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BASIC AACTNG TERMS


Cathleen Angelica L. Rubio

Profit and Loss account Cost of Sales


Þ Whereas the balance sheet shows a Cost of Sales are expenses that can
snapshot at a point in time of the net worth of be directly attributed to sales items,
such as purchases of stocks.
the business, the profit and loss account
shows the current financial year’s net
Expenses
operating profits, broken down into various
These are all other expenses (other
sales, cost of sales and expenses ledger than purchases of assets) which
accounts. cannot be attributed directly to sales
items, such as rent, electricity or
advertising.
Sales
Sales accounts show all sales made in the period, regardless
of whether or not money has been received yet, and are shown
as a credit in the Profit and Loss accounts. Where money has
not yet been received, the debit is not to cash (as per the CD FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
example above), but to a Debtors account (money owed from Financial statements are general purpose,
customer account). external financial statements prepared
according to generally accepted
Balance Sheet: reports the amounts of assets, liabilities, and accounting principles. Some terms that
stockholders’ equity at a specified moment, such as midnight apply to the financial statements include:
of December 31; also known as the statement of financial
position. Þ Statement Of Cash Flows:
reports the changes in cash and
cash equivalents during a period
Income Statement: reports revenues, expenses, gains, of time according to three
losses, and net income during the period of time stated in its activities: operating, investing,
heading; also known as the statement of operations and as the and financing.
profit and loss (P&L) statement.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Þ Statement Of Stockholders’ Equity: reports the
Þ Audited Financial Statements:
changes in the components of stockholders’ equity,
independent CPA firm gives
including net income, other comprehensive income,
assurance about reasonableness
dividends, exercise of stock options.
and compliance with accounting
principles.
Þ Interim Financial Statements: issued between the
annual financial statements, e.g. quarterly
Þ Financial Reporting: includes
financial statements, annual and
quarterly reports to SEC and
stockholders, press releases and
other financial reports.

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