UNIVERSE e. STARS.
f. HEAVENLY BODIES. Galaxy, Asteroids etch
 All of the space and time and their contents,
including planets, stars, galaxies and all
other forms of matter and energy.
 “UNIVERSUS” - Whole, entire, all together
turned into 1
 Can also be called “COSMOS”
 EVERYTHING
COSMOLOGY. The study of the origin and the
development of the Universe.
THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE
1. THE BIG BUMBA THEORY
 Originated from the Central Africa
 One Day, Bumba in pain from a stomach
ache, vomited up the sun. The sun dried up
some water, leaving land. Still in pain, BUMBA
vomited up the moon, the stars and then
some animals, and finally Man.
2. ARISTOTELIAN UNIVERSE (GEOCENTRISM)
 The Greek Philosopher ARISTOTLE in the 4th
century B.C established a geocentric
universe in which the fixed spherical Earth is
at the centre, surrounded by concentric
celestial spheres of planet and stars.
 NICOLAS COPERNICUS. Killed because he
said that Earth is just a planet and that the
Sun is the center which he contradicts the
theory of Aristotle.
3. BIG BANG THEORY
 GEORGES LEMAITRE. A Belgian Priest first
suggested the Big Bang.
 The leading explanation about how the
Universe began.
 The Universe started with a small singularity,
then inflated over the next 13.8 billion yrs to
the Cosmos that we know today.
 Most believable theory
 Everything started from the SINGULARITY,
there has been and Explosion forming:
a. SUBATOMIC. Protons, Electrons, Neutrons.
b. ATOMIC NUCLEI. Neutrons and Protons
c. ATOMS
d. HYDROGEN AND HELIUM. It is said that it was
the first element to be formed because (a)
most abundant (b) lightest atomic mass
which means that there are less electrons
and protons making it easier to be form.
EXPANSION. Heavenly bodies also move.
RED SHIFT
 Biggest evidence of Big Bang Theory
 Increase of wavelength
 Can be compared to the Doppler effect.This
happens when light from and object is
increased in wavelength.
SOLAR SYSTEM. The gravitationally bound
system comprising the sun and the objects that
orbit it, either directly or indirectly
THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
 By Pierre-Simon Laplace
 Rotating gaseous cloud (NEBULA) that cools
and contracts in the middle to form the sun
and the rest into a disc that becomes a
planet
 Plural form: Nebulae
 NEBULA. Interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen,
helium and ionized gases. Heavenly body.
 Ionized gas (Plasma)
a) Crab Nebula
b) Little Dumbbell Nebula
c) Apple Core Nebula
d) Ring Nebula
e) Eagle Nebula
1. Contracts and cools down. Shrink.
2. Composed of Hydrogen and Helium. Naging
sphere.
3. Iikot ng mabilis to form disc
4. Higher density and outer
5. Sa pag-ikot, nagkakaroon ng friction. Umiinit,
HEAT. And with that, stars are born.
6. Dust ay nagsasama-sama to form other
planets.
ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS
 A rogue star passes close to the sun from
there, gas is removed from both the sun and
rogue star. The gas removed from the 2 stars
contracts and formed the planets
 According to the theory:
 Nag eexist na ang Sun.
 May dumaan na Star
  Nagkaroon ng slow encounter
 Naghigitan ng particles
 Mas malaki ang density ng Sun compare kay
Star
 Explains why mas dense ang mga nasa inner
part ng solar system
PLANETISIMALS
 Victor Safronov
 Small objects that can range from mm to the
size of several hundred km, formed out of
grains of dust that collide and get stuck
together to form such planet (larger bodies)
 From the theory of Nebular
 Sun comes from Nebula
 Dust particles stuck together. Nakagawa ng
gravitational force. Mas humihila forming
bigger object, planets.
INTERACTIONS OF THE 4 SUBSYSTEM
A. BIOSPHERE and ATMOSPHERE
 Bird and Air
 Human and Fire
 Rain and Plants for photosynthesis
 Ozone layer and Living things
 Weather
 Greenhouse effect
 Global Warming
 Space shuttle
 Airplane
 Respiration
B. HYDROSPHERE and LITHOSPHERE
 Seafloor Spreading
 Tsunami or Harbor Wave
 Underwater Earthquake
 Hot springs
 Liquefaction
 Hotspot
 Formation of Sediments because of the
pressure of water
 Formation of new crust
C. HYDROSPHERE and BIOSPHERE
 Water for Living things
 Living animals needs water for shelter
 Hydroelectric energy from falls and
dams. Kinetic energy to electrical that’s
needed by humans
 Fishermen Throwing garbage on bodies
of water
 For transportation
 Water Cycle
D. ATMOSPHERE and LITHOSPHERE
 Magnetic Field (Shield of atmosphere
from Flare)
 Landslide formation
 Volcanic eruption
 Lightning
E. 4 SUBSYSTEMS
 Humans need atmosphere to breathe,
hydrosphere for water, lithosphere
 WATER CYCLE. Nag evaporate yung
water, pumunta kay atmosphere,
nagkaroon ng precipitation going to
lithosphere, and being drink by humans
on the underground water
 Human activities
 Volcanic Eruption
VOCABULARY WORDS
FOLIATION. Composed of layers/striation.
CLASTIC. Made up of fragments
EROSION. Action of water flow, wind that
remove the rock, soil or dissolved materials from
one location on the Earth’s crust.
WEATHERING. Breaking down of rocks
SEDIMENTS. Materials that is broken down by
weathering and erosion.
SOLIDIFICATION. To make compact or hard.
MINEROLOGY. Study of minerals.
PETROLOGY. Study of rocks and it’s structure and
compositions.
 BASALT. Panghilod, River
 OBSIDIAN. Jewelries
 GRANITE. Houses