a switchgear which is assembled so that the circuit may be operated safely
under normal conditions, isolated automatically under fault conditions, or isolated manually for safe
maintenance. These requirements are met by good workmanship and the installation of proper
materials such as:
Circuit breakers
Fuses
Disconnect switches or isolators
Capacitors
Relays
Contractors
Starters
4.5.1 Circuit breaker
Circuit breaker is a generic term whose meaning is implied in its name, something that breaks a circuit. A
circuit breaker is a switching device capable of protecting the distribution line or feeder connected to it
from overloads and faults. If a circuit overload, the mechanism inside the breaker trips the switch and
breaks the circuit. The circuit breaker may be reset by simply flipping the switch. A circuit breaker is
capable of taking harmless short period overloads (such as the heavy initial current required in the
starting of a motor of say fan motor) without tripping but protected against prolonged overloads. After
the cause of trouble has been located and corrected, the power is easily restored by flipping the circuit
breaker.

4.5.2. Fuses
A fuse is a device used for protecting the switchgear equipment and cables against overcurrents. When
a fuse element blows, the circuit breaks and as a consequence an arc is established between the
breaking points, thereby generating a large amount of heat which can damage adjacent equipment and
set fire to wires and cables. In order to prevent this, fuse elements are housed in a strong and non-
inflammable body (generally ceramic) filled with quartz, so that when the fuse element blows the sand

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automatically falls down and covers the live contact. This type of fuse is known as a High Rupturing
Capacity fuse (HRC fuse).
4.5.3. isolator and switches
An isolator is a mechanical device which is opened manually and is provided so that the entire
installation, or one circuit or one piece of equipment may be cut off from the live supply. In
addition, a means of switching off for maintenance or emergency switching must also be
provided. A switch may provide the means of isolation but an isolator differs from a switch in
that it is intended to be opened when the circuit concerned is not carrying current. Its purpose is
to ensure the safety of those working on the circuit by making dead those parts which are live in
normal service.
4.5.4. Capacitor
Capacitors help adjust the power factor and voltage and allow electricity to be distributed more
efficiently. They can be remotely controlled and switched into and out of the system as needed.
Some capacitor banks are controlled with temperature switches so that if the temperature
exceeds a certain value, the capacitor bank is automatically switched into the circuit. Others are
set on time clock switches to be automatically connected and disconnected to the system during
pre-determined times typically corresponding to operation of a large factory or some other load
with a low power factor.

4.5.5. Contractors
A contactor is an electrically operated switch that can be made to switch on or switch off a motor,
heater bank, capacitor bank,etc. directly or by a remote controller such as a thermostat, humidistat,
timer, pilot devices or any other protective devices. It consists of 2, 3 or 4 power contacts and some
auxiliary contacts. Although a switch, a contactor is designed to interrupt (making & breaking) electric
current repeatedly and frequently, due to the simplicity of its mechanism and contact design. When a
contactor breaks the current, an arc is established across the contacts where the circuit is broken and a
good amount of heat energy is generated. This increases when the frequency of breaking the current
increases resulting into welding of contacts, or fusing, and contactor failure.

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4.5.6. Motor Starter
A starter is a device which connects with the motor in series to limit the in-rush current at start
and establish a starting torque to get the motor to its rated load speed

5. Diesel Generators
A diesel generator utilizes a diesel engine and electric generator to generate electrical energy. Liquid
fuels or natural gas are usually used as the primary fuel of the diesel generator. Totally, a diesel
generator works based on air compression and the fuel. First, the air is blown into the generator until it
is compressed. Subsequently, the proper fuel of diesel generator is injected. The combination of air
compression and subsequent injection of the fuel will contribute to generate the heat that triggers the
inflammation of the fuel. In this way the diesel generator starts combustion and causes the generator to
start up. Thus the generator starts to produce the necessary electrical energy to be distributed
according to the needs of the MG (loads) connected to the diesel generator. A sample diagram of diesel
generator is shown in

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The diesel generator can produce electrical energy according to the demand of the MG. The output
power of a diesel generator can be changed based on the load variation of the MG. The diesel generator
has the ability to simultaneously inject both active and reactive powers.

The technical data of the cummin generators used in this building are given below

6. Lightening Arrestors
6.1 Lightening Energy
Lightning is a capricious, random and unpredictable event. Its physical characteristics include current
levels sometimes in excess of 100 kA and speeds approaching one third the speed of light. Globally,
some 2000 on-going thunderstorms cause about 100 lightning strikes to earth each second Lightning is
a product of electrically charged storm clouds. The charged clouds induce an opposite
charge(ground charge) on the surface of the earth beneath it as they travel through the atmosphere.
When the ground charge reaches a structure, the cloud charge pulls it up onto the structure,
concentrating the ground charge on and around it. If the ground charge builds to a level exceeding the
dielectric(insulation resistance) of the intervening air, an arc or lightning strike will occur. The process
begins with stepped leaders branching down from the clouds. When they come within close proximity to
the ground, approximately 500 feet, the electric field intensity at ground level becomes so strong that
objects and structures begin to break down electronically, shooting streamers up toward the stepped
leaders. When a streamer and a stepped leader connect, a path is created for a lightning strike. To

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protect the buildings or telecommunication towers against lightning, a proper designed lightning
protection system is needed

6.2. Lightening Protection System

The main function of the lightning protection system installed on the existing building is to capture a
lightning stroke and then conduct discharge current safely to the ground. The building requires number
of copper rods, number of down conductors, number of earth pits, maintenance of all this put together
becomes a costly & wastage of time also. In some conditions, however the active lightning system is
the only possible method to protect from direct lightning strokes. Due to the arguments
mentioned above, we recommend to use the active lightning protection whenever the
conventional solution is inconvenient or when the former is more preferable to the latter as in the
case of the efficient protection of architect.

6.3. Components of Lightening Protection System

Lightning rods or 'air terminals' are only a small part of a complete lightning protection system. In fact,
the rods may play the least important role in a system installation. A lightning protection system
is composed of three main components

Rods or Air Terminals- The small, vertical protrusions designed to act as the' terminal' for a
lightning discharge. Rods can be found in different shapes, sizes and designs. Most are topped with a
tall, pointed needle or a smooth, polished sphere. The functionality of different types of lightning rods,
and even the neccessity of rods altogether, are subjects of many scientific debates.

Heavy cables (right)- that carry lightning current from the rods to the ground. Cables are run along the
tops and around the edges of roofs, then down one or more corners of a building to the ground rod(s)

Round Rods- Long, thick, heavy rods buried deep into the earth around a protected structure. The
conductor cables are connected to these rods to complete a safe path for a lightning discharge around a
structure.

The conductor cables and ground rods are the most important components of a lightning protection
system, accomplishing the main objective of diverting lightning current safely past a structure. The
'lightning rods' themselves, that is, the pointy vertically-oriented terminals along the edges of roofs, do
not play much of a role in the functionality of the system. A full protection setup, given good cable
coverage and good grounding, would still work sufficiently without the air terminals

7.Conclusion
In the end I would like to say that during my period in PIFD as an internee I have come across some
wonderful professionals and by virtue of their commitment and dedication to their work I have gained
wonderful experience and knowledge of the corporate World and how it functions. I would like to thank
HOD Of maintance department sir Moeed Ahmed and Hiring managers for providing me with this
glorious opportunity to be a part of this highly esteemed organization

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