Electrical Engineering Principlesand

And Applications 5th Edition Hambley

Solutions Manual
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 CHAPTER 7

Exercises

E7.1 (a) For the whole part, we have:

Quotient Remainders
23/2 11 1
11/2 5 1
5/2 2 1
2/2 1 0
1/2 0 1
Reading the remainders in reverse order, we obtain:
2310 = 101112
For the fractional part, we have
2  0.75 = 1 + 0.5
2  0.50 = 1 + 0
Thus, we have
0.7510 = 0.1100002
Finally, the answer is 23.7510 = 10111.112

(b) For the whole part, we have:

Quotient Remainders
17/2 8 1
8/2 4 0
4/2 2 0
2/2 1 0
1/2 0 1
Reading the remainders in reverse order, we obtain:
1710 = 100012
For the fractional part, we have
2  0.25 = 0 + 0.5
2  0.50 = 1 + 0
Thus, we have
0.2510 = 0.0100002

Finally, the answer is 17.2510 = 10001.012

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 (c) For the whole part we have:
Quotient Remainders
4/2 2 0
2/2 1 0
1/2 0 1
Reading the remainders in reverse order we obtain:
410 = 1002
For the fractional part, we have
2  0.30 = 0 + 0.6
2  0.60 = 1 + 0.2
2  0.20 = 0 + 0.4
2  0.40 = 0 + 0.8
2  0.80 = 1 + 0.6
2  0.60 = 1 + 0.2
Thus we have
0.3010 = 0.0100112
Finally, the answer is 4.310 = 100.0100112

E7.2 (a) 1101.1112 = 123 + 122 +021 +120 +12-1 +12-2 +12-3 = 13.87510

(b) 100.0012 = 122 +021 +020 +02-1 +02-2 +12-3 = 4.12510

E7.3 (a) Using the procedure of Exercise 7.1, we have

9710 = 11000012
Then adding two leading zeros and forming groups of three bits we have
001 100 0012 = 1418
Adding a leading zero and forming groups of four bits we obtain
0110 0001 = 6116

(b) Similarly
22910 = 111001012 = 3458 = E516

E7.4 (a) 728 = 111 010 = 1110102

(b) FA616 = 1111 1010 0110 = 1111101001102

E7.5 19710 = 0001 1001 0111 = 000110010111BCD

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 E7.6 To represent a distance of 20 inches with a resolution of 0.01 inches, we
need 20/0.01 = 2000 code words. The number of code words in a Gray
code is 2L in which L is the length of the code words. Thus we need L =
11, which produces 2048 code words.

E7.7 (a) First we convert to binary

2210 = 16 + 4 + 2 = 101102
Because an eight-bit representation is called for, we append three
leading zeros. Thus +22 becomes
00010110
in two’s complement notation.

(b) First we convert +30 to binary form

3010 = 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 111102
Attaching leading zeros to make an eight-bit result we have
3010 = 000111102
Then we take the ones complement and add 1 to find the two’s
complement:
one’s complement: 11100001
add 1 +1
11100010
Thus the eight-bit two’s complement representation for -3010 is
11100010.

E7.8 First we convert 1910 and -410 to eight-bit two’s complement form then we
add the results.
19 00010011
-4 111111100
15 00001111
Notice that we neglect the carry out of the left-most bit.

E7.9 See Tables 7.3 and 7.4 in the book.

E7.10 See Table 7.5 in the book.

E7.11 (a) To apply De Morgan’s laws to the expression

AB  B C
first we replace each logic variable by its inverse

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 A B  BC
then we replace AND operations by OR operations and vice versa
(A  B )(B  C )
finally we invert the entire expression so we have
D  AB  B C  (A  B )(B  C )
(b) Following the steps of part (a) we have
[F (G  H )  FG ]

[F (G  H )  F G ]

[(F  G H )(F  G )]

E  [F (G  H )  FG ]  [(F  G H )(F  G )]

E7.12 For the AND gate we use De Morgan’s laws to write

AB  (A  B )
See Figure 7.21 in the book for the logic diagrams.

E7.13 The truth table for the exclusive-OR operation is

A B AB
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Focusing on the rows in which the result is 1, we can write the SOP
expression
A  B  A B  AB
The corresponding logic diagram is shown in Figure 7.25a in the book.

Focusing on the rows in which the result is 0, we can write the POS
expression
A  B  (A  B )(A  B )
The corresponding logic diagram is shown in Figure 7.25b in the book.

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 E7.14 The truth table is shown in Table 7.7 in the book. Focusing on the rows in
which the result is 1, we can write the SOP expression
A   m (3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12)
 F D GR  F DGR  F DGR  FD G R  FD G R  FDG R
Focusing on the rows in which the result is 0, we can write the POS
expression
A   M (0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15)
 (F  D  G  R )(F  D  G  R )(F  D  G  R )  (F  D  G  R )

E7.15 The Truth table is shown in Table 7.8.

E7.16 (a) A B C D
(b) A B C D

E7.17 See Figure 7.34 in the book.

E7.18 See Figure 7.35 in the book.

E7.19 Because S is high at t = 0, Q is high and remains so until R becomes high

at t = 3. Q remains low until S becomes high at t = 7. Then Q remains
high until R becomes high at t = 11.

E7.20 See Table 7.9.

E7.21 See Figure 7.49 in the book.

Problems

P7.1* 1. When noise is added to a digital signal, the logic levels can still be
exactly determined, provided that the noise is not too large in amplitude.
Usually, noise cannot be completely removed from an analog signal.

2. Component values in digital circuits do not need to be as precise as in

analog circuits.

3. Very complex digital logic circuits (containing millions of components)

can be economically produced. Analog circuits often call for large
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 capacitances and/or precise component values that are impossible to
manufacture as large-scale integrated circuits.

P7.2 The noise margins for a logic circuit are defined as

NML  VIL  VOL and NMH  VOH  VIH
in which VIL is the highest input voltage accepted as logic 0, VIH is the
lowest input voltage accepted as logic 1, VOL is the highest logic-0 output
voltage, and VOH is the lowest logic-1 output voltage.
Large values for the noise margins are important so noise added to
or subtracted from logic signals in the interconnections does not change
the operation of the logic circuit.

P7.3 A bit is a binary symbol that can assume values of 0 or 1. A byte is a

word consisting of eight bits. A nibble is a four-bit word.

P7.4 In positive logic, the logic value 1 is represented by a higher voltage

range than the voltage range for logic 0. The reverse is true for negative
logic.

P7.5 The noise margins for the logic circuits in use are
NML  VIL  VOL = 2.2 - 0.5 = 1.7 V
NMH  VOH  VIH = 4.7 – 3.7 = 1.0 V
Noises in the range from -0.3 V to +0.6 V do not exceed the noise
margins so the system is reliable.
Reference to Figure 7.3 in the book, shows that as long as the
noise amplitude is in the range from –NMH to +NML the logic levels will be
interpreted properly at the receiving end. Thus, as long as the noise
amplitudes are in the range from -1.0 V to +1.7 V, this system will be
reliable.

P7.6 In serial transmission, the bits of a word are transmitted one after
another over a single pair of wires. In parallel transmission, multiple bits
are transmitted simultaneously over a parallel set of wires.

P7.7 Seven-bit words are needed to express the decimal integers 0 through
100 in binary form (because 27 = 128).
Ten-bit words are needed to express the decimal integers 0 through
1000 in binary form (because 210 = 1024).

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 Twenty-bit words are needed to express the decimal integers 0 through
106 in binary form (because 220 = 1048576).

P7.8 (a)* 5.625

(b)* 21.375
(c) 14.125
(d) 13.125
(e) 9.3125
(f) 15.75

P7.9 (a)* 1101.11 + 101.111 = 10011.101

(b) 1011.01 + 1010.11 = 10110.00
(c) 10101.101 + 1101.001 = 100010.110
(d) 1011000.1000 + 10001001.1001 = 11100010.0001

P7.10 (a)* 9.7510 = 1001.112 = 1001.01110101BCD

(b) 6.510 = 0110.12 = 0110.0101BCD

(c) 11.7510 = 1011.112 = 00010001.01110101BCD
(d) 63.0312510 = 111111.000012 =01100011.00000011000100100101BCD
(e) 67.37510 = 1000011.0112 = 01100111.001101110101BCD

P7.11 (a)* FA.F16 = 11111010.11112 = 372.748 = 250.937510

(b) 2A.116 = 101010.00012 = 52.048 = 42.062510
(c) 777.716 = 11101110111.01112 = 3567.348 = 1911.437510
(d) F0F.F16 = 111100001111.11112 = 7417.748 = 3855.937510

P7.12 (a)* 10010011.0101BCD + 00110111.0001BCD = 93.510 + 37.110 = 130.610 =

000100110000.0110BCD

(b) 01010100.1000 BCD + 01001001.1001 BCD = 54.810 + 49.910 = 104.710 =

000100000100.0111BCD

(c) 0111 1001 0110.0011 BCD + 0011 0101.1001 BCD = 796.310 + 35.910 =
832.210 = 100000110010.0010BCD

P7.13 (a) Counting in decimal, 378 follows 377.

(b) Counting in octal, 400 follows 377.

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 (c) Counting in hexadecimal, 378 follows 377.

P7.14 (a)* 313.062510 = 100111001.00012 = 471.048 = 139.116

(b) 253.2510 = 11111101.012 = 375.208 = FD.416
(c) 349.7510 = 101011101.112 = 535.68 = 15D.C16
(d) 835.2510 = 1101000011.012 = 1503.28 = 343.416
(e) 212.510 = 11010100.12 = 324.48 = D4.816

P7.15 (a)* 75 = 01001011 (eight-bit signed two’s complement)

(b)* -87 = 10101001
(c) 19 = 00010011
(d) -19 = 11101101
(e) -95 = 10100001
(f) 125 = 01111101

P7.16 (a)* 777.78 = 111111111.1112 = 1FF.E16 = 511.87510

(b) 123.58 = 1010011.1012 = 53.A16 = 83.62510
(c) 24.48 = 10100.1002 = 14.816 = 20.510
(d) 644.28 = 110100100.01002 = 1A4.416 = 420.2510

P7.17 (a) A 4-bit binary number can represent the decimal integers 0 through
24 – 1 = 15.
(b) A 4-digit octal number can represent the decimal integers 0 through
84 – 1 = 4095.
(c) A 4-digit hexadecimal number can represent the decimal integers 0
through 164 – 1 = 65535.

P7.18* Write the 3-bit code shown in Figure 7.9. Then, extend the list by
writing the 3-bit code in reverse order. Finally, prepend a 0 to each word
in top half of the list and prepend a 1 to each word in the bottom half.
The resulting four-bit Gray code is:
0000
0001
0011
0010
0110
0111
0101
0100
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 1100
1101
1111
1110
1010
1011
1001
1000
The Gray code is used for coding positions of movable parts. In a Gray
code, each code word differs in only one bit from its neighboring code
words, so that erroneous position indications are avoided during
transitions.

P7.19 One's Complement

 Two's Complement

(a) * 11101000  00010111  00011000
(b) 00000000  11111111  00000000
(c) 01010101  10101010  10101011
(d) 01111100  10000111  10000100
(e) 11000000  00111111  01000000

P7.20 (a)* FA5.616 = 4005.37510

(b)* 725.38 = 469.37510
(c) F4.816 = 244.5010
(d) 143.258 = 99.32812510
(e) EF.A16 = 239.62510

P7.21 (a)* 33 00100001

-37 11011011
-4 11111100

(b) 17 00010001
+15 00001111
32 00100000

(c) 17 00010001
-15 11110001
2 00000010

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 (d) 15 00001111
-39 11011001
-24 11101000

(e) 49 00110001
-44 11010100
5 00000101

P7.22 Overflow and underflow are not possible if the two numbers to be added
have opposite signs. If the two numbers to be added have the same sign
and the result has the opposite sign, underflow or overflow has occurred.

P7.23 (a) 0.110  0.000110011 0011 2

(b) 0.610  0.100110011 0011 2
(c) Most calculators give (0.1  1024  102)  10  4  0 exactly.
(d) Using MATLAB, I have
>> (0.1*1024 - 102)*10 - 4
ans = 5.6843e-014
which is not zero because of the error associated with representing 0.110
in binary with a finite number of bits.

P7.24 A truth table lists all of the combinations of the variables in a logic
expression as well as the value of the expression.

P7.25 If the variables in a logic expression are replaced by their inverses, the
AND operation is replaced by OR, the OR operation is replaced by AND,
and the entire expression is inverted, the resulting logic expression
yields the same values as before the changes. In equation form, we have:
ABC  A  B  C A  B  C   A B C

P7.26 AND gate:

AB C
00 0
01 0
10 0
11 1

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 OR gate:

AB C
00 0
01 1
10 1
11 1

Inverter:

AA
0 1
1 0

NAND gate:

AB C
00 1
01 1
10 1
11 0

NOR gate:

AB C
00 1
01 0
10 0
11 0

Exclusive OR gate:
AB C
00 0
01 1
10 1
11 0
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 P7.27 (a)* E  AB  ABC  C D
A B C D E
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

(b) D  ABC  AC
A B C D
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1

(c) Z  WX  X  Y 
X Y W Z
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
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 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

(d) D  AB C
A B C D
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

(e) D  A  BC 
A B C D
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

P7.28 One method to prove the validity of a Boolean identity is to list the truth
table and show that both sides of the identity give the same result for
each combination of logic variables.

P7.29* A B C (A + B)(A + C) A + BC
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
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 P7.30 A B C A  B C A  B C  ABC
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 1

Thus, we have ABC  A  B  C

A B C AB C A B C  A B C
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1

Thus, we have A  B  C  A B C

P7.31 A B A B A  AB (A  B )(A  AB )
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1

Notice that the column for B matches that for (A  B )(A  AB ).

P7.32 A B A  AB A B
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
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 P7.33 A B C (ABC  AB C  AB C  ABC )
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1

P7.34 (a) F  A  B C
A B C F
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

(b) F  A  B  BC 
A B C F
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1

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 (c) F  AB  BC   D
A B C D F
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

P7.35 (a)* F  A  B  C A  B  C A  B  C 

(b) F  ABC  AB C  ABC

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 (c) F  A  BC

P7.36 (a)* F  (A  B  C )(A  B  C )(A  B  C )  A B C  A BC  AB C

(b)* F  ABC  AB C  A BC  (A  B  C )(A  B  C )(A  B  C )
(c) F  AB  C  A D  A  B C A  D 
(d) F  A B  C   D  A  B C D
(e) F  ABC  A B  C   A  B  C  A  B C  
P7.37 (a) Applying De Morgan's laws to the output, we have
C  A  B  AB
Thus, the gate shown is equivalent to a NAND gate.

(b) Applying De Morgan's laws to the output, we have

F D E D E
Thus, the gate shown is equivalent to a NOR gate.

P7.38 The truth table is

A B S C
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1

The circuit is

P7.39 The truth table is

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 A B Cin S Cout
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

The circuit is

P7.40 NAND gates are said to be sufficient for combinatorial logic because any
Boolean expression can be implemented solely with NAND gates.
Similarly, NOR gates are sufficient.

P7.41 In this circuit, if switch C is closed and if either of the other two
switches is closed, the output is high. Thus, we can write:
D  (A  B )C
The truth table is:
A B C D
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

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 P7.42

P7.43 In this circuit, the output is high only if switch A is open (A low) and if
either of the other two switches is open. Thus, we can write

D  A (C  B )

The truth table is:

A B C D
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0

P7.44 In synthesizing a logic expression as a sum of products, we focus on the

lines of the truth table for which the result is 1. A logical product of
logic variables and their inverses is written that yields 1 for each of
these lines. Then, the products are summed.

In synthesizing a logic expression as a product of sums, we focus on the

lines of the truth table for which the result is 0. A logical sum of logic
variables and their inverses is written that yields 0 for each of these
lines. Then, the sums are combined in an AND gate.

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 P7.45* F  A B C  AB C  ABC  ABC
 m 0,2,5,7 

F  A  B  C A  B  C A  B  C A  B  C 

  M 1,3,4,6

P7.46 G  A B C  A BC  ABC
  m 0,1,3
G  (A  B  C )(A  B  C )(A  B  C )(A  B  C )(A  B  C )
  M 2,4,5,6,7 

P7.47 H  A B C  A B C  A BC  A BC  A BC
  m 0,1,2,6,7 
H  (A  B  C )(A  B  C )(A  B  C )
  M 3,4,5

P7.48 I  A BC  A BC  ABC  ABC

  m (2,3,6,7)
I  (A  B  C )(A  B  C )(A  B  C )(A  B  C )
  M (0,1,4,5)

P7.49 J  A B C  A BC  AB C  ABC
  m (1,3,6,7)
J  (A  B  C )(A  B  C )(A  B  C )(A  B  C )
  M (0,2,4,5)

P7.50 K  A BC  A BC  AB C  AB C
  m (2,3,4,5)
K  (A  B  C )(A  B  C )(A  B  C )(A  B  C )
  M (0,1,6,7)

P7.51 Applying De Morgan's Laws to the output of the circuit, we have

AB  CD  AB CD
Thus, the circuit implemented with NAND gates is
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 P7.52 Applying De Morgan's Laws to the output of the circuit, we have
(A  B )(C  D )  (A  B )  (C  D )
Thus, the circuit implemented with NOR gates is

P7.53* The truth table is:

A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Thus, we can write the product of sums expression and apply De Morgan’s
Laws to obtain:
A  B  AB  AB  (AB ) (A B )
The circuit is:

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 P7.54 The truth table is:
A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Thus, we can write the product of sums expression and apply De Morgan’s
Laws to obtain:
A  B  (A  B )(A  B )  (A  B )  (A  B )

The circuit is:

P7.55 An example of a decoder is a circuit that uses a BCD input to produce the
logic signals needed to drive the elements of a seven-segment display.

Another example is the three-to-eight-line decoder that has a three-bit

input and eight output lines. The 3-bit input word selects one of the
output lines and that output becomes high.

P7.56* (a) S1 S2 ST E
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

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 (b) E   m 1,6  S1 S2ST  S1S2 ST
(c) Circuit diagram:

P7.57 (a) The truth table is:

B E F G I
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0

(b) I  m 4,5,8,12,13

(c) I   M 0,1,2,3,6,7,9,10,11,14,15 

(d) I  E F  BF G

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 P7.58 The truth table (x = don't cares) is:
B8 B4 B2 B1 A B C D
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 x x x x
1 0 1 1 x x x x
1 1 0 0 x x x x
1 1 1 0 x x x x
1 1 1 1 x x x x

A   M 1,4,6
B   M 5,6
C  M(2)  B8  B4  B2  B1
D   M 1,4,7,9
The circuits are:

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 P7.59* (a) The Karnaugh map is:

(b) F  BC  A CD

(c) Inverting the map, and writing the minimum SOP expression yields
F  AC  B C  CD . Then applying DeMorgan's laws gives
F  (A  C )(B  C )(C  D )

P7.60 (a) The Karnaugh map is:

(b) D  B C  A BC

(c) Inverting the map, and writing the minimum SOP expression yields two
possibilities:
D  AC  BC  B C and D  AB  BC  B C
Then, applying DeMorgan's laws gives the POS expressions:
D  (A  C )(B  C )(B  C ) and D  (A  B )(B  C )(B  C )

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 P7.61 (a) The Karnaugh map is:

(b) D  C  AB
(c) Inverting the map, and writing the minimum SOP expression yields
D  AC BC
Then, applying De Morgan's laws gives the POS expression:
D  (A  C )(B  C )

P7.62 (a) The Karnaugh map for D is:

(b) D  A C  AC
(c) D  A C  AC D  (A  C )(A  C )

P7.63 (a) The Karnaugh map is:

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 (b) D  AB  BC

(c) Inverting the map, and writing the minimum SOP expression yields
D  B  A C . Then, applying De Morgan's laws gives
D  B (A  C )  AB  BC which is the same as the expression found
in part (b) so the implementation is the same.

P7.64 (a) The Karnaugh map is:

(b) F  AB D  BCD

(c) The circuit is:

(d) Inverting the map, and writing the minimum SOP expression
yields F  A D  B  C D . Then applying DeMorgan's laws gives
F  (A  D )B (C  D )
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 P7.65* (a) The Karnaugh map is:

(b) E  AB  C D

(c) The circuit is:

(d) Inverting the map, and writing the minimum SOP expression yields
E  A C  A D  B C  B D . Then, applying DeMorgan's laws gives
E  (A  C )(A  D )(B  C )(B  D )

P7.66 (a) The Karnaugh map is:

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 (b) F  ABC  BCD
(c) The circuit is:

(d) Inverting the map, and writing the minimum SOP expression yields
F  A D  B  C . Then, applying De Morgan's laws gives
F  (A  D )BC

P7.67 (a) The Karnaugh map is:

(b) G  BC  AD

(c) The circuit is:

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 (d) Inverting the map, and writing the minimum SOP expression yields
G  A B  A C  B D  C D . Then, applying DeMorgan's laws gives
G  (A  B )(A  C )(B  D )(C  D ) .

P7.68 (a) The Karnaugh map is:

(b) H  AC  AD

(c) The circuit is:

(d) Inverting the map, and writing the minimum SOP expression yields
H  A  CD . Then, applying De Morgan's laws gives
H  A (C  D ) .

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 P7.69 (a) The Karnaugh map is:

(b) I  AB  C D
(c) The circuit is:

(d) Inverting the map, and writing the minimum SOP expression yields
I  A C  A D  BC  B D . Then, applying De Morgan's laws gives
I  (A  C )(A  D )(B  C )(B  D )

P7.70 The Karnaugh map (with the decimal equivalent of each word in the upper
right hand corner of each square) is:

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 By inspection, the minimal SOP expression is:
X  B8B4  B8B2
Inverting the map, and writing the minimum SOP expression yields
X  B8  B2B4 . Then, applying DeMorgan's laws gives
X  B8 (B2  B4 ) .

P7.71 The Karnaugh map (with the decimal equivalent of each word in the upper
right hand corner of each square) is:

By inspection the minimal SOP expression is:

X  B8 B1

P7.72 The truth table is:

S I1 I2 O1 O2
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

The Karnaugh maps are:

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 The logic circuit is:

P7.73 The Karnaugh map (with the hexadecimal equivalent of each word in the
upper right hand corner of each square) is:

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 By inspection the minimal SOP expression is:

X  B1B4

Inverting the map, and writing the minimum SOP expression yields
X  B1  B4 . Then, applying DeMorgan's laws gives
X  B1B4 .

P7.74 The Karnaugh map for a three-member council is:

By inspection, we see that three two-cubes are needed and the minimal
SOP expression is
X  AB  AC  BC
Clearly, the minimal SOP checks to see if at least one group of two
members has voted yes.

For a five-member council, the Karnaugh map consists of two four-

variable maps, one for A = 1 and one for A = 0.

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 Notice that six four-cubes are needed to cover the A = 1 part of the
map. Think of the A = 0 map as being (over or under) the A = 1 map. Four
two cubes are needed to cover the A = 0 part of the map. However each
of these cubes can be combined with corresponding cubes in the A = 1
part of the map to form four 4-cubes. The minimum SOP expression is:

X  ABC  ABD  ABE  ADE  ACD  ACE  BCD  BCE  BDE  CDE

Here, the minimal SOP expression checks to see if at least one group of
three members has voted yes.

P7.75 The Karnaugh map is

By inspection, we see that six one cubes are needed. Thus the minimal
SOP expression is:

X  ABC D  AB CD  AB C D  A BCD  A BC D  A B CD

P7.76 (a) The truth table for the circuit of Figure P7.76 is
A B C D P
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1
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 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0

(b) The Karnaugh map for P is:

From the map, we see that no simplification is possible and the minimum
SOP is actually the sum of minterms:
P   m(1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14)

(c) The parity check can be performed by the same method as used in
Figure P7.76, namely to XOR all of the bits. The circuit is:

P7.77 By inspection, we see that

X A

The Karnaugh maps for Y and Z are:

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 Y  A B  AB Z  BC  B C

P7.78 By inspection, we see that

AX

The Karnaugh maps for B and C are:

B  X Y  XY C  X Y Z  X YZ  XY Z  XYZ

P7.79* (a) F  A  BC  BD

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 (b) G  A  BD  BC

(c) H  A  B C  BC D

(d) I D

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 P7.80 (a) A  FH

(b) B  F G  FH

(c) C  GH  G H

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 (d) D I

P7.81 (a) W  A  BC  BD

(b) X  B C  B D  BC D

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 (c) Y  CD  C D

(d) Z D

P7.82 (a) A WX WZ

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 (b) B  X Y  XYZ WYZ

(c) C  Y Z  YZ

(d) D Z

P7.83 See Figure 7.39 in the text.

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 P7.84

P7.85 See Figure 7.44 in the text.

P7.86 Asynchronous inputs are recognized independently of the clock signal.

Synchronous inputs are recognized only if the clock is high.

P7.87 In edge triggering, the input values present immediately prior to a

transition of the clock signal are recognized. Input values (and changes
in input values) at other times are ignored.

P7.88 See Figure 7.47 in the text.

P7.89* The successive states are:

Q0 Q1 Q2
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
0 1 1
0 0 1
(repeats)
Thus, the register returns to the initial state after seven shifts.

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 P7.90 (a) With an OR gate, we have:

Q0 Q1 Q2
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
1 1 1
After the register reaches the 111 state, it remains in that state and
never returns to the starting state.
(b) With an AND gate, we have:
Q0 Q1 Q2
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
After the register reaches the 000 state, it remains in that state and
never returns to the starting state.

P7.91

The period of the Q0 waveform is double that ofVIN . Similarly, the

period of Q1 is twice that of Q0 . Thus, flip flops connected in this
manner divide the frequency of an input signal by two and by four.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,45
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Another random document with
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 trades, which began in the previous July.

January 31, 1898.

Disastrous blizzard in New England.

February 4, 1898.
Re-election (by voting which began January 3) of
President Kruger for a fourth term of five years,
in the South African Republic.

February 7-15, 1898.

Prosecution of M. Zola for defamation of certain military
officers; his scandalous trial and conviction.

February 14, 1898.

Destruction of the United States battle ship "Maine,"
by an explosion, in the harbor of Havana, Cuba.

February 16, 1898.

Removal of Chief-Justice Kotze, of the High Court of the
South African Republic, by President Kruger.

February 18.
Death of Frances Elizabeth Willard, American social reformer.

February 19, 1898.

Death of Dr. Edward Constant Seguin, neurologist, New York.

February 26, 1898.

Death of Frederick Tennyson, English poet.
Death of Michael Gregorovich Tchernaieff, Russian soldier
and popular hero of the Panslavists.

February 27, 1898.

Death of Major-General William Booth Taliaferro,
Confederate army.
March 1, 1898.
Retirement of General Crespo from the Presidency of Venezuela;
succession of General Andrade to the office.

March 6, 1898.
Death of Felice Cavalotti, Italian statesman and dramatist.

March 11, 1898.

Death of Major-General William Starke Rosecrans.

March 15, 1898.

Death of Sir Henry Bessemer, English inventor.

March 16, 1898.

Death of Aubrey Beardsley, English artist.

March 17, 1898.

Speech of Senator Proctor, of Vermont, in the United States
Senate, describing the condition of the reconcentrados in Cuba,
as he saw them during a recent visit to the island.
Death of Blanche K. Bruce, register of the United States
Treasury, born a slave.

March 21, 1898.

Report of the United States naval court of inquiry on the
destruction of the battle ship "Maine."
Death of Brigadier-General George Washington Rains,
Confederate army.

{709}

March 22, 1898.

Report of Spanish naval board of inquiry on the destruction
of the United States battle ship "Maine."

March 23, 1898.

Primary election law in New York signed by the Governor.
March 25, 1898.
Death of James Payn, English novelist.

March 27, 1898.

Proposal by the government of the United States to that of
Spain of an armistice and negotiation of peace with the
insurgents in Cuba.
Cession by China to Russia of Port Arthur and Talienwan.

March 28, 1898.

Message of the President of the United States to Congress on
the destruction of the battle ship "Maine."
Death of Anton Seidl, composer and musical conductor.

March 31, 1898.

Reply of the Spanish government to the proposals of the
United States, for an armistice and negotiation with the
Cuban insurgents.
Death of Edward Noyes Westcott, American novelist.

April 2, 1898.
Quashing of the sentence pronounced on M. Zola, upon his
appeal to the Court of Cassation.
Lease by China to Great Britain of the port of Wei-hai Wei
with adjacent territory.

April 7, 1898.
Death of Margaret Mather, American actress.

April 8, 1898.
Great victory of the Anglo-Egyptian army, under the Sirdar,
General Kitchener, over the Dervishes, on the Atbara.

April 10, 1898.

Passage of bill through the German Reichstag to greatly
increase the German navy.
April 11, 1898.
Special Message of the President of the United States to
Congress on the relations of the country to Spain, consequent
on affairs in Cuba.
Lease by China to France of Kwang-chow Wan
on the southern coast.

April 13, 1898.

Adoption by the United States House of Representatives of a
joint resolution authorizing and directing the President to
"intervene at once to stop the war in Cuba."

April 16, 1898.

Adoption by the United States Senate of a joint resolution
not only directing intervention to stop the war in Cuba,
but recognizing the insurgent government of "the Republic of
Cuba."
Death of ex-President Crespo, of Venezuela, killed in battle.

April 17, 1898.

Death of Jules Marcou, French geologist.

April 18, 1898.

Arrangement of the disagreement between the two branches of
the United States Congress respecting the recognition of
"the Republic of Cuba," and passage of a joint resolution
to intervene for the stopping of the war in the island.

April 19, 1898.

Death of George Parsons Lathrop, American author.
Death of Gustave Moreau, French painter.

April 20, 1898.

Passports asked for and received by the
Spanish Minister at Washington.
April 21, 1898.
Appointment of Rear-Admiral Sampson to the command of the
United States naval force on the Atlantic station.

April 22, 1898.

Proclamation by the President of the United States declaring
a blockade of certain Cuban ports.

April 23, 1898.

Proclamation by the President of the United States calling
for 125,000 volunteers.

April 24, 1898.

Commodore Dewey, commanding the Asiatic squadron of the
United States, ordered to proceed from Hong Kong to the
Philippine Islands, to destroy or capture the Spanish fleet
in those waters.
Interview, at Singapore, between the leader of the Philippine
insurgents, Aguinaldo, and the United States Consul-General,
Mr. Spencer Pratt;
communication from Mr. Pratt to Commodore Dewey, at Hong Kong;
request from Commodore Dewey that Aguinaldo come to Hong Kong.

April 25, 1898.

Formal declaration of war with Spain by the Congress of the
United States, with authority given to the President to call
out the land and naval forces of the nation.
Removal of the American squadron under Commodore Dewey from
Hong Kong to Mirs Bay, China.
Signing of protocol between Russia and Japan relative to Korea.

April 27, 1898.

Sailing of the American squadron from Mirs Bay to Manila.

April 29, 1898.

Proclamation of neutrality by the Portuguese government,
which required the Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera to
 depart from the Cape Verde islands.

May 1, 1898.
Destruction of the Spanish squadron in Manila Bay by the
American squadron under Commodore Dewey.

May 2, 1898.
Arrival of Aguinaldo at Hong Kong.

May 3, 1898.
Occupation of Cavite arsenal by American naval forces.

May 8, 1898.
General elections for a new Chamber of Deputies in France;
first balloting.

May 9, 1898.
Serious fighting in Milan, ending bread riots in that city
and elsewhere in northern Italy.

May 12, 1898.

Attack on the Spanish forts at San Juan, Porto Rico, by
Admiral Sampson, then searching for Cervera's fleet.

May 13, 1898.

Death of Reverend William Stevens Perry,
American church historian.

May 16, 1898.

Major-General Wesley Merritt, U. S. A., assigned to the
command of the Department of the Pacific.
Conveyance of Aguinaldo from Hong Kong to Cavite by the
United States ship "McCulloch."

May 19, 1898.

Death of Mr. Gladstone.
Death of Maria Louise Pool, American novelist.
May 22, 1898.
Second balloting in French elections, where the first had
resulted in no choice.
Death of Spencer Walpole, English historian.
Death of Edward Bellamy, American novelist and social theorist.

May 25, 1898.

Proclamation by the President of the United States calling
for 75,000 additional volunteers.
Departure from San Francisco of the first military expedition
from the United States to the Philippine Islands, under
General T. M. Anderson.

May 28, 1898.

Public funeral of Mr. Gladstone;
burial in Westminster Abbey.
Death of Mrs. Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren, American author.

{710}

May 29, 1898.

Blockade of the Spanish squadron under Rear-Admiral Cervera,
in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, by the American flying
squadron under Commodore Schley.

May 30, 1898.

Agreement between Great Britain, Canada and the United States,
creating a Joint High Commission for the adjustment of all
existing subjects of controversy between the United States
and Canada.

June 1, 1898.
Arrival of Admiral Sampson and his fleet off the entrance to
the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, to perfect the blockade of
the Spanish squadron.
Opening of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition at Omaha, Nebraska.
 Enactment of law to provide for the arbitration of disputes
between employés and companies engaged in interstate commerce
in the United States.

June 2, 1898.
Death of George Eric Mackay, English poet.

June 3, 1898.
Sinking of the collier "Merrimac" in the channel of the
harbor-entrance at Santiago de Cuba, by Assistant Naval
Constructor Hobson. U. S. N.

June 6, 1898.
Bombardment of Spanish forts at Santiago de Cuba by the
American blockading fleet.

June 7-10, 1898.

Possession of the lower bay at Guantanamo, near Santiago de
Cuba, taken by vessels of the American navy, and a marine
battalion landed.

June 11, 1898.

Reform edict issued by the young Emperor of China.

June 14, 1898.

Sailing, from Tampa, Florida, of the military expedition
under General Shafter for the capture of Santiago de Cuba.

June 15, 1898.

Sailing, from San Francisco, of the second American military
expedition to the Philippines.
Adoption by the House of Representatives of a joint resolution
to provide for annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the
United States.

June 16, 1898.

Second bombardment of forts at Santiago de Cuba by the
 American blockading fleet.

June 16-24, 1898.

Elections to the Reichstag of the German Empire.

June 17, 1898.

Resignation of the Ministry of Signor Rudini in Italy.
Death of Sir Edward Burne-Jones, English painter.

June 20, 1898.

Arrival, off Guantanamo, of the expedition under
General Shafter.

June 21, 1898.

Capture and occupation of the island of Guam by the U. S. S.
"Charleston."

June 22-24, 1898.

Landing of General Shafter's army at Daiquiri and Siboney.

June 24, 1898.

First engagement between American and Spanish troops in Cuba,
at La Guasima.

June 28, 1898.

Proclamation by Aguinaldo, assuming the administration of a
provisional government of the Philippine Islands.
Approval by the President of the United States of the "Curtis
Act," relating to the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians.
Formation of a new Italian Ministry by General Pelloux.

July, 1898.
Discussion and passage by the British Parliament of a
Local Government Act for Ireland.

July 1, 1898.
Assault by the American forces, at San Juan Hill and El Caney,
 on the Spanish lines defending Santiago.

July 2-3, 1898.

Continued fighting on the lines around Santiago de Cuba.

July 3, 1898.
Demand of General Shafter for the surrender of Santiago, under
the threat of bombardment; truce arranged by foreign consuls and
negotiations for surrender opened.
Destruction of the Spanish fleet of Admiral Cervera on its
attempting to escape from the blockaded port of Santiago de
Cuba.

July 4, 1898.
Opening of communications between General Anderson, commanding
the first expedition of the United States forces landed near
Manila, and General Aguinaldo, "commanding the Philippine
forces."

July 6, 1898.
Destruction of the Spanish cruiser" Alphonso XII.," when
attempting to escape from the harbor of Havana.
Adoption by the U. S. Senate of the joint resolution to
provide for the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands.
Exchange of Lieutenant Hobson and his fellow captives for
prisoners taken from the Spanish forces.

July 7, 1898.
Declaration of M. Cavaignac, Minister of War, in the Chamber
of Deputies, of his absolute certainty of the guilt of Captain
Dreyfus.
Death of Francisco Javier Cisneros, Cuban patriot.
Death of M. Buffet, French statesman.

July 10, 1898.

Termination of truce at Santiago;
resumption of hostilities;
 bombardment of the city by the navy.

July 11, 1898.

Death of Rear-Admiral Daniel Ammen, U. S. N.

July 12, 1898.

Outbreak of yellow fever in the military hospital at Siboney.
Arrival of General Miles at Santiago with reinforcements for
General Shafter.

July 13, 1898.

Interview of General Miles and General Shafter with General
Toral, the Spanish commander at Santiago.

July 14, 1898.

Agreement by General Toral to surrender the city of Santiago
and the entire district of eastern Cuba with 24,000 Spanish
troops.
Death of Mrs. Elizabeth Lynn Linton, English author.

July 16, 1898.

Signing of the terms of the Spanish surrender at Santiago.

July 17, 1898.

Death of Parker Pillsbury, American abolitionist.
Death of Karl Gehrt, German artist.

July 18, 1898.

Opening of second trial of M. Zola, at Versailles.

July 25, 1898.

Landing, at Guanica, of the expedition of United States
troops, under General Miles, for the conquest of Porto Rico.

July 26, 1898.

Overtures for peace addressed by the Spanish government to
that of the United States through the French Minister at
 Washington.

July 27, 1898.

Occupation of Ponce, in Porto Rico, by the American forces
under General Miles.

July 28, 1898.

Death of Dr. William Pepper, of Philadelphia, physician, and
extraordinary leader in public enterprise.

{711}

July 30, 1898.

Terms of peace proposed to Spain by the United States.
Death of Reverend John Caird, Scottish divine and educator.

July 31, 1898.

Death of Prince Otto von Bismarck, at the age of 83.

August 3, 1898.
Urgent message from General Shafter to the United States War
Department, asking for the instant withdrawal of his forces
from Santiago, on account of the deadly ravages of yellow
fever, typhoid and dysentery.

August 4, 1898.
Orders given for the removal of the American army from
Santiago de Cuba to Montauk Point, Long Island.

August 7, 1898.
Acceptance by Spain of the terms of peace offered by the
United States.
Demand of Admiral Dewey and General Merritt for the
surrender of Manila.
Death of James Hall, American geologist.

August 8, 1898.
 Death of Adolph Heinrich Joseph Sutro,
American mining engineer.
Death of Georg Moritz Ebers, German novelist and Egyptologist.

August 12, 1898.

Ceremony, at Honolulu, of the transfer of sovereignty over
the Hawaiian Islands to the United States.
Order by General Merritt forbidding the Filipino forces under
Aguinaldo to enter Manila when the city should be taken.
Signing of the protocol of terms for the negotiation of peace
between the United States and Spain;
proclamation by the President of the United States
suspending hostilities.

August 13, 1898.

Attack by American forces on the Spanish lines at Manila
and capture of the city.

August 21, 1898.

Friendly letter of Spanish soldiers at Santiago, Cuba,
before departing for Spain, to their late enemies, the
American soldiers.

August 22, 1898.

Death of Laupepa Malietoa, King of Samoa.

August 24, 1898.

Proposal by the Tzar of Russia of a conference of governments
to discuss the means of stopping the progressive increase of
military and naval armaments and promote the peace of the world.

August 25, 1898.

Transfer of command at Santiago from General Shafter
to General Lawton.

August 28, 1898.

General Merritt ordered to Paris for consultation with the
 American Peace Commissioners;
command at Manila transferred to General Otis.

August 31, 1898.

Termination of the minority of Queen Wilhelmina, of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands, and of the regency of her mother,
Queen Emma.
Suicide of Colonel Henry, of the Intelligence Department of
the French Army, after confessing that he had forged one of
the documents on which M. Cavaignac based his certainty of
the guilt of Captain Dreyfus.

September 2, 1898.
Battle of Omdurman;
defeat of the Dervishes and occupation of the Khalifa's capital.

September 3, 1898.
Death of Wilford Woodruff, president of the Mormon Church.

September 4, 1898.
Resignation of M. Cavaignac from the French cabinet, because
of his opposition to a revision of the Dreyfus case.

September 6, 1898.
Enthronement of Queen Wilhelmina, at Amsterdam.
Turkish outbreak at Candia, Crete, against authority
exercised by the British admiral in the name of the
concerted Powers.

September 10, 1898.

Assassination of Elizabeth, Empress of Austria
and Queen of Hungary.

September 12, 1898.

Death of Thomas McIntyre Cooley, American jurist.

September 14, 1898.

 Death of Samuel Eliot, American historian.

September 19, 1898.

Death of Sir George Grey, British administrator.

September 21, 1898.

Overthrow of the Chinese reformers at Peking;
submission of the Emperor to the Empress-Dowager.
Death of Theodor Fontane, German poet.

September 23, 1898.

Death of Richard Malcolm Johnston, American author.

September 26, 1898.

Decision of the French cabinet to submit the question of a
revision of the trial of Captain Dreyfus to the Court of
Cassation.

September 28, 1898.

Execution of six of the Chinese reformers at Peking.
Death of Thomas Francis Bayard, American statesman
and diplomatist.

September 29, 1898.

Government of a Philippine Republic organized at Malolos;
a national congress convened, and Aguinaldo declared President.
Popular vote in Canada on the question of Prohibition.
Death of Queen Louise of Denmark.

September 30, 1898.

Mob attack on foreigners near Peking.

October, 1898.
Discovery of the Cape Nome mining region in Alaska.
Outbreak of Indians of the Leech Lake Reservation in
Northern Minnesota.
October 1, 1898.
Call by foreign representatives at Peking for guards of
marines to protect their legations.
Meeting of Spanish and American commissioners at Paris to
negotiate a Treaty of Peace.

October 5, 1898.
Demand of the Powers for the withdrawal of Turkish garrisons
from Crete.

October 6, 1898.
Decree by the Empress-Dowager of China commanding protection
to Christian missionaries and converts.

October 7, 1898.
Death of Blanche Willis Howard, Baroness von Teuffel,
American novelist.
Death of Abraham Oakey Hall, American lawyer and politician.

October 12.
Inauguration of General Julio Roca President of the
Argentine Republic.
Serious conflict at Virden, Illinois, growing out of a
strike of coal miners;
14 persons killed and 25 wounded.
Death of Reverend Calvin Fairbank, anti-slavery worker and
helper of the freedmen.

October 19, 1898.

Death of Harold Frederic, American journalist and novelist.

October 25, 1898.

Decision of the Court of Cassation requiring a supplementary
investigation of the case of Captain Dreyfus.
Death of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, French painter.

October 29, 1898.

 Death of Colonel George Edwin Waring,
American sanitary engineer.

October 31, 1898.

Death of Helena Faucit, Lady Martin, English actress.

{712}

November 1, 1898.
Establishment of the Constitution of the United States of
Central America.

November 2, 1898.
Announcement by Lord Salisbury of the amicable settlement,
between France and Great Britain, of "the Fashoda incident."

November 5, 1898.
Death of David Ames Wells, American economist and publicist.

November 12, 1898.

Death of Clara Fisher (Mrs. Clara Fisher Maeder), actress.

November 15, 1898.

Inauguration of Dr. M. F. de Campos Salles, President of
United States of Brazil.
Order by the Court of Cassation that Dreyfus be notified by
telegraph of the pending revision of his trial.

November 19, 1898.

Death of Brigadier-General Don Carlos Buell.

November 20, 1898.

Death of Sir George S. Baden-Powell, economist.

November 25, 1898.

Dissolution of the United States of Central America by
the secession of Salvador.
November 26, 1898.
Appointment of Prince George, of Greece, to be High
Commissioner of the Powers in Crete.

November 27, 1898.

Death of Charles Walter Couldock, actor.

November 28, 1898.

Death of Mrs. Mary Eliza (Joy) Haweis,
English author and artist.

December 5, 1898.
Final raising of the "pacific blockade" of Crete by the Powers.

December 6, 1898.
General Guy V. Henry appointed Military Governor of Porto Rico.

December 10, 1898.

Signing, at Paris, of the Treaty of Peace between the
United States and Spain.
Death of William Black, English novelist.

December 11, 1898.

Death of General Calixto Garcia, Cuban military leader.

December 13, 1898.

Appointment of General Brooke as commander and military
governor of Cuba, by direction of the President of the
United States.
Reception by the Empress-Dowager to the wives of foreign
representatives at Peking.

December 17, 1898.

Death of Baron Ferdinand James de Rothschild.

December 21, 1898.

 Arrival of Prince George of Greece in Crete, to undertake
the administration of government as High Commissioner for
the Powers.
Instructions of the President of the United States to
General Otis, relative to the military government of the
Philippine Islands.

December 22, 1898.

Death of Sebastian Bach Mills, composer and pianist.

December 23, 1898.

Decision by the French government to comply with the demand
of the Court of Cassation for the secret papers
(the "dossier") in the Dreyfus case.

December 25, 1898.

Penny postage to all places in the British Empire except the
Australasian colonies and Cape Colony brought into operation.

December 28, 1898.

Death of Justin Smith Morrill, United States Senator.

December 30, 1898.

Death of Don Matias Romero,
Mexican ambassador to the United States.

1899.

January 1, 1899.
Formal relinquishment of the sovereignty of Spain over the
island of Cuba, by ceremonies performed at Havana.

January 4, 1899.
The Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain sent
to the United States Senate by the President.
Proclamation of General Otis to the people of the Philippine
Islands, amending the instructions of the President.
January 5, 1899.
Proclamation of Aguinaldo to the people of the Philippine
Islands, counter to that of General Otis.

January 8, 1899.
Sensational resignation of the President of the civil section
of the French Court of Cassation.

January 11, 1899.

Second communication of the Tzar of Russia to other
governments on the subject of an International Conference
for the promotion of peace.

January 13, 1899.

Death of Representative Nelson Dingley, of Maine.

January 17, 1899.

Death of John Russell Young, librarian of Congress.

January 19, 1899.

Signing of an agreement between the government of Great
Britain and that of the Khedive of Egypt, establishing a
condominium or joint administration of government over the
Sudan.

January 20, 1899.

Appointment of the First Philippine Commission by the
President of the United States.

January 22, 1899.

Encyclical letter of Pope Leo XIII. condemning certain
opinions called Americanism.

January 29, 1899.

Death of Dr. R. Fruin, Dutch historian.