Quantum computing

A Report FOR MIS207

Prepared for :

Mr. Yasir Arefin

Instructor , MIS107 , section - 8

Prepared By :

Alif Anam

ID # 1931619630
 Abstract

Quantum computing combines principles from classical information theory,

computer science, and quantum physics into one topic. This paper seeks to provide
a comprehensive overview of quantum computing and the entire field of quantum
information theory. Quantum theory is one of the most influential theories of the
twentieth century, influencing the trajectory of scientific advancement. It has
presented a fresh line of scientific thought, forecasted previously unimaginable
events, and affected a variety of modern technology sectors. There are numerous
ways to express scientific laws in general and physics laws in particular.
Information, like physical laws of nature, can be conveyed in a variety of ways.
Because information can be expressed in a variety of ways while maintaining its
core character, it is possible to manipulate data automatically. All forms of
information expression rely on physical systems; spoken words are carried by air
pressure fluctuations: “There is no information without physical representation.”
information is an apparent contender for fundamentally significant roles in physics,
such as contact, energy, momentum, and other abstractors, because it is insensitive
to how it is expressed and may be freely converted from one form to another. This
is a project report on Quantum Computing and Information's general characteristics.
From a layman's perspective, processing
 Introduction

Quantum computing is a recent type of computing that is based on quantum

mechanics and interacts with a stochastic and unpredictable physical reality.
Because quantum mechanics is a more general model of physics than classical
mechanics, it leads to a more generic model of computing, quantum computing,
which has the ability to tackle problems that classical computing cannot. Unlike
traditional classical computers, which employ binary bits 0 and 1 independently to
store and process information, they use their own quantum bits, also known as
‘Qubits,' to store and modify data. 'Quantum Computers' are computers that use this
sort of computation. Circuits using transistors, logic gates, and Integrated Circuits
are not possible in such small computers. As a result, it uses subatomic particles such
as atoms, electrons, photons, and ions as bits, together with their spins and states
information. They can be stacked on top of one other to create new combinations.
As a result, they may execute in parallel and efficiently use memory, making them
more powerful. Quantum computing is the only model that can defy the Church-
Turing thesis, allowing quantum computers to outperform classical computers by
orders of magnitude.

Demand of quantum computers

Any computational problem that a classical computer can solve can be solved by
quantum computers. In terms of computability, they offer no advantage over
traditional computers, yet there are some complex and impossible problems that
traditional computers cannot answer in a reasonable length of time. It requires
greater processing power. Quantum computers, also known as "Quantum
Supremacy," can answer such problems in a reasonable and exponentially shorter
amount of time. The cryptography secret codes could be broken by a practical
quantum computer. It has the potential to jeopardize the security of encrypted data
and communication. It has the potential to reveal confidential and private
information. However, the benefits of quantum computers must be considered in
addition to their drawbacks. As a result, they are still required, and more study is
being conducted in order to ensure a brighter future.

Quantum Bit or Qubit

The fundamental unit of quantum information, the quantum bit or qubit, depicts
subatomic particles such as atoms, electrons, and other subatomic particles as a
computer's memory while their control mechanisms act as a computer's processor.
It can have a value of 0 or 1, or both at the same time. It has a million times the
processing power of today's most powerful supercomputers. In the world of
engineering, producing and managing qubits is a huge task. The quantum computer's
processing strength comes from the fact that they have both digital and analog
characteristics. Qubits have two quantum states that are analogous to binary states.
The qubit can exist in either state or in a superposed state of both states at the same
time. These quantum states have a representation known as Dirac notation.
 The architecture of quantum computer

The quantum computer's architecture is a mixture of classical and quantum

components that could be split into five levels, each of which represents a functional
component of the computer.
Layer of Application - It isn't a component of a quantum computer in any way. It is
used to depict a user interface, a quantum computer's operating system, a coding
environment, and other elements required for developing appropriate quantum
algorithms. It is hardware agnostic.
Classical Layer- It optimizes the quantum algorithm and compiles it into
microinstructions. It also takes quantum-state measurements received from
hardware in the layers below and feeds them into a classical algorithm for output.
Digital Layer- It is ideal. It translates microinstructions into signals (pulses) that
qubits, which operate as quantum logic gates, require. It's a digital representation of
the requisite analog pulses in the layers below. It also provides quantum
measurement as input to the classical layer above, which is used to merge the
quantum results into the final result.
Analog Layer- It generates voltage signals with phase and amplitude modulations,
similar to waveforms, for transmission to the lower layer, where qubit operations
can be performed.
Quantum Layer- It's built into the same chip as the digital and analog processing
layers. It is stored at room temperature and is used to store qubits (absolute). Error
repair is taken care of in this section. The performance of the computer is determined
by this layer.
Hardware and software of quantum
computers

For activities involving data, networks, and users, there should be a connection
between the quantum computer and conventional computers. The quantum qubit
system requires organized control that can be managed by a conventional computer
in order to function effectively. Four conceptual layers are used to build the essential
hardware components for analog quantum computers. The first is the "quantum data
plane," which contains qubits. The “control and measurement plane,” on the other
hand, is responsible for performing operations and measurements on qubits as
required. The third is the "control processor plane," which specifies the order in
which those operations and measurement results are to be used to instruct the
algorithm's subsequent quantum operations. The final type is the "host processor,"
which is a traditional computer that handles user interfaces, network connectivity,
and large storage data structures while running a traditional operating system. The
CPU is operated through a high-speed link that it offers. a useful tool In addition to
the hardware, a quantum computer requires software components. It's similar to
traditional computers. To prove quantum operations, programmers will require a
variety of new tools, including programming languages, compilers that can translate
them to the hardware used by quantum computers, and other tools that can evaluate,
optimize, debug, and test programs. Any quantum architecture targeting
programming language must be designed. To assist quantum computers, certain
preliminary tools have been developed and are available on the web. These tools
must be created in an abstract manner so that software developers can focus on
algorithmic thinking rather than quantum mechanics concerns. This software must
be adaptable enough to alter as hardware and algorithms evolve. The development
of a full software architecture is one of the most difficult tasks in quantum
computing. Aside from programming languages, simulation tools for modeling
quantum operations and tracking quantum states, as well as optimization tools for
evaluating required qubit resources so that diverse quantum algorithms can be
performed efficiently, are required. The major goal is to reduce the number of qubits
and hardware operations required.
 Advantages of quantum computing

Quantum computers, according to academics, will be able to answer complicated

mathematical problems that ordinary computers can't handle in a reasonable amount
of time. It delivers computing power capable of processing massive volumes of data
(2.5 Exabytes per day, or 5 million laptops) created all over the world and extracting
meaning from it. It can work in parallel and use less electricity because to the
teleportation phenomena known as "quantum tunneling," lowering power
consumption by 100 to 1000 times.

Disadvantages of quantum computing

Quantum computer breakthroughs would risk the security of the existing Internet of
Things . Databases of government and commercial large corporations, banks, and
defense systems can all be hacked using cryptographic techniques. Given these
factors, quantum computers have the potential to be destructive for humanity's
future.The Quantum Computer will function differently than traditional computers
and will not be able to completely replace them. Because classical computers are
superior at certain tasks than quantum computers, such as email, excel, and so on.It
has not yet been fully designed; only portions of it are being developed, and people
are still dreaming how it will look.
 Future scope of quantum computing

Before a viable quantum computer can be deployed, there is still a lot of work to be
done. There are certain improvements that will be required in the future. The
development of more algorithms with fewer qubits for solving problems, the
reduction of circuit thickness so that NISQ computers can be operated, the
advancement of methods to verify, debug, and simulate quantum computers, and
scaling the number of qubits per pc are some of the future needs. identifying more
methods that can minimize calculation time and generating input–output for the
quantum processor. Quantum computers will take all available operations and throw
them into the game randomly due to quantum qualities like super positioning and
entanglement of qubits, resulting in unexpected circumstances and consequences for
the player. It'll be a never-ending adventure.

Conclusion

Quantum computers have the potential to transform computation by allowing for the
solution of previously unsolvable problems. While no quantum computer has yet
been developed to perform calculations that a classical computer cannot, significant
progress is being made. A few large corporations and tiny start-ups currently have
working non-error-corrected quantum computers with tens of thousands of qubits,
and some of these are even available to the general public via the cloud. Quantum
simulators are also making progress in domains as diverse as molecular energetics
and many-body physics. As more small systems become available, a discipline
focusing on quantum computing applications for the near future is beginning to
emerge. This progress could allow some of the benefits and insights of quantum
computation to be realized long before the search for a large-scale, error-corrected
quantum computer is complete.

References

Surya Teja Marella and Hemanth Sai Kumar Parisa (October 29th 2020). Introduction to Quantum
Computing [Online First], IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.94103. Available from:
https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/73811

Arxiv.org. 2021. [online] Available at: <https://arxiv.org/vc/quant-ph/papers/0511/0511061v1.pdf>

[Accessed 3 September 2021].

Iopscience.iop.org. 2021. ShieldSquare Captcha. [online] Available at:

<https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/61/2/002/meta> [Accessed 3 September 2021].

GAMBLE, S., 2021. Quantum Computing: What It Is, Why We Want It, and How We're Trying to Get It.
[online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538701/> [Accessed 3
September 2021].

ltd, R., 2021. Quantum Computing Market Research Report: By Offering, Deployment Type, Application,
Technology, Industry - Industry Share, Growth, Drivers, Trends and Demand Forecast to 2030. [online]
Researchandmarkets.com. Available at:
<https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5010716/quantum-computing-market-research-report-by>
[Accessed 3 September 2021].

Elsevier.com. 2021. Quantum computing research trends report. [online] Available at:
<https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/scopus/who-uses/research-and-development/quantum-computing-
report> [Accessed 3 September 2021].
CB Insights Research. 2021. What Is Quantum Computing? Definition, Industry Trends & Benefits
Explained. [online] Available at: <https://www.cbinsights.com/research/report/quantum-computing/>
[Accessed 3 September 2021].