IPv4 Addresses

IPv4 Addresses

• It's a 32-bit value

• That is not very human-friendly

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 IPv4 Addresses

• We have 3 Main different classes

- Class A
- Class B
- Class C
• The difference between them is how many hosts you can fit in each
network
• Example

The first 3 octets which are in blue are the “network” part of this IP address

The red part is for “hosts”.

we use the last octet to give our hosts an unique IP address
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.3 3
 IPv4 Addresses

- Class A: 0.0.0.0 – 126.255.255.255

- Class B: 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
- Class C: 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255

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 Private & Public IP Addresses

• Public IP addresses are used on the Internet

• Private IP addresses are used on your local area network and should
not be used on the Internet

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 Private & Public IP Addresses

• Private IP addresses are a solution to the limitation of the public IP

addresses

• These are the Private IP address ranges

Class A: 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
Class B: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

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 Static OR Dynamically

Assigning a Static IPv4 Address

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 Static OR Dynamically

Assigning a Dynamic IPv4 Address

DHCP is a server process that assigns

IP addresses from a “pool” to network
devices
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 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast

• In an IPv4 network
– The hosts can communicate one of three different ways:

1. Unicast
- One to one

2. Broadcast
- One to all

3. Multicast
- One to many

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 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast

• Unicast
- the process of sending a packet from one host to an individual host

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 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast

• Broadcast
- the process of sending a packet from one host to all hosts in the
network

Routers do not
forward a broadcast

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 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast

• Multicast
- the process of sending a packet from one host to a selected group of
hosts, possibly in different networks

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 ARP

• we have two computers, computer A and computer B

We are sitting behind computer A

Packet L3 Header
Src IP 192.168.1.1
Dest IP 192.168.1.2

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 ARP

• L2 to encapsulate the packet in a frame

We are sitting behind computer A

How does computer A know about the MAC address of computer B?

Using ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

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 ARP

1- computer A ARP table is empty

what the MAC address of computer B is

2- computer A will send an ARP Request

Who has 192.168.1.2 and

what is your MAC address?
use the broadcast MAC address for the destination
(FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF)

This message will reach all computers in the network

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 ARP

3- Computer B will reply with a message ARP Reply

Saying that's me
this is my MAC address

4- Computer A can now add the MAC address to its ARP table and
start forwarding data towards computer B.

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