Final Examination Summer-2021

Department of Business Administration

Subject: Philosophy & Critical Thinking Submission Day:Thursday

Instructor: Hajra Ali Gohar Submission Date: 20-8-21
Program: BBA Max. Marks: 20

Please follow the instructions carefully:

1. Write your answers directly on the Black Board (recommended) or upload word file
before the due date on Blackboard.
2. Write your name and registration ID on the first page of your Word file.
3. Answer scripts can only be uploaded on Blackboard only during the submission time.
4. To avoid any unforeseen problems, you are advised to follow the Guidelines
communicated by the Faculty Members.
5. Submission of answer copy(ies) will be considered acceptable through Blackboard only.
Therefore, do not submit your document through email or any other medium.
6. Use 12 pt. font size and Times New Roman font style along with 1-inch page margins.
7. Follow the requirements of the word limit and the marking criteria while writing your
answers.
8. Provide relevant, original and conceptual answers, as this exam aims to test your ability to
examine, explain, modify or develop concepts discussed in class.
9. Do not copy answers from the internet or other sources. The plagiarism of your answers
may be checked through Turnitin.
10. Double check your word file before uploading it on BlackBoard to ensure that you have
uploaded the correct file with your answers.
Note: 

● Attempt all questions. All carry equal marks 

● Write your answer up to 300-500 words each.
● Highlight premises and conclusion clearly.
● Provide proper citation and references. 

Question # 1
Explain how natural evil may be seen as a challenge to belief in God.
Marks:10

Ans) Natural evil is the result of human sin. God subjected or cursed the natural world to decay
and death because of human rebellion. Moral evil and natural evil are the two sorts of evil.
Humans purposefully generate moral evil by doing things they shouldn't or not doing things they
should. Murder, rape, stealing, bullying, cheating, failing to halt a murder or report a crime you
know about, and not recycling are all examples of moral evil. Natural evil is the second sort of
evil. It occurs in nature. Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tornadoes, storms, droughts, and
mortality are examples of evil that occur irrespective of human acts. The presence of evil and
suffering in our world appears to be a severe obstacle to faith in the existence of a flawless God.
If God is all-knowing, it appears that he is aware of all the terrible things that occur in our world.
If God were all-powerful, he would be able to put an end to all of the suffering and evil.
Furthermore, if God were morally perfect, he would undoubtedly desire to intervene. Despite
this, we see innumerable examples of evil and misery in our world. These facts concerning evil
and suffering appear to be in direct opposition to the orthodox theist premise that God is totally
good. Religious believers must consider evil and suffering, since if God is all-loving and all-
powerful why does he allow evil and suffering to exist in the world? He knows what is going to
happen (for example, he most likely knows when and where the next earthquake will strike), and
he can simply stop it. If he is all-loving and cares about us, why doesn't he stop it instead of
putting us through that entire trauma? This is a theological issue since it calls into question God's
character. It portrays God as spiteful, as if he delights in seeing us suffer. If he was indeed all-
loving and all-powerful, he would put a stop to it right away. So, if God allows this to happen over
and over again, it calls into doubt whether he is indeed almighty and all-loving. As a result, many
people find it difficult to believe in an all-loving, all-powerful God because of the evil and suffering
that occurs in the world today. After all, evil leads to perfection and goodness, thus God is all
about love. This is a good theodicy to employ to explain why evil and suffering exists.

Question # 2

‘Without freedom it is impossible to make moral choices.’ Discuss critically.

Marks: 10

Ans) it is associated with having free will and being free of unnecessary or unfair restraints, or
enslavement, in philosophy and religion, and is strongly linked with the concept of liberty. A
person has the freedom to accomplish things that will not be hindered by external influences, either
in theory or in practice. A philosophical concept expressing an innate human right to realize one's
human will, freedom is a state of mind. A person cannot appreciate the wealth of his inner world or
his capabilities until he or she is free. Where a person consciously restricts himself is where
freedom begins. Moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy concerned with what is right and
wrong. It investigates the nature of morality and how people should live their lives in relation to
others. Normative ethics is another branch of moral philosophy. It provides an answer to the
question of what we should do.
Committing to act for what one believes to be right and good is what moral choice entails. It is
about defining who we are rather than what we know. Three cases are presented that are typical of
those used in the principles or dilemmas approach to teaching ethics. If we are to have free will,
we must be able to make unhindered decisions; Kant believed that we must have free will if we are
to be morally responsible for our actions; if God did not give us free will, our decisions cannot be
considered immoral or moral because we would have had to act in the way we did. As a result, we
cannot be held accountable; a good moral action cannot be praised because you had no other
choice, whereas an immoral action cannot be punished because you had no other choice. Apart
from that, David Hume, who believed in a limited form of free will, eventually believed that nature
controlled human destiny. That freedom was also subject-based, which means that you are free to
make a moral decision and free to act on that decision. He went on to argue that predetermined
events create human free will and that each individual is free to respond to those predetermined
events in their own way; the morality of the choice the person makes is up to them. Moreover
According to John Calvin, people have no free will in moral decision making because God chooses
who to save and thus does not look at a person and recognize them as good. Calvin stated that
people only do good because God created them that way and placed them in an environment that
encourages them to do so. Calvin concluded logically that if we have no control over our actions
because we were made to act in a certain way, we cannot be held responsible for them, and thus we
cannot make a moral decision because the decision and manner in which we act were already
determined by God.

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