SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

ENGLISH 4 / INSCAE
Professor :

Mr. Jean-Baptiste RAKOTOARIVELO

Group members :

CA 6084 - MAMINIRINA Judickael

CA 6085-ANDRIAMIHAJA Manoa

CA 6103 - RAKOTOMALALA Fenohasina

CA 6188 - MAMY RAZAKANAIVO Ranto

 The industrial revolution is connected to the rise of the idea of sustainable
development. From the second half of the 19th century, Western societies started
to discover that their economic and industrial activities had a significant impact
on the environment and the social balance. Several ecological and social crises
took place in the world and rose awareness that a more sustainable model was
needed.

In 1968 the ecologist and philosopher Garret Hardin wrote an essay entitled
« The tragedy of the commons ». He argued that if individuals act independently,
rationally and focused on pursuing their individual interests, they’d end up going
against the common interests of their communities and exhaust the planet’s
natural resources. In this way, human free access and unlimited consumption of
finite resource would extinguish these same resources. Hardin believed that since
man is compelled to procreated unlimitedly the Earth resources would eventually
get overexploited. To his eyes, mankind needed to radically change its way of
using common resources to avoid a disaster in the future – this would be the way
to keep on a sustainable development track.
Contents

DEFINITION HOW CAN WE APPLY IT ?

What is the sustainable development ? What are the sustainable practices ?

PILLARS AND GOALS CONCLUSION

What are the challenges of sustainable development What could we say to conclude ?
?

INDICATORS AND VALUES BIBLIOGRAPHY

What are the mains- indicators and values ? Where do our sources come from ?
DEFINITION
The “official” definition of sustainable development was developed for the first
time in the Brundtland Report in 1987. It was said that « Sustainable development
is the idea that human societies must live and meet their needs without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ».

Sustainable development is not just about the environment. Its focus is much
broader than that. It’s all about meeting the diverse needs of people in different
communities, social cohesion, creating equal opportunity to ensure a strong and
healthy society.
There are four dimensions to sustainable development
– society, environment, culture and economy – which are
intertwined, not separate. Sustainability is a paradigm for
thinking about the future in which environmental, societal
and economic considerations are balanced in the pursuit
of an improved quality of life. For example, a prosperous
society relies on a healthy environment to provide food and
resources, safe drinking water and clean air for its citizens. 

One might ask, what is the difference between sustainable

development and sustainability? Sustainability is often
thought of as a long-term goal (e.g. a more sustainable world),
while sustainable development refers to the many processes
and pathways to achieve it (e.g. sustainable agriculture and
forestry, sustainable production and consumption, good
government, research and technology transfer, education
and training, wind energy, solar energy, green space, crop
rotation,…)
Pillars of sustainable development

Social Economic Environment

Diversity Innovation Clean AIR, Water and Land.

Human Rights Capital Efficienvy Emissions eductions

Community Outreach Risk Management Zero Waste

Indigenous Communities Margin Improvement Releases and spills

Labor Relations Growth Enhancement Biodiversity

Total Sharebolder Return


Human pillar :
Sustainable development
encompasses the fight against
social exclusion, widespread
access to goods and services,
working conditions, improving
employee training and diversity,
and developing fair and local
trade.
Environment pillar :
Economy pillar :
Sustainable development is
Sustainable development
often wrongly reduced to this
implies the modification of
environmental dimension alone.
the modes of production and
It is true that in industrialized
consumption by introducing
countries, the environment is
actions so that the economic
one of the main concerns. We
growth is not done at the
consume too much and we
expense of the environment and
produce too much waste. It is a
the social.
question of rejecting acts that
are harmful to our planet so that
our ecosystem, biodiversity, fauna
Goals
- How to ensure that everyone has access to clean water, health
and education?

- How to protect biodiversity and fight concretely against the

climate change?

- How to ensure that industrial development will be a source of

progress for all?

- How to feed billions of humans in a few years?

The Oslo Governance Center, an United Nations Development Program set 17 sustainable development goals,
which are :
The 17 SDGs are :
(6) Clean Water and Sanitation : Ensure availability and
(1) No Poverty aims to eradicate every form of extreme
sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
poverty including the lack of food, clean drinking water, and
sanitation.

(7) Affordable and Clean Energy : Ensure access to

affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
2) Zero Hunger : Achieve food security and improved
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

(8) Decent Work and Economic Growth, Foster sustained,

inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
(3) Good Health and Well-being to ensure healthy lives and
productive employment and decent work for all.
promote well-being for all at all ages.

(9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure aims to build

(4) Quality Education Ensure inclusive and equitable quality
resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization
education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for
and foster innovation
all

(10) Reducing Inequality, Reduce inequality within and

(5) Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and empower
among countries.
all women and girls
 (11) Sustainable Cities and Communities Make cities
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
(15) Life On Land Protect, restore and promote sustainable
use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
(12) Responsible Consumption and Production To ensure degradation and halt biodiversity loss
sustainable consumption and production patterns

( 16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions Promote peaceful

(13) Climate Action Take urgent action to combat climate and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide
change and its impacts access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and
inclusive institutions at all levels

(14) Life Below Water

(17) Partnerships for the Goals Strengthen the means of
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
resources for sustainable development sustainable development
Indicators and values

How it is mesured and what are the values ?

They are two way to define the sustainable development. Firstly,

the indicators to know how it is mesured and after that the
values that represent or support the SD.
 Gross Domestic Product or GDP (PIB in french)

The GDP is an economic indicator that measures the domestic economic production achieved by a country. The
purpose of the GDP is to quantify the production of wealth realized on a state over a given period, usually a year
or a quarter. It is the value of goods and services produced by economic agents residing in a country, calculated
according to the market price.

There are 2 types: the global GDP and the GDP per capita (global gdp/ population)

GDP = sum of value added + VAT + duties and taxes on imports - subsidies on products.
Example of values

Country GDB

United-States 20494.1 billion (62641 US$ per capita)

Deutschland 3996.76 billion (48196 US$ per capita)

Madagascar 12.1 billion (US$ 461 per capita)

 The Human Development Index (HDI)

The HDI is an index created by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 1990 to measure the level of
human development on criteria other than economic production alone (education rate, life expectancy, standard
of living, etc.). Today, it is the main indicator used to measure individual and collective well-being in a given
region.

The HDI (human development index) is calculated by combining three other indicators:

Life expectancy at birth Acces to education GDP per capita

We calculate after the average of the 3 :

Country HDI

United-States 0.924

Deutschland 0.954

Madagascar 0.528
Practices CA 6103 -

Sustainable development practices help countries grow in ways

that adapt to the challenges posed by climate change, which
will in turn help to protect important natural resources for ours
and future generations.
 Examples of practices in some countries

With regard to practices for

sustainable development, each

country puts forward a certain

practice that responds to human

and social development by

minimizing or even eliminating

impacts on the environment.

Following the example of Quebec, where waste is transformed into fuel or domestic gas gradually replacing
fossil fuels, the transformation of plastic waste into sports clothing and insulating materials used in
construction also recycling of beer bottles that are reused 2-3 times after they have been returned by those
who have purchased.

One of the most common practices in China today is the use of urban roofs for urban agriculture, an initiative
that provides canteens with businesses with fresh produce from short circuits and also provides from
employment to farmers, there are both vegetable gardens, hens raised in the open air among vegetables, but
also a small beekeeping farm.

Regarding the preservation of aquatic life, we are far from democratizing sustainable practices, but certain
regions of the world are becoming aware of the importance of the aquatic environment and initiating new
fishing methods or updating rudimentary methods such as sea fishing. the more and more practical line on
the Mediterranean coast, this goes hand in hand with the preservation of the seabed by community practices
 CONCLUSION

In brief, sustainable development impacts all areas. It should provide a solution in terms of meeting basic human needs, integrating

environmental development and protection, achieving equality, ensuring social self-determination and cultural diversity, and

maintaining ecological integrity. Nowadays more and more companies understand that they have important economic, social and

environmental responsibility. Let us hope that sustainable development will also give them lasting success!

But they are two major issues that prevent sustainable development from happening, one is that using sustainable methods and

materials is expensive. And the second major issues is that there is not a generally accepted need for sustainable development. So

what can we do to solve these problems and to improve existing methods?

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Youmatter.world : https://youmatter.world/en/definition/definitions-sustainable-development-sustainability

Unesco.org : https://en.unesco.org/sustainabledevelopmentgoals

UNDP, Oslo Governance Centre : https://www1.undp.org/content/oslo-governance-centre/en/home.html

planificateur.a-contresens.net

www.futurlearn.com

www.journaldunet.fr

https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Développement_durable