GEN MATH - FUNCTIONS

CONCEPTS OF FUNCTIONS 10. Piecewise function – contains two or more function

in a specific domain
▪ Relation – set of any ordered pairs
▪ Function – special kind of relation Example:
✓ No two points on the same set of Given: f(x) = x2 if x ≤ 1
ordered pairs have the same first 6 if x = 2
element 10 – x if x > 2 and x < 6
✓ x2 = vertical (function) ❖ When we assign values to x, we need to
✓ y2 = horizontal (not function) consider the rule to apply and be able
▪ Domain – values of x, 1st members, (abscissa) to determine the corresponding why
Set of permissible values value.
▪ Range – values of y, 2nd members, (ordinates) x -4 -2 0 1 2 3
Set of dependent or output values f(x) 16 4 0 1 6 7
Notes to Remember:
Example: Domain Range
{(5,9), (0, -3) , (3,1) , (11,-7)} ✓ A graph does not represent a function if it
Other things to remember: does not satisfy the vertical line test. (each
vertical line intersects the graph at MOST
✓ f(x) should be “f of x”, not “f times x”
ONCE)
✓ f is the name of the function; it is not a number
✓ Evaluation of functions means replacing the
✓ x is the input value of independent variable of
variable in the function, in this case x, with
f(x)
a value from the function’s domain and
✓ f(x) is the output value or value of the function f
computing for the result.
at the number x

BASIC TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

1. Constant function – function of 0 degree that
are of the form f(x) = c, c is not equal to 0
2. Linear function – function of the firs degree
polynomial that are of the form f(x) = ax + b
where a is not equal to 0
3. Quadratic function – a function of the form
where f(x) = ax2 + bx +c where a is not equal to
0
4. Polynomial function – any function f(x) of the
form f(x) = Cn
5. Absolute value function – a function of the form
f(x) = lxl
6. Power function – function of the form f(x) = xn,
(n=real number)
7. Greatest integer function – function of the form
f(x) = ↳ 𝑥 ↲, (value of the x is the greatest
integer that is less than or = to x.)
8. Least integer function – function of the form
f(x) = ↱ 𝑥 ↰, (value of x is least integer greater
than or = to x)
9. Radical function – are of the form f(x) =
√𝑔(𝑥), where g(x) is an algebraic; ex. called
radicand and n called index
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Let f and g be functions of the variable x
Let f ( x)  x 2  4 x  3 and g ( x)  x  1
Sum: ( f  g ) x  f ( x)  g ( x)
 ( x 2  4 x  3)  ( x  1)
 x 2  3x  2
Difference: ( f  g ) x  f ( x)  g ( x)
 ( x 2  4 x  3)  ( x  1)
 x2  4x  3  x 1
 x 2  5x  4
Product: ( f • g ) x  f ( x) • g ( x)
 ( x 2  4 x  3)( x  1)
 x 3  4 x 2  3x
 x2  4x  3
 x3  5x 2  7 x  3
Quotient: ( f / g ) x  f ( x) / g ( x)
 ( x 2  4 x  3) /( x  1)
 x 3
 COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Word Problems:
Let f and g be functions. The composite function
denoted by ( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x)) . 1) Give a function c that can represent the cost of
buying x meals, if one meal cost Php. 40.
Example:
Solution and answer:
Since each meal cost 40, then the cost function
is C(x) = 40x
f ( x)  2 x  1 q ( x)  x 2  2 x  2
r ( x )  x   1 2x 1 2) One hundred meters of fencing is available to
p( x) 
x 1 enclose a rectangular area next to a river. Give
g ( x)  x  1 function A that can represent the area that can
be enclosed in terms of x.

Solution and answer:

a. ) ( g  f )( x)  g ( f ( x)) Formula: x + 2y = 100
 (2 x  1)  1 x + 2y = 100
 2x  2 2y= 100 - x A(x) = xy
y = 100-x = x (50 – 0.5x)
2 A(x) = 50x – 0.5x
b. ) (q  f )( x)  q( f ( x))
y = 50 – 0.5x
 (2 x  1) 2  2(2 x  1)  2
 4x2  4x 1 4x  2  2
3) A user is charged Php300 monthly for a mobile
 4x2 1 plan, which includes 100 free text messages.
Messages that are excess of 100 are charged
c. ) ( f  p)(2)  f ( p(2))
Php1.00 each. Represent the amount of
 2(2)  1  consumer pays each month as a function of the
 2  1
 2 1  number of messages m sent in a month
 11
Solution and answer:
d. ) (r  p)(5)  r ( p(5)) t(m) = 300 if 0 < m ≤ 100
 2(5)  1 300 + (m-100) if m > 100
 1
 5  1 
11  4) A jeepney ride costs Php8.00 for the first 4km
   1
4 and each additional integer kilometer adds
3 Php1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to
represent the jeepney fare in terms of the
distance d in km.

Solution and answer:

f(d) = 8 if 0 < d ≤ 4
8 + 1.5 ↳ 𝑑 − 4 ↲ if d > 0
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS, EQUATIONS AND GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
INEQUALITIES • STEPS:
❖ Rational Expression - a ratio of two polynomials 1. Get the intercepts
❖ Rational Function - the quotient of two ✓ To get x-intercept: find the
polynomial functions that are of the form restriction of the numerator
g ( x) ✓ To get y-intercept: change x to 0
f ( x)  where h( x)  0 then divide (to simplify)
h( x )
2. Get the asymptotes:
g ( x) g ( x) ✓ To get the vertical asymptote: get
❖ If is equated to 0, then  0 is
h( x ) h( x ) the restriction of the denominator
called Rational Equation ✓ To get the horizontal asymptote:
❖ Moreover, if the equation symbol  is replaced Let n = exponent of numerator
with , , ,  you have Rational Inequality m = exponent of denominator
n<m ; y=0
Examples: n=m ; y=a/b
Solve the following rational equations and n>m ; no h-asymptote
inequalities. 3. Get the critical values
4. Table of values or test points
3 1 5 ✓ You’ll have to test the x-intercepts,
 x  2  x  2 x; x  0 and v-asymptotes on your table.
1. 6  x  10 5. Sketch the graph
6. Get Domain and Range
x4
✓ You can easily determine the
domain through the factor of
 2 x 
 x  2  x  2  4 x  2; x  2 denominator.
✓ You can easily determine range
2. 2  x  4 x  8 through h-asymptote.
3x  6
Example 1 : F (x) = x-2
x2 x+2
no solution
X – Intercept: x-2 = 0
2x x=2 (2,0)
1
x 1
2x Y – Intercept: f (0) = 0-2
1  0 0+2
x 1
= -2
2 x  ( x  1)
3. 0 2
x 1 = -1 (0,-1)
x 1
0
x 1 V - Asymptote: x+2 = 0
x  1orx  1 x = -2

(,1)  1,   H - Asymptote: x - 2

x+2
x3 n = m ; y = a/b
0
x2 = 1/1
4. x  3orx  2
y=1

 ,3  2,   Critical Values: x = 2 , x = -2

Table of Values:
H - Asymptote: 3x2 - 8x - 3
-2 2 2x2 +7x - 4
x-2 - - 2 + n = m ; y = a/b
x+2 - + + = 3/2
x-2 y = 3/2
+ - +
x+2
Critical Values: x = 4 , x = -1/3 , x = ½ , x=3

Graph:
Table of Values:
-4 -1/3 1/2 3
3x+1 - - + + +
x-3 - - - - +
2x-1 - - - + +
x+4 - + + + +
(3x-1)(x-3)
+ - + - +
(2x-1)(x+4)

Graph:

Domain: { x|x ∈ ℝ ; x ≠ 2 }
Range: { y|y ∈ ℝ ; y ≠ 1 }

Example 2 : F (x) = 3x2-8x-3

2x2+7x-4
= (3x-1)(x-3)
(2x-1)(x+4)

X – Intercept: 3x+1 = -1/3 (-1/3,0)

X=3 (3,0)

Y – Intercept: f (0) = -3
-4
=3
4 (0,-1) Domain: { x|x ∈ ℝ ; x ≠ -1/2, 4 }
Range: { y|y ∈ ℝ ; y ≠ 3/2 }
V - Asymptote: x = 1/2
x = -4
Word Problems: Solution and answer:
A = 400
1) In an inter-barangay basketball league, the x = length
team from Brgy. San Jose won 12 out of 25 P(x) =?
games, a winning percentage of 48%. How A = l(w) area of rectangle
many games should they win in a row to
improve their win percentage to 60% A= x(w)
400 = x(w)
Solution and answer:
W= 400
Let x= no. of games they should win in a row
X
12+x = 0.60
25=x
P = 2x + 2w or P = 2(x+w)
12+x = 0.60 (25+x)
P(x) = 2(x+400) = 2(x2+400)
12+x = 15 + 0.6x
x x
x – 0.6x = 15 – 12
P(x) = 2x2 + 800
0.4x = 3
x
x = 7.5
x = 8 games
10 meters: (Substitute)
P(10) = 2(10)2 + 800
2) A box with a square base is to have volume of 8
10
cubic meters. Let x be the length of the size of = 200 + 800
the square base and be the height of the box. 10
What are the possible measurements of the side = 1000
of the square have if the height should be longer 10
than a side of the square base? P(10) = 100 m
Solution and answer:
Formula: V = (l)(w)(h) 50 meters: (Substitute)
V = (l)(w)(h) P(50) = 2(50)2 + 800
V = (x)(x)(h) 50
V = x2h = 2(2500) + 800
8 = x 2h 50
= 5800
50
P(50) = 116 m

4) Suppose the number of bacteria growing in

a petri dish is represented by the function

b(t) = 50t , 0 <= t <= 20

t+1

where t is in hours and b(t) is in millions.

Evaluate the function at t = 1,2,5,10,15,20.
Interpret the obtained values.
3) A fence is to enclose a rectangular vegetable
t 1 2 5 10 15 20
farm with an area of 400 square meters. If x
b(t) 25 33.33 41.67 45.45 46.88 47.62
is the length of one side of this fence, find a
function P(x) representing the perimeter of
The population of bacteria in a
the fencing material required. Find the petri dish increases but does not exceed
perimeter of the fence if one side has length 48 million.
10 meters, 50 meters?
 ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION
Example 1: f(x) = 3x + 1
The function f is one to one if any x 1; x2 in the
domain of f; the n f(x1) is not equal to f(x2). That is the Solution: y = 3x +1y
same y - value is never paired with two different x-values. x = 3y +1
x - 1 = 3y
Ex: y = x -1/3
{(0,4),(1,5),(2,6),(3,7)...,(n,n+4),...} - one to one function
{(-2,4),(-1,1),(0,0),(1,1),(2,4)}- not one to one Therefore, the inverse of f(x) = 3x + 1 is f-1(x)= x -1/3

Horizontal Line Test – a Function is one-to-one if each ✓ Remember that: The inverse of the inverse
horizontal line does not intersect the graph at more would be the same as the given.
than one point
Example 2: g(x) = x3 -2.
✓ Remember that: All FUNCTIONS satisfy the
Solution: y = x3 -2.
vertical line test, while all ONE-TO-ONE
x= y3 -2.
FUNCTIONS satisfy both vertical and horizontal
x + 2 = y3
line test
y = ∛(x+2)
INVERSE ONE TO ONE FUNCTION Therefore, the inverse of g(x) = x3 – 2 is g-1 = ∛ (x+2)

Let f be one to one with domain A and range B.

Then the inverse of f, denoted by f -1, is a function with Example 3: f(x)=2x +1/ 3x -4
domain B and range A defined by f-1 (y) = x if and only if f
Solution: y = 2x +1/ 3x -4
(x) = y for any y in B.
x = 2y +1/ 3y -4
✓ Remember that: A function has an inverse if x (3y-4) = 2y + 1
and only if it is a one to one function 3xy-4x = 2y+1
3xy-2y = 4x+1
Properties Of An Inverse Of A One To One Function y(3x-2) = 4x+1
y = 4x+1/3x-2
Given a one to one function f(x) and its inverse f-1(x),
then the following are true:
Therefore, the inverse of f(x) = 2x +1/ 3x -4 is
• The inverse of f-1(x) f(x)
• f(f-1(x)) = x for all x in the domain f-1 f-1(x) = 4x+1
3x-2.
• f-1(f(x)) = x for all in the domain of f.
You can easily determine an inverse based on
properties 2 and 3
GRAPHING INVERSE FUNCTIONS
Ex: 3x+1 = x-1
Steps for graphing inverse functions follows the
3
same steps as graphing rational functions. The only
An inverse of a function that multiplies 3 to a number and necessary change is that after your done with your
adds 1 is a function that subtracts 1 and then divides the rational function graph, you’ll have to find the inverse of
result by 3. each function by restricting the domain of the function.
Then sketch the graphs together with the original
function in one cartesian plane.
Steps In Finding The Inverse Of One To One

1. Write the function in the form of y = f(x)

2. Interchange the x and y variables;
3. Solve for y in terms of x.
4. Change y by f-1(x)
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Exponential Function (one-to-one function) Graphs of Transformations of Exponential

➢A function with the variable as an exponent Functions
➢A function of the form 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑏𝑥 where, Let 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑎×𝑏𝑃(𝑥)+ℎ be an exponential function
𝑏∈ℝ, 𝑏>0; 𝑏≠1 where P(x) is linear.
➢𝑓(𝑥)=16𝑥−2 (example of exponential function)
Properties:
Exponential Equation ✓ Domain: All real numbers
➢An equation involving exponential expressions ✓ Range: (h, ∞) if a > 0 ; (-∞,h) if a < 0
➢72𝑥=149(example of exponential equation) ✓ H-asymptote: y = h
✓ V-asymptote: none
Exponential Inequality ✓ Y-intercept: a
➢An inequality involving exponential
✓ X-intercept: none
expressions
➢52𝑥−5≤0(example of exponential inequality)
A. Reflection: y = -f(x) and f(-x)
➢ base is multiplied by negative (-) =
Law of Exponential Functions
reflection of x
Let 𝑎>0 & 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 ℝ. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛,
➢ exponent to negative (-) = reflection of y
1. 𝑎𝑥>0
2. 𝑎−𝑥=1𝑎𝑥
B. Vertical Stretching or Shrinking: y = a * f(x)
3. 𝑎𝑥+𝑦=(𝑎𝑥)(𝑎𝑦)
➢ a > 1 (Vertical Stretching)
4. 𝑎𝑥−𝑦=𝑎𝑥𝑎𝑦
➢ 0 < a < 1 (Vertical Shrinking)
5. 𝑎0=1
6. 𝑎1=𝑎
C. Vertical Shifting: y = f(x) + h
7. 𝑎𝑥𝑦=(𝑎𝑥)𝑦
➢ h > 0 (vertical shift up)
8. 𝐼𝑓 𝑥=𝑦, tℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑥=𝑎𝑦
➢ h < 0 (vertical shift down)
Solving Exponential Equation & Inequality
You need to obtain same base to both sides. D. Horizontal Shifting: y = f(x - c)
Only in inequality: You need to arrange the ➢ c > 0 (horizontal shift right)
expression in standard form. ➢ c < 0 (horizontal shift left)

➢ Remember that: Exponential Models

If b > 1 (retain the inequality sign);
If b < 1 (reverse the inequality sign)
Graphs of Exponential Functions
If b > 1 (increasing function); If 0 < b < 1 (decreasing
function)
Population Growth & Exponential Decay: 𝑦=𝑎×𝑏𝑥
Compound Interest: 𝐴=𝑃×(1+𝑟) t
Natural Exponentiation Function Equation:
𝑓(𝑥)=𝑒𝑥

Properties:
✓ Domain: All real numbers
✓ Range: (0, ∞)
✓ H-asymptote: y = 0
✓ V-asymptote: none
✓ Y-intercept: 1
✓ X-intercept: none
 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

Logarithmic Functions (inverse of exponential) Example:

𝑐=log𝑏 𝑎
𝑎=𝑏𝑐
Where 𝑏>0 𝑎>0 𝑏≠1

Common Logarithm: log𝑥=log10𝑥

Natural Logarithm: log𝑒𝑥=ln𝑥
Solving Logarithmic Equation
Examples: Example of equation: (step by step
• 53=125∶ log5125=3 procedure)
• 102=100∶ log100=2
• 𝑒2=𝑥∶ ln𝑥=2 ✓ log4(5𝑥+7) − log4(𝑥−3) = 2
• (−2)2=4 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 ✓ log4(5𝑥+7𝑥−3) = 2
𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ✓ 5𝑥+7𝑥−3=42 𝑜𝑟 16
✓ 5𝑥+7=16(𝑥−3)
Properties: ✓ 5𝑥+7=16𝑥−48
(b>1 , b≠1) ✓ −11𝑥=−55
• log𝑏1=0 ✓ 𝑥=5
• log𝑏𝑏𝑥=𝑥
Graphing Logarithmic Functions
• 𝑏log𝑏𝑥=𝑥
𝑦=𝑎×log𝑏(𝑥−𝑐) + ℎ
Examples:
• Domain: x > c
• log51=0
• log12124=4 • Range: All real numbers
• 10log𝑥=𝑥 • H-asymptote: none
• V-asymptote: x = c
Laws of Logarithm: • Y-intercept: none
1.) log𝑏𝑢𝑣=log𝑏𝑢+log𝑏𝑣
• X-intercept: (solve for the value of x if the
2.) log𝑏𝑢𝑣=log𝑏𝑢−log𝑏𝑣
value of y is 0)
3.) log𝑏𝑢𝑛=𝑛×log𝑏𝑢
Remember that:
Examples:
✓ (a is for stretching and shrinking)
• 2log5=log102−log5=log100−log5=log1005
✓ (c is for the horizontal shifting)
𝑜𝑟 log20
✓ (h is for the vertical shifting)
• log3(3𝑥)3=3(log33−log3𝑥) =3(1−log3𝑥)
=3−3log3𝑥

Change of Base Formula

log𝑏𝑥=log𝑎𝑥
log𝑎𝑏

Remember that:
✓ a, b and x is any positive real
number
✓ a and b is not equal to one