SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

ON

FUNDAMENTALS OF SEISMIC DATA

INTERPRETATION
1st July to 30th July, 2019

Submitted By
Abhishek Singh
M.tech 2nd Semester, 2019
Dibrugarh University

Assam & Arakan Basin, ONGC

Cinnamara, Jorhat
ASSAM
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I will always remain thankful to Dr. Kalpana Deka Kalita, HOD Department of
Applied Geology, Dibrugarh University and Dr. Siddhartha Kumar Lahiri,
Coordinator of M.tech Exploration Geophysics Programme, Dibrugarh
University and Mr. Rakesh Nautiyal, (GM) geophysics, ONGC Jorhat.

I owe my deep sense of gratitude to my mentor Mr. Prashant Kumar

Mishra, Senior Geophysicist, UAS Block for extending such an excellent
guidance throughout the training period inspite of his busy schedule. His
dedication and interest towards my training was really commendable.

I would like to also extend my heartfelt gratitude Miss Poonam Kumari

(Geophysicist) for giving her time and effort to make me aware on the
Fundamentals of Seismic Data Interpretation.

Finally,I would like to thank Mr. Ankur Ahmed, Sr.Geophysicist for his support
and guidance.

.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

1. Seismic data 4
acquisition

2. Seismic wave 5-8

propagation

3. Seismic reflection 8-15

concepts

4. Seismic data 15-17

interpretation

5. Well logging 18-20

6. Well to seismic tie 20-22

7. Input to seismic 22-26

interpretation
(horizon
interpretation, fault
interpretation,
seismic attribute
analysis)
8. Key learning & 26-27
conclusion
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1. SEISMIC DATA ACQUISITION

Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world
physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric
values that can be manipulated by a computer. Data acquisition systems,
abbreviated by the acronyms DAS or DAQ, typically convert analog waveforms
into digital values for processing.

FIGURE-1 – Seismic data Acquisition

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. 2. SEISMIC WAVE PROPAGATION

So far we have only considered transmission of seismic waves at a boundary.

However, generally not all energy is transmitted; parts are reflected or
converted. If a P wave hits a boundary between different seismic velocities,
four different waves may be generated: a transmitted P wave; a converted
transmitted S wave purely polarized in the vertical plane of propagation (SV-
wave); a reflected P wave; and a reflected converted SV wave . The geometry
of these waves is also governed by Snell's Law:

sin 𝑖/𝑣𝑝1 = sin 𝑗/𝑣𝑠1 =sin 𝑖 ′ /𝑣𝑝2 = sin 𝑗 ′ /𝑣𝑠2

In the case of an SH wave hitting the boundary, which is purely polarized in the
horizontal plane, there is only a transmitted and a reflected SH wave, but no
conversion into P or SV possible. If a single incident wave is split into multiple
scattered waves, energy must be partitioned between these waves.
Coefficients governing the partitioning between transmitted, reflected, and
converted energy will generally depend on the incidence angle of the incoming
wave and the impedance contrast at the boundary. Impedance is the product
of wave velocity and density of the medium.

FIGURE-2- ENERGY PARTITION AT INTERFACE

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In geophysics and reflection seismology, the Zeoprittz equations are a set of

equations that describe the partitioning of seismic wave energy at an interface,
typically a boundary between two different rock layers.

The Zeoppritz equations consist of four equations with four unknowns:

Zeoprittz derived the amplitudes of the reflected and transmitted waves using
the conservation of stress and displacement across the layer boundary, which
gives four equations with four unknowns. Inverting the matrix form of the
Zeoprittz equations gives us the exact amplitude as a function of angle:

(2)
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Although the four equations can be solved for the four unknowns they do not
give an intuitive understanding for how the reflection amplitudes vary with the
rock properties involved (density , velocity etc.)

SHUEY EQUATION

The 3-term Shuey Equation can be written a number of ways, the following is a
common form-

R ( 𝜃) = R (0) + G 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + F ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 - 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ) - (3)

3. SEISMIC REFLECTION CONCEPTS

The physical process of reflection is illustrated in Figure2, where the raypaths

through successive layers are shown. There are commonly several layers
beneath the earth's surface that contribute reflections to a single seismogram.
The unique advantage of seismic reflection data is that it permits mapping of
many horizon or layers with each shot.. At later times in the record, more
noise is present in the record making the reflections difficult to extract from
the unprocessed data.

Figure 3 indicates the paths of arrivals that would be recorded on a

multichannel seismograph. Note that the subsurface coverage is exactly one-
half of the surface distance across the geophone spread. The subsurface
sampling interval is one-half of the distance between geophones on the
surface. Another important feature of modern reflection-data acquisition is
illustrated by figure 4. If multiple shots, S1 and S2, are recorded by multiple
receivers, R1 and R2, and the geometry is as shown in the figure, the reflection
point for both raypaths is the same. However, the ray paths are not the same
length, thus the reflection will occur at different times on the two traces. This
time delay, whose magnitude is indicative of the subsurface velocities, is called
normal-move out. With an appropriate time shift, called the normal-move out
correction, the two traces (S1 to R2 and S2 to R1) can be summed, greatly
enhancing the reflected energy and cancelling spurious noise.
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This method is called the common reflection point, common midpoint, or

common depth point (CDP) method. If all receiver locations are used as shot
points, the multiplicity of data on one subsurface point (called CDP fold) is
equal to one-half of the number of recording channels. Thus, a 24-channel
seismograph will record 12-fold data if a shot corresponding to every receiver
position is shot into a full spread. Thus, for 12-fold data, every subsurface
point will have 12 separate traces added, after appropriate time shifting, to
represent that point.

Figure 3. Schematic of seismic reflection method

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Figure 4. Multichannel recording for seismic reflection

Figure 5. Illustration of common depth point

3.1. GATHERS

When a geophysicist speaks about pre-stack data, they are usually talking
about a particular class of gather. A gather is a collection of seismic traces
which share some common geometric attribute. The term gather usually refers
to a common image point (CIP) or common mid-point (CMP) gather. Gathers
are sorted from field records in order to examine the dependence
of amplitude, signal noise, move out, frequency content, phase , and other
seismic attributes, on offset, incidence angle, azimuth, and other geometric
attributes that are important for data processing and imaging.
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FIGURE-6- TYPES OF GATHERS

3.2. VELOCITY ANALYSIS AND NMO CORRECTION

We will now sum different traces, also called stacked, to improve the signal-to
noise ratio and to decrease the amount of data which will be processed to
obtain an image of the subsurface. Before the stacking, a certain correction is
applied on the different traces by carrying out a velocity analysis.

A good velocity model is the basis for:

• Stacking (Improvement of S/N-Ratio)
• Appropriate conversion from travel time into depth
• Geometrical Correction (Migration)

FIGURE 7- Normal move out correction and stacking.

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The travel time curve of the reflections for different offset between source and
receiver is calculated using:

2
𝑡 2 =𝑡02 + 𝑥 2 /𝑣𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 - (4)

From this formula NMO correction can be derived and given by:

∆𝑡 = 𝑡0 - t(x) - (5)

The Move out ∆t is the difference in travel time for a receiver at a distance x
from the source and the travel time t0 for zero-offset distance. The NMO-
Correction depends on the offset and the velocity. In contrast to the static
correction, the correction along the trace can differ. The NMO-correction is
also called a dynamic correction. Reflection hyperbolas horizontal Alignment
Stacking NMO Correction Principle of NMO-Correction. The Reflections are
aligned using the correct velocity, such that the events are horizontally.

3.3. VERTICAL RESOLUTION

The Rayleigh’s Limit of Resolution states that two events should be separated
by half cycle model. To solve for thickness ∆h ≥ λ/4. To resolve for two
interfaces that are closely spaced the wavelength is λ/4. For bed thickness that
is less than λ/4, amplitude and bed thickness become judgmental values. For
bed thickness more than λ/4, the wavelength is used to determine the bed
thickness.
.

FIGURE-8 Vertical resolution

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Vertical resolution can be calculated from the length of the propagation wave
and the layer thickness below 1/4 wavelength for resolving limits of beds. It is
possible to detect layers down to 1/32 wavelength. Vertical resolution can vary
from shallow to great depth. The shallow depth considers 10-15m and the
great depth considers 20-30m.

Figure 9- Widess model

The Widess Model represents the relationship of the wavelength and bed
thickness. The thickness of the bed model is resolvable where wavelength is
equal or greater until wavelength/4. The beds that wavelength is thinner then
wavelength/4, there is no distinct reflection, the vertical resolution is limited.
When compared to the bed thickness of 1/8 the reflection from the top and
bottom create an amplitude of large value.
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One of the methods to resolve thin bed is to increase frequency during

processing data. Since, wavelength depends on velocity and frequency. The
velocity of the thin beds is an independent property that cannot be changed.
The only changes that can be applied is to change frequency. The wavelength
becomes the indicator for vertical resolution.

λ = V/F - (6)
Vertical resolution = λ/4
λ = Wavelength
F = Frequency

The Widess Model shows that beds with thickness below λ/8 of wavelength
are not affected by frequency significantly. The only changes that are
associated with thickness is amplitude of the reflection as thickness of the beds
decrease. Thus, the limit of vertical resolution becomes the λ/8. The more
recent model of Tirado suggested that peak frequency variation is a function of
bed thickness, as bed thickness decreases, peak frequency increases.

3.4 Horizontal Resolution

Horizontal resolution is much poorer when compared to vertical resolution.

The poorer resolution is due to a focusing issue. As a result, energy does not
return from the single reflection point, it creates finite region of point that
influence the reflection. The reflection contains energy from the finite region
of points. This region that reflected the energy has a phased difference by half-
cycle. This energy creates constructive interference. This region is called a
Fresnel zone. The reflecting zone in the subsurface is transitive by the first λ/4.
If the wavelength is larger than λ/4 from the zone where energy was reflected,
then the resolution is lower.

4. SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION

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We need the input data to use in the interpretation of seismic data. The
different types of input data that is used for interpretation are –

1. Seismic volume data for 3-D interpretation and seismic lines for 2-D
interpretation
2. Well data

Seismic volume data contains

- Pre stack gather data
- Post stack seismic data
- Seismic velocity

Well data contains –

- For well/log data, measurements are made relative to a device
on the drill rig called the Kelly Bushing (kb).
Depths are in feet or meters along the well bore
If the well is not purely vertical, then we differentiated between
‘measured depth’ and ‘true vertical depth,’ which has to be
computed.

NYQUIST SAMPLING THEOREM

The Nyquist sampling theorem provides a prescription for the nominal

sampling interval required to avoid aliasing. It may be stated simply as follows:
The sampling frequency should be at least twice the highest frequency
contained in the signal. Or in mathematical terms:

fs ≥ 2 fc - (7)

where fs is the sampling frequency (how often samples are taken per unit of
time or space), and fc is the highest frequency contained in the signal.
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ALIASING

Aliasing arises when a signal is discretely sampled at a rate that is insuffcient to

capture the changes in the signal.
Retinal images are sampled in space by photoreceptors.
Film and video are sampled in time by discrete frames.
Sound is commonly digitally sampled for recording and communications.

Aliasing may arise in all of these situations if sampling is done improperly.

Because the effects
of aliasing can be rather disastrous, it is important to understand why aliasing
occurs, what its consequences are, and how it may be avoided.

Example- If we sample this waveform at 2 Hz (as dictated by the Nyquist

theorem), that is sufficient to capture each peak and trough of the signal.

Figure 10- Aliasing (a)

If we sample at a frequency higher than this, for example 3 Hz, then there are
more than enough samples to capture the variations in the signal:
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Figure 10 - (b)

If however we sample at a frequency lower than 2 Hz, for example at 1.5 Hz,
then there are now not enough samples to capture all the peaks and troughs in
the signal.

Thus, when a signal contains not just one but many different frequencies
added together, the minimal sampling rate needed to avoid aliasing is just
twice whatever the highest frequency is, irrespective of how many other
frequency components there are.

5. WELL LOGGING

KELLY BUSHING- Measurements are made relative to device on the drill rig
called kelly bushing.(kb)

MEASURED DEPTH-Depth measured from kelly bushing.

TRUE VERTICAL DEPTH- here the arrangement can be classified in two

situations.

For onshore-

True vertical depth sub sea(TVDSS)=measured depth(MD)-kelly bushing(kb)

offshore- True vertical depth sub sea(TVDSS)= measured depth(MD)+kb

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Logging while drilling (LWD or Measurement while drilling (MWD), the terms
are interchangeably) is a general term to describe systems and techniques for
gathering down-hole data while drilling without the requirement to remove
drill pipe from the well.

BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT- when a hole is drilled into a formation, the rock

and the fluids in it (rock-fluid system) are altered in the vicinity of the
borehole. A well’s borehole and the rock surrounding it are contaminated by
the drilling mud, which affects logging measurements.

Drilling mud consist of solids, liquids and gases and is designed to carry debris
up to the surface and stabilizing the wall of the borehole under the exerted
hydrostatic pressure. This pressure gradient causing an invasion that begins at
the wall of well as a mud cake and forming a sealing agent. Concentration of
the particles decreases from the mud cake with the distance inside the
receiver, forming an intermediate zone of the mud filtrate, which is subdivided
into invaded and transition zones.

After this transition zone, there is virgin or uninvaded zone, where oil, gas
formation water are located.

VARIOUS LOGS

CALIPER LOG - A caliper log is a well logging tool that provides a continuous
measurement of the size and shape of a borehole along its depth and is
commonly used in hydrocarbon exploration when drilling wells.

GAMMA LOG - A common and inexpensive measurement common and

inexpensive measurement of the natural emission of gamma rays by
a formation. Gamma ray logs are particularly helpful because shales and
sandstones typically have different gamma ray signatures that can be
correlated readily between wells.

RESISTIVITY LOG - Resistivity logging is a method of well logging that works by

characterizing the rock or sediment in a borehole by measuring its electrical
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resistivity. Resistivity is a fundamental material property which represents how

strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current.

DENSITY LOG - A density-logging tool sends gamma rays into a formation and
detects those that are scattered back. Typical logging sondes use a Cesium-137
source, which emits gamma rays of 0.66MeV. At this high energy level,
Compton scattering dominates. The average electron density in the volume of
formation probed by the tool controls the scattered gamma ray count rates at
the detectors.

NEUTRON POROSITY LOG – The neutron log is primarily used to evaluate

formation porosity. It is used to detect gas content in certain situations.

The continuous measurement of the induced radiation produced by the

bombardment of that formation with a neutron source contained in the
logging tool whose source emit fast neutrons that are eventually slowed by
collision with hydrogen atoms until they are captured.

Neutron log results are influenced by hole size.

SONIC LOG - Sonic logging is a well logging tool that provides a formation’s
interval transit time, designated as, which is a measure of a formation’s
capacity to transmit seismic waves. Geologically, this capacity varies with
lithology and rock textures, most notably decreasing with an increasing
effective porosity.

DEPTH OF INVESTIGATION - A distance that characterizes how far

a logging tool measures into the formation from the face of the tool or the
borehole wall. The depth of investigation summarizes the radial response of
the measurement in one or more directions.
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Figure 9- Depth of investigation

6. WELL TO SEISMIC TIE

The well-seismic tie is the bridge we need to go from seismic “wiggles” to the
rocks that produced the “wiggles” and our interpretation of the subsurface
geology.

Wells are registered in units of depth – feet or meters. Seismic data is

recorded and usually worked with a vertical scale of 2-way travel time. To
relate well data to seismic data, and vice versa, we have to handle this
change in vertical scale units.

Well-seismic ties allow well data, measured in units of depth, to be compared

to seismic data, measured in units of time.
This allows us to relate horizon tops identified in a well with specific
reflections on the seismic section.

We use sonic and density well logs to generate a synthetic seismic trace.
The synthetic trace is compared to the real seismic data collected near the
well location.

Computer programs combine the sonic and density log data with the
estimated or external pulse to generate a “synthetic” or “modelled” seismic
trace.
We then compare the real and synthetic traces and note how well they match
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If the match is good enough for our purposes, we can then relate one data set
to the other – well to seismic or seismic to well.

VERTICAL SEISMIC PROFILING

Vertical seismic profiling data often provide more reliable correlation of well
control to seismic data than synthetic seismograms derived from sonic logs.
There are two reasons for this. First, the VSP data have a signal bandwidth
closer to the seismic data than the sonic logs. More importantly, VSP data
usually are not as sensitive to borehole conditions such as washouts.

Seismic data are acquired with downhole sources and receivers. If the receiver
is stationed at various depth levels in a well and the source remains on the
surface, the measurement is called vertical seismic profiling (VSP). This
technique produces a high-resolution, 2D image that begins at the receiver
well and extends a short distance (a few tens of meters or a few hundred
meters, depending on the source offset distance) toward the source station.
This image, a 2D profile restricted to the vertical plane passing through the
source and receiver coordinates, is useful in tying seismic responses to
subsurface geologic and engineering control.
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Figure 10. Vertical seismic profiling

7. INPUT TO SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

The objective of seismic data interpretation is to extract all available

subsurface information from the processed seismic data. This includes
structure, stratigraphy, subsurface rock properties, velocity, stress and perhaps
reservoir fluid changes in time and space.

The interpretation is normally done interactively in the industry

on an interpretation workstation. The process of interpreting seismic data
eventually comes down to putting pencil to paper or cursor to screen. After
building an exploration analog by integrating the available geological data, it is
advisable to scan the dataset to observe the basin setting, major structural
components, and major stratigraphic components, such as reefs, shelf breaks,
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and major sequence boundaries. While scanning, major faults can be picked as
a guide to establishing the dominant structural style.
After scanning, detailed mapping begins by working outward from a point
where geological information exists, preferably a well location with a synthetic
seismogram. The horizons selected for mapping and observed fault cuts are
correlated from the well to the seismic. The interpreter then begins to pick
these same events away from the well on the seismic, being careful to tie at all
other well locations.
Critical to the interpretation process is comparing how horizons and faults tie
at line intersections. Significant effort is expended correcting misties of faults,
horizons, and sequence boundaries at every line intersection. In this regard,
closing the interpretation in loops around the seismic grid is a particularly
effective technique. On a workstation, a quick way to check for misties is
a contour map. Misties will be evident by groups of unreasonable contours. In
addition, workstations can be very helpful for working out the misties among
varying vintages of two-dimensional data by applying time and phase shifts
automatically .
Tying all lines in both 2-D and 3-D data sets is the only way to reliably construct
a three-dimensional model of the subsurface using two-dimensional images.
Tying around data loops is also the best way to correlate from fault block to
fault block. Otherwise, faults must be jumped using reflection character,
sequence analysis, or additional well control.
After all lines are picked and tied, the results of the interpretation are then
summarized and presented as maps. Basically, any observation that can be
made using seismic data can be posted on a base map and mapped. Maps that
are routinely made include

• Time structure maps with faults

• Depth structure maps
• Seismic facies maps for reservoir, source, or seal analysis
• Seismic amplitude maps for DHI analysis
• Thickness maps inferred from seismic tuning analysis
• Fault plane maps
• Fault plane maps with cross-fault sand juxtaposition for seal analysis

. Isochron or isopach maps showing growth or thinning in a stratigraphic

interval
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• Seismic velocity maps for lithology determination or depth conversion

In addition, many combinations of these maps can be made, such as seismic
amplitude plotted on top of structure. The only limitations in constructing
these maps are the imagination and skill of the interpreter.
The overall aim of seismic interpretation is to aid in constructing the most
accurate earth model or reservoir description possible. This can best be
accomplished when the seismic data are merged with petrophysical,
geological, and engineering databases. While the process of interpreting
seismic data is basically the same on paper or in a workstation environment,
the workstation offers advantages in data management, manipulation, and
display and it allows for a more convenient integration of other data types.

7.1 .UNDERSTANDING THE SEISMIC DATA

Seismic section: A seismic section is a display of seismic dataalong a line, such

as 2D seismic profiles or profile extracted from a volume of 3D seismic data.
Seismic section is also called as seismic line.

3D seismic volume can be sliced in any vertical dimension to

create 2D lines, or sliced in horizontal plane to create time slices, which
represent constant time. (M. Bacon, 2003)

Time section: Seismic section is called a time section because seismic data are
recorded in two way travel time.

Depth section: Seismic section is called a depth section if the section has been
converted from time to depth.

Post-Stack Seismic section: Post-stack section is made up of stacked traces

measured in seconds or miliseconds.
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Pick: A featured interpreted on seismic section by selecting and tracking

horizon or other events. Correlation of seismic picks to geologic picks, such as
formation tops interpreted from well logs, improves interpretation.

Coloured Wiggle Trace: A trace whose peaks and troughs represent the
acoustic softness and hardness in the earth.

Primary seismic reflectors: Reflectors from bedding planes and unconformities

with the largest acoustic impedance.

7.2. HORIZON INTERPRETATION

In the interpretation of seismic reflection data, horizons are the reflectors (or
seismic events) picked on individual profiles. These reflectors represent a
change in rock properties across a boundary between two layers of rock,
particularly seismic velocity and density.

Marker horizons are stratigraphic units of distinctive lithology (different from

the bulk of the sequence) with a wide geographical extent that are used in
stratigraphic correlation. Layers of tuff (lithified volcanic ash) are often used
for this purpose.

An event horizon is a bed that marks a geological event, such as an earthquake

or a meteorite impact. It is the basic unit used in event stratigraphy.

Step-wise tracking results in a better tracked horizons. Good parts of the

horizon are tracked first, followed by the more difficult areas. The tracker will
first track those part of the horizon that have a low difference to the seeds or
parts that have a high amplitude. In subsequent steps the tracker settings
become less strict. Therefore, the horizon will be of better quality and needs
less editing.
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The user can define the subsequent percentage values (incremental: eg

1,2,5,10,20) , or subsequent amplitude values (decremental e.g.
2500,2000,1500,1000,500)

7.3. FAULT INTERPRETATION

Faults are usually marked on inlines and cross lines and then combined into
fault surfaces in the 3D volume. A way out of this problem is the use of
horizon slices, which represent an interpreted horizon surface at some
consistent stratigraphic level and is associated with seismic reflection
amplitude of the surface.bn

Some of the clues to recognize faults on a seismic section are as follows-

• Termination of reflections
• Offset in stratigraphy markers
• Abrupt changes in dip, abrupt changes in seismic sections patterns- e.g
a strong, continuous reflection turns into a low amplitude region,
• Associated folding
• Coherency

Faults are recognised most often on a seismic section by the terminations of

the strata reflections at the fault. These reflections terminations are not
abrupt.

When the fault throw is small enough that the displaced horizon can be
identified on both sides of the fault , the fault throw can be measured by
nothing the difference of travel time between the horizons.

However the best measure of the throw of the fault is given by the two
strata reflections. And the best indication of the fault location comes from the
fault plane reflections. When reflectors terminate abruptly the corresponding
reflections reflections tailed away smoothly into diffraction curves. As a result,
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the actual fault location is often difficult to pinpoint on an unmigrated seismic

section.

Reflection terminations can be used to indentify and mark

unconformities. Changes in the characteristics of a reflection such as
continuity, frequency, and amplitude indicate changes in depositional
facies.Seismic migration technique collapses the diffraction curves and the
faults become more apparent on the migrated seismic section.

7.4. SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS

The goal of seismic attribute analysis is to improve the spatial prediction of

structural and stratigraphic features, as well as petrophysical and
geomechanical rock properties throughout the reservoir. Key to the analysis is
discovering the linear, and often non-linear, relationships between the seismic
trace and production indicator.

Seismic traces are composite responses to geological factors such as lithology,

fluid saturations and geomechanical properties. Unraveling the influence each
rock property has on the seismic trace and identifying a seismic attribute or
combination of attributes which is capable of predicting that property is a
mainstay of the CGG GeoConsulting reservoir characterization workflow.
Petrophysical rock property analysis from well logs and core/cuttings gives us
insights into what is driving production in the reservoir. Forward modeling is
then employed to identify key seismic attributes that distinguish these primary
controls on production.

KEY ATTRIBUTES USED IN INTERPRETATION

Seismic attributes are sensitive to lateral changes in geology so are utilized to

assist in mapping facies, reservoir properties and faults.
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• Complex trace attributes help to interpret lateral continuity of

stratigraphic events, bedding geometry, and the presence of
hydrocarbon.
• Geometric attributes are used to characterize stratigraphic features and
for fault/fracture detection.
• Time-Frequency attributes of Spectral Decomposition increase the
seismic resolution to highlight lateral variability of depositional features
and faults.

8. KEY LEARNING & CONCLUSION

Our topic was the fundamentals of seismic data interpretation, so we have

learned some glimse of all the related topics. The topics we have included are,
seismic data acquisition, seismic reflection methods, introduction to well
logging, well log correlation and also we get to learn many concepts while
doing practicals in the workstation. Besides that we have also done some well
to seismic tie and its well correlation. In seismic data interpretaion we also
studied about the horizion interpretation and fault picking with fault
interpretation including various aspects of siesmic attribute analysis.

As a part of this summer internship, we got to learn many new concepts. Apart
from our topics we have aquired some practical knowledge and worked on
different softwares, like HAMPSON RUSSELL SUITE (HRS) and HALLIBURTON
DECISIONSPACE for the work of seismic horizon and fault interpretation.

This was completely a new experience to us which will help in our future
endeavours.
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The concepts like Input seismic data interpretation, well data, well to
seismic tie , Horizontal and fault Interpretation, and basic of seismic attribute
analysis are the new aspects which we have learned during the period of our
training.Further we got to know in details how the seismic data interpretaion is
done by loading the various seismic data and well data are used to correlate,
input well data and calculate amplitude spectrum and statistical wavelet for
the process of well log correlation. However, we have also studied about
various types of well logs and how this data are used in interpretation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
• Dobrin, M.B., & Savit, C.H.(1998). Introduction to geophysical
prospecting. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.

• Simm, R. &, Bacon, M. (2014).

Seismic Amplitude: An Interpreter’s Handbook,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
doi:10.107/CBo9780511984501,
Menke, W. (1984). Geophysical data analysis: Discrete inverse theory,
Orland, Fla: Academic Press.

• SEG Wiki, http://wiki.seg.org

• PETRO Wiki, https://petrowiki.org
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