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Introduction To State Space Analysis Gate Study Material in PDF 0240bd6b
Introduction To State Space Analysis Gate Study Material in PDF 0240bd6b
These GATE Notes can be downloaded in PDF for your preparation of GATE EE and
GATE EC. They are also useful for other exams like IES, BSNL, DRDO, BARC. But
before you get started, here are some articles you must read.
Recommended Reading –
Partial Differentiation
Some basic definitions related to state space analysis are being given as follows:
State of the Systems
State of a system describes about the future behaviour of a system by using present
(input variables) and past (State variables).
State Variable
These are the set of variables which along with input define the behaviour of the
system (i.e. future values).
Number of state variable in a system should be minimum equal to the order of the
system. Also, the system output and its derivatives can be considered as state
variables.
State Space
Set of possible values that the state variables can assume is called state space.
Now, suppose we have a multi input multi output system with m number of inputs, n
number of state variables and p number of output variables. The systems will be
represented through state equations as follows
Hence u is m×1 input vector, x is n×1 state variable vector and y is p×1 output vector.
State models can be derived from the physical system itself or from differential
equation form (phase variable method).
First, we will take a look at physical system itself. Suppose we have a system with
circuit given as follows.
In the above circuit E is the input variable. It has three energy storage elements L1,
L2and C. The state variables of the system are x1(t)=v,x2(t)=I1,x2(t)=I2. If we have
knowledge of initial conditions for v(0),I1(0),I2(0) and input signal E for t≥0, then
the behaviour of the network is completely specified for t≥0
Now, applying KVL is the circuit, we get
This form of matrix is also called Bush form or companion form or controllable
canonical form. Now, instead of being a constant; if the input is also varying, then we
will get transfer function in the form of
(In this example we are considering numerator and denominator having equal
degree).
Above transfer function can lead to a signal flow graph with four forward paths and
three loops all touching each other
From above diagram, we get
+b0u)+x2 +b1u
Apart from these, we can also represent system in diagonal canonical form If
the system is
Here λi are the poles of transfer function and ci are the respective residue of the
poles.
λλ
y = cx+Du
And its other form is
v̇ = Λv+B̃ u
y = C̃ v+D̃u
Conversion from first to second form is called diagonalization of system.
Here
Where λ1,λ2,…λnare Eigen values of the matrix A x=Mv
Here M is n×n non-singular constant matrix also known as modular matrix
Mv̇ = AMv+Bu v̇ =
M−1AMv+M−1Bu
Λ = M−1AM,B̃ = M−1B y
= Cx+Du
= CMv+Du
C̃ = CM,D̃ = D
Until now, we discussed the definition and forms of state variable system. Further,
we will discuss system analysis using state space model.
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