Narendra Damodardas Modi 

(Gujarati: [ˈnəɾendɾə dɑmodəɾˈdɑs ˈmodiː] ( listen); born 17 September

1950)[a] is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current prime minister of India since 2014. He
was the chief minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi.
Modi is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its National Democratic Alliance (NDA).
He is also a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist volunteer
organisation. He is the first prime minister born after India's independence in 1947, the second non-
Congress one to win two consecutive terms after Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the first from outside the
Congress to win both terms with a majority in the Lok Sabha.[3]
Born and raised in Vadnagar, a small town in northeastern Gujarat, Modi completed his secondary
education there, and is said to have helped his father sell tea at the local railway station. He was
introduced to the RSS at age eight.[4] Modi left home at age 18 soon after his marriage
to Jashodaben Chamanlal, which he publicly acknowledged many decades later. Modi has asserted
that he travelled around India for two years, visiting a number of religious centres. Upon his return to
Gujarat in 1971, he became a full-time worker for the RSS. During the state of emergency imposed
across the country in 1975, Modi went into hiding. The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985 and he
held several positions within the party hierarchy until 2001, rising to the rank of general secretary.[b]
Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001 due to Keshubhai Patel's failing health and
poor public image following the earthquake in Bhuj. Modi was elected to the legislative assembly
soon after. His administration has been considered complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots,[c] or otherwise
criticised for its handling of it. A Supreme Court-appointed Special Investigation Team found no
evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings against Modi personally.[d] His policies as chief minister,
credited with encouraging economic growth, have received praise.[15] His administration has been
criticised for failing to significantly improve health, poverty and education indices in the state.[e]
Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election which gave the party a majority in the Indian lower
house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, the first time for any single party since 1984. Modi's
administration has tried to raise foreign direct investment in the Indian economy and reduced
spending on healthcare and social welfare programmes. Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in
the bureaucracy; he has centralised power by abolishing the Planning Commission. He began
a high-profile sanitation campaign, initiated a controversial demonetisation of high-denomination
banknotes and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws.
Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced democratic backsliding.[f] Following his party's victory in
the 2019 general election, his administration revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir. His
administration also introduced the Citizenship Amendment Act, which resulted in widespread
protests across the country. Described as engineering a political realignment towards right-wing
politics, Modi remains a figure of controversy domestically and internationally over his Hindu
nationalist beliefs and his alleged role during the 2002 Gujarat riots, cited as evidence of
an exclusionary social agenda.[g]

Contents

 1Early life and education

 2Early political career
 3Chief Minister of Gujarat
o 3.1Taking office
o 3.22002 Gujarat riots
o 3.32002 election
o 3.4Second term
o 3.5Development projects
 o 3.6Development debate
o 3.7Final years
 4Premiership campaigns
o 4.12014 Indian general election
o 4.22019 Indian general election
 5Prime Minister
o 5.1Governance and other initiatives
o 5.2Economic policy
o 5.3Health and sanitation
o 5.4Hindutva
o 5.5Foreign policy
o 5.6Defence policy
o 5.7Environmental policy
o 5.8Democratic backsliding
 6Electoral history
 7Personal life and image
o 7.1Personal life
o 7.2Approval ratings
 8Awards and recognition
o 8.1State honours
o 8.2Other honours
 9In popular culture
 10See also
 11Bibliography
 12Notes
 13References
o 13.1Citations
o 13.2Further reading
 14External links

Early life and education

Narendra Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a Gujarati Hindu family of grocers
in Vadnagar, Mehsana district, Bombay State (present-day Gujarat). He was the third of six children
born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi (c. 1915–1989) and Hiraben Modi (born c. 1920).[22][a] Modi's
family belonged to the Modh-Ghanchi-Teli (oil-presser) community,[23][24][25] which is categorised as
an Other Backward Class by the Indian government.[25][26] He was falsely accused by Mayawati that
he added his caste to the Other Backward Class (OBC) list as a political tool.[23][27]
As a child, Modi is said to have helped his father sell tea at the Vadnagar railway station, and said
that he later ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminus.[28] Modi completed his higher
secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967, where a teacher described him as an average student
and a keen debater, with interest in theatre.[29] Modi had an early gift for rhetoric in debates, and his
teachers and students noted this.[30] Modi preferred playing larger-than-life characters in theatrical
productions, which has influenced his political image.[31][32]
When eight years old, Modi was introduced to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and began
attending its local shakhas (training sessions). There, Modi met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly
known as Vakil Saheb, who inducted him as a balswayamsevak (junior cadet) in the RSS and
became his political mentor.[33] While Modi was training with the RSS, he also met Vasant
Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who were founding members
of the BJP's Gujarat unit in 1980.[34]
In a custom traditional to Narendra Modi's caste, his family arranged a betrothal to a
girl, Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi, leading to their marriage when she was 17 and he was 18.[35]
[36]
 Soon afterwards, he abandoned his bride,[37] and left home, the couple going on to lead separate
lives, neither marrying again, and the marriage itself remaining unmentioned in Modi's public
pronouncements for many decades.[38] In April 2014, shortly before the national elections that swept
him to power, Modi publicly affirmed that he was married and his spouse was Jashodaben; the
couple has remained married, but estranged.[39]
Modi spent the ensuing two years travelling across Northern and North-eastern India, though few
details of where he went have emerged.[40] In interviews, Modi has described visiting Hindu ashrams
founded by Swami Vivekananda: the Belur Math near Kolkata, followed by the Advaita
Ashrama in Almora and the Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot. Modi remained only a short time at
each, since he lacked the required college education.[41] Vivekananda has been described as a large
influence in Modi's life.[42]
In the early summer of 1968, Modi reached the Belur Math but was turned away, after which Modi
wandered through Calcutta, West Bengal and Assam, stopping in Siliguri and Guwahati. Modi then
went to the Ramakrishna Ashram in Almora, where he was again rejected, before travelling back
to Gujarat via Delhi and Rajasthan in 1968–69. Sometime in late 1969 or early 1970, Modi returned
to Vadnagar for a brief visit before leaving again for Ahmedabad.[43][44] There, Modi lived with his
uncle, working in the latter's canteen at the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation.[45]
In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was based at the Hedgewar
Bhavan (RSS headquarters) in the city.[46][47][48] Modi's first known political activity as an adult was in
1971 when he joined a Jana Sangh satyagraha in Delhi led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee to enlist for the
battlefield.[49][50] But the Indira Gandhi led Central government disallowed open support to Mukti
Bahini and Modi was put in Tihar Jail for a short period.[51][52][53] After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971,
he stopped working for his uncle a