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Section P.1 Section P.2 Section P.3 Section P.4
Section P.1 Section P.2 Section P.3 Section P.4
Section P.1 Section P.2 Section P.3 Section P.4
C H A P T E R P
Preparation for Calculus
2. y 9 x2 4. y x3 x
x-intercepts: 3, 0, 3, 0 x-intercepts: 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0
y-intercept: 0, 3 y-intercept: 0, 0
Matches graph (d) Matches graph (c)
6. y 6 2x 8. y x 32
x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
y y
10 10
6 6
4 4
2 2
x x
−6 −4 −2 2 6 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
10. y x 1 12. y x 2
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x 2 1 0 2 7 14
y 2 1 0 1 0 1 2 y 0 1 2 2 3 4
y y
4 5
3
4
2
3
1
2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2 x
−5 5 10 15 20
282
Section P.1 Graphs and Models 283
14. 16. 6
Xmin = -30
Xmax = 30
Xscl = 5 −9 9
Ymin = -10
Ymax = 40
−6
Yscl = 5
(a) 0.5, y 0.5, 2.47
Note that y 10 when x 0 or x 10.
(b) x, 4 1.65, 4 and x, 4 1, 4
x 0, ± 2; 0, 0, ± 2, 0
x2 3x
22. y 24. y 2x x2 1
3x 12
y-intercept: y 20 02 1
02 30
y-intercept: y
30 12 y 1; 0, 1
x2 3x 2x x2 1
x-intercepts: 0
3x 12 4x2 x2 1
xx 3 3x2 1
0
3x 12
1
x 0, 3; 0, 0, 3, 0 x2
3
3
x±
3
x
3
3
; 33, 0
30. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis since 32. Symmetric with respect to the origin since
xy2 xy2 10. xy 4 x2 0
xy 4 x2 0.
284 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus
x2
34. y
x2 1
is symmetric with respect to the y-axis
36. y x 3 is symmetric with respect to the x-axis
x2 x2
since y x 3
since y
x2 1 x2 1
.
y x 3.
x
38. y 2 2
40. y 3x 1 42. y x2 3
2
Intercepts: Intercept: 0, 3
Intercepts:
4, 0, 0, 2 0, 1, 32, 0 Symmetry: y-axis
y
Symmetry: none Symmetry: none
12
y
y
9
3 2
(0, 2)
(0, 1)
1 ( 32 , 0) (0, 3)
(4, 0) x
x −1 1 2 x
1 2 3 4 −6 −3 3 6
−1
−1
−2
−2
x −1 2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 1
−2
x
−3 −4 − 2 −1 1 2 4
−1
(− 3, 0) −2 (3, 0)
10
50. x y2 4 52. y
x2 1
54. y 6 x
Intercepts: Intercepts:
Intercepts: 0, 10
0, 2, 0, 2, 4, 0 0, 6, 6, 0
Symmetry: y-axis
Symmetry: x-axis
y
Symmetry: none
y
12 y
3 10 (0, 10)
8
(0, 2)
(0, 6)
(− 4, 0)
x
−5 −2 −1 1 4
2
(0, − 2) 2
x
−6 − 4 −2 2 4 6 (6, 0)
−3 x
2 4 6 8
Section P.1 Graphs and Models 285
4 x2
56. x2 4y2 4 ⇒ y ± 58. 3x 4y2 8
2
Intercepts: 4y2 3x 8
y ± 34x 2
2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1
Symmetry: origin and both axes Intercept: 83, 0
Symmetry: x-axis
Domain: 2, 2
6
2
(−2, 0) (0, 1)
(2, 0)
( 83 , 0)
−6 12
−3 3
(0, −1)
−6
−2
x y2
x y
x y4 1
x2 y2 25
2x 13 5x 9
64. 2x 3y 13 ⇒ y 66. 5x 6y 9 ⇒ y
3 6
7x 18
1 5x 7x 3y 18 ⇒ y
5x 3y 1 ⇒ y 3
3
5x 9 7x 18
2x 13 1 5x 6 3
3 3 5x 9 14x 36
2x 13 1 5x 27 9x
7x 14 x3
x2 The corresponding y-value is y 1.
68. x 3 y2 ⇒ y2 3 x 70. x2 y2 25 ⇒ y2 25 x2
yx1 2x y 10 ⇒ y 10 2x
3 x x 12 25 x2 10 2x2
3 x x2 2x 1 25 x2 100 40x 4x2
0 x2 x 2 x 1x 2 0 5x2 40x 75 5x 3x 5
x 1 or x 2 x 3 or x 5
The corresponding y-values are y 2 and y 1. The corresponding y-values are y 4 and y 0.
Points of intersection: 1, 2, 2, 1 Points of intersection: 3, 4, 5, 0
286 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus
72. y x 4x y x4 2x2 1
3
74.
y x 2 y 1 x2
x3 4x x 2 1 x2 x4 2x2 1
x3 3x 2 0 0 x4 x2
x 1 x 2 0
2
0 x2x 1x 1
x1 or x 2 x 1, 0, 1
The corresponding y-values are y 3 and y 0. 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0
Points of intersection: 1, 3, 2, 0
y = x − 2x + 1
4 2
(0, 1)
−3 3
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
−2
y = 1 − x2
y x2 k matches (d).
Use 1, 9: 9 12 k ⇒ k 10, thus, y x2 10.
xy k matches (c).
Use 1, 36: 136 k ⇒ k 36, thus, xy 36.
80. (a) If x, y is on the graph, then so is x, y by y-axis symmetry. Since x, y is on the graph, then so is x, y by
x-axis symmetry. Hence, the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. The converse is not true. For example, y x3
has origin symmetry but is not symmetric with respect to either the x-axis or the y-axis.
(b) Assume that the graph has x-axis and origin symmetry. If x, y is on the graph, so is x, y by x-axis symmetry. Since
x, y is on the graph, then so is x, y x, y by origin symmetry. Therefore, the graph is symmetric with
respect to the y-axis. The argument is similar for y-axis and origin symmetry.
2ab , 0
.
Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 287
2. m 2 4. m 1 6. m 40
3
42
8. y
10. m 2 2
2 1 12. m 0
6 41
m = −3
m=3 2
4 m= 1 y
3
3 3
2
y
(− 4, 1) m=0
1
x ( 2, 4)
−6 −5 −2 −1 1 2 4 x
1 2 3 4 5
−2 −1
(3, −2) (4, −2)
(1, 2)
2
−3
1
x
2 1 1 2
34 14 y
14. m
78 54 3
1 8 2
38 3 1 ( 78 , 34 )
x
−2 −1 1
−1
( 54 , − 14 )
16. Since the slope is undefined, the line is vertical and its equation is x 3. Therefore, three additional points are 3, 2,
3, 3, and 3, 5.
y 2 2x 2
y 2x 2.
Therefore, three additional points are 3, 4, 1, 0, and 0, 2.
y 1 (b)
20. (a) Slope x
x 3 10 ft
30 ft
x 31.623 feet.
22. (a) m 400 indicates that the revenues increase by 400 in one day.
(b) m 100 indicates that the revenues increase by 100 in one day.
(c) m 0 indicates that the revenues do not change from one day to the next.
288 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus
24. 6x 5y 15 26. y 1
6
y 5x 3 The line is horizontal. Therefore, the slope is m 0 and
6 the y-intercept is 0, 1.
Therefore, the slope is m 5 and the y-intercept is
0, 3.
(−1, 2) 2 (0, 4) 5
3
1 4
2 (−2, 4)
x 1
−3 −2 1
2
−1 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2
5
7
( 1, 3) 3 4 (1, 4)
3 6
2
(− 3, 6)
5
x
(0, 0) −7 −6 −5 − 4 −3 1 2 3 3
x −2 2
(1, 2)
3 2 1 1 −3
1 (− 3, − 4) −4
1
−5 x
− 4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
34 14 b
40. m 0 42. m 44. m
78 54 a
y 2
1 8 b
y xb
y20 38 3 a
1 8 b
y
5 xyb
y x a
1 4 3 4
x
12y 3 32x 40 x y
1 1 2 3 4
1
1 a b
32x 12y 37 0
(1, 2) (3, 2) y
3 y
4 (0, b)
3
1 ( 78 , 34 )
x (a, 0)
−2 −1 1 x
−1
( 54 , − 14 )
Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 289
x y x y
46. 1 48. 1
23 2 a a
3x y 3 4
1 1
2 2 a a
3x y 2 1
1
a
3x y 2 0
a1⇒xy1
xy10
3 2
2 1
x
1 −3 −2 −1 3
(0, −1)
x
1 2 3 5 −2
−1
−3
−2 −4
y y
16 4
12 2
x
−10 −8 −6 −2
x
−16 −12 −8 4 8 −4
−4
−8 −6
58. 5 4
−5 5 −6 6
−5 −4
The lines are perpendicular because their slopes 2 and 12 are negative reciprocals of each other.
You must use a square setting in order for perpendicular lines to appear perpendicular.
290 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus
60. x y 7 62. 3x 4y 7
y x 7 y 34 x 74
m 1 m 34
y 2 x 3 4y 16 3x 18
xy10 3x 4y 2 0
(b) y 2 1x 3 (b) y 4 3 x 6
4
y2x3 3y 12 4x 24
xy50 4x 3y 36 0
70. 6
(0, 3)
(3, 0)
−9 9
−6
You can use the graphing utility to determine that the points of intersection are 0, 3 and 3, 0. Analytically,
x2 4x 3 x2 2x 3
2x2 6x 0
2xx 3 0
x 0 ⇒ y 3 ⇒ 0, 3
x 3 ⇒ y 0 ⇒ 3, 0.
The slope of the line joining 0, 3 and 3, 0 is m 0 33 0 1. Hence, an equation of the line is
y 3 1x 0
y x 3.
6 4 10
72. m1
70 7
11 4 7
m2
5 0 5
m1 m2
c
y x
b
( b −2 a , 2c ) (b, c)
c
y x a
3a b ( a +2 b , 2c )
x
c (− a, 0) (0, 0) (a, 0)
y x a
3a b
b3, 3c .
b2
b3, 3c to b, a
2
76. The slope of the line segment from is:
c
b3, 3c to 0, a b2 c2
2
The slope of the line segment from is:
2c
875
5 $175
y 875 175x
where 0 ≤ x ≤ 5. 0
0
6
82. (a) y 18.91 3.97x x quiz score, y test score (c) If x 17, y 18.91 3.9717 86.4.
(b) 100 (d) The slope shows the average increase in exam score
for each unit increase in quiz score.
84. 4x 3y 10 0 ⇒ d
42 33 10
7 86. x 1 0 ⇒ d
16 02 1
7
42 32 5 12 02
88. A point on the line 3x 4y 1 is 1, 1. The distance from the point 1, 1 to 3x 4y 10 0 is
d
3 4 10
9.
5 5
292 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus
90. y mx 4 ⇒ mx 1y 4 0 8
3m 3 −4
m2 1
The distance is 0 when m 1. In this case, the line y x 4 contains the point 3, 1.
y
92. For simplicity, let the vertices of the quadrilateral be
0, 0, a, 0, b, c, and d, e, as shown in the figure. The (d, e)
( b +2 d , c+e
)
2
midpoints of the sides are (b, c)
c ce e
0
2 2 2 c
ab a bd d b
2 2 2 2
e c ce
0
2 2 2 e
a d ab bd ad
2 2 2 2
94. If m1 1m2, then m1m2 1. Let L3 be a line with 96. False; if m1 is positive, then m2 1m1 is negative.
slope m3 that is perpendicular to L1. Then m1m3 1.
Hence, m2 m3 ⇒ L2 and L3 are parallel. Therefore, L2
and L1 are also perpendicular.
54 sin54 2 2
6. (a) f sin 0 (b) f
23 sin23
3
(c) f
2
2
16. gx
x1
Domain: , 1, 1,
Range: , 0, 0,
2xx 2,2, xx >≤ 11
x x54,, xx >≤ 55
2
18. f x 2
20. f x 2
24. f x 2 x3 2
4 1 y
22. gx y
x
Domain: ,
8
6
2 Range: , 4
Range: , 0, 0, x
2 4 6 x
−6 −4 2 4 6
26. f x x 4 x2 y
28. h 5 cos y
4
2 5
Domain: 2, 2 3
Domain: ,
4
(0, 2) 3
Range: (− 2, 0( 2
Range: 5, 5 1
x θ
2, 22 2, 2.83 −4 −3 −2
−1
1 2 3 4 −2 π 2π
−2
y-intercept: 0, 2 −3
−4 −5
x-intercept: 2, 0
x2
34. x2 y 4 ⇒ y 4 x2 36. x2y x2 4y 0 ⇒ y
4
x2
y is a function of x since there is one value of y for y is a function of x since there is one value of y for
each x. each x.
294 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus
P1
three zeros. Every cubic polynomial has at least one zero.
Given px Ax3 Bx2 Cx D, we have p → as −3 3
x → and p → as x → if A > 0. Furthermore, P2
p → as x → and p → as x → if A < 0.
−2
Since the graph has no breaks, the graph must cross the
x-axis at least one time.
100
t
10 20 30 40 50
4 4
g6 f 2 1 3 Shift f left 2 units 3
2 2
g0 f 4 3 (6, 1) (0, 1)
1
x x
−1 1 2 3 5 6 7 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −1 1
Shift f right 4 units
−2 −2
6 2
(2, 5)
Vertical shift upwards 5 Vertical shift down 1 unit 1 (2, 0)
4 units 4
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 2 3
x
(− 4, 1) 1 −3
x −4
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 (− 4, − 4)
−5
−2 −6
−2
−3
(− 4, − 32 ) −3
−4 −4
−5
(− 4, − 6 ) −5
−6 −6
50. (a) hx sinx 2 1 is a horizontal shift 2 units to the left, followed by a vertical shift 1 unit upwards.
(b) hx sinx 1 is a horizontal shift 1 unit to the right followed by a reflection about the x-axis.
Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs 295
1
56. f gx f x 2
x 2
Domain: 2,
Domain: , 12, 0,
Odd
0 100
0
Even
64. (a) If f is even, then 4, 9 is on the graph. (b) If f is odd, then 4, 9 is on the graph.
Even
70. (a) Let F x f x ± gx where f and g are even. Then, F x f x ± gx f x ± gx F x.
Thus, F x is even.
(b) Let F x f x ± gx where f and g are odd. Then, F x f x ± gx f x gx F x.
Thus, F x is odd.
(c) Let F x f x ± gx where f is odd and g is even. Then, F x f x ± gx f x ± gx.
Thus, F x is neither odd nor even.
y2 02
72. By equating slopes, 74. True
03 x3
6
y2
x3
6 2x
y 2
x3 x 3,
L x2 y2 x x 2x 3 .
2
2
76. False; let f x x2. Then f 3x 3x2 9x2 and 3f x 3x2. Thus, 3f x f 3x.
(b) 5
0 20
0
−1 45
No, the relationship does not appear to be linear. −1
(b) Quiz scores are dependent on several variables such as The model fits well.
study time, class attendance, etc. These variables may
change from one quiz to the next. (c) If t 2.5, s 24.65 meterssecond.
10. (a) Linear model: H 0.3323t 612.9333 12. (a) S 180.89x 2 205.79x 272
(b) 600 (b) 25000
0 1300 0 14
0 0
14. (a) t 0.00271s2 0.0529s 2.671 16. (a) T 2.9856 104 p3 0.0641 p2 5.2826p 143.1
(b) 21 (b) 350
20 100 0 110
0 150
(c) The curve levels off for s < 20. (c) For T 300F, p 68.29 pounds per square inch.
(d) t 0.002s2 0.0346s 0.183 (d) The model is based on data up to 100 pounds per
21
square inch.
0 100
0
18. (a) Ht 84.4 4.28 sin 6t 3.86 (c) 100
One model is
(b) 100
(d) The average in Honolulu is 84.4.
2. y x 1x 3
x 0 ⇒ y 0 10 3 3 ⇒ 0, 3 y-intercept
2
y 15 x 53
10
Slope: 2
8
2
y-intercept: 3 Slope: 15 6
5
y y-intercept: 3
4
1 2
y
x x
−2 2 4 8
−2 −1 2 3
3
−1
−2
1
−3
x
−4 4 8 12
−1
−2
14. y x 4 4 16. y 8
3 x 6 18. yx1
y x 1 x2 7
Xmin = -40
Xmax = 40 0 x2 x 6
x
−1 2 3 4 5 6 Xscl = 10
−1
No real solution
−2 Ymin = -40
No points of intersection
−3 Ymax = 40
The graphs of y x 1 and
−4 Yscl = 10
−5 y x2 7 do not intersect.
−6
20. y kx3
3 1 36
22. y
24.
3 t 3 8
14
12 (7, 12) 4 3
10
8
3 t 11
6
4 44 9 3t
2
x 53 3t
−2
1 2 3 4 5 6 (7, −1)
53
t
3
The line is vertical and has no slope.
Review Exercises for Chapter P 299
y y
8 6
(−2, 6) 4
(5, 4)
4 2
2 x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8
x −2
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 −4
−4 −6
2
30. (a) y 3 x 1 32. (a) C 9.25t 13.50t 36,500
3
22.75t 36,500
3y 9 2x 2
(b) R 30t
2x 3y 11 0
(b) Slope of perpendicular line is 1. (c) 30t 22.75t 36,500
7.25t 36,000
y 3 1x 1
t 5034.48 hours to break even.
yx2
0xy2
43
(c) m 1
21
y 3 1x 1
yx2
0xy2
(d) y3
y30
34. x2 y 0 36. x 9 y2
Function of x since there is one value for y for each x. Not a function of x since there are two values of y for
some x.
y
y
6
5 4
4
2
3 1
2 x
−12 −9 −6 −3 3 6 12
−1
1
−2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−4
38. (a) f 4 42 2 18 (because 4 < 0) 40. f x 1 x2 and gx 2x 1
(b) f 0 0 2 2 (a) f x gx 1 x2 2x 1 x2 2x
(c) f 1 1 2 1 (b) f xgx 1 x22x 1 2x3 x2 2x 1
(c) g f x g1 x2 21 x2 1 3 2x2