1a.

By accepting that the electron to move in circular orbits in which the orbits with only a specific or
certain radii were allowed Bohr explained the line spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Lines within the
range or within the spectrum were due to moves in which an electron moved from high energy orbit to
low energy orbit with a bigger span and smaller radius.

2a. The meaning of quantized energy is that the electrons can have as it were certain discrete energy
and values between those quantized values are not allowed.

2b. The scientist assumed that the areas of positive charged atom would get deflected or bend
whenever it came near or passed through the positive charge near the nucleus of the atom or the path
of all the alpha particles

3a. The electronic configuration helps to discover the chemical reactions an atom can participate also
the kinds of molecules an atoms can form by combining more complicated substances. It also helps to
explain the orbitals of an atom in its ground state.

3b. Because of the opposite spin, the total spin of two electrons in covalent bond is zero. As one
electron has +1/2 and another has -1/2 this is why their sum is zero (+1/2−1/2=0). Hence, they do not
repel each other. Due to having opposite spins in the bond, the two electrons attract each other because
of the exchange force. In atoms, molecules and as well as in solids the exchange force exists. . Also, in
the two electrons in a 1s orbit of an atom have exchange force. Because of parallel spins the atoms
repel each other which makes them stable.

4. In the endergonic reactions the energies are being absorbed. Because of the free energies being
positive, the energies are more at the end of the reaction than the start of it. That energy requires to be
supplied from an outside source for the reaction to take place. Here, in the above reactions the reaction
1 is endergonic and requires energy.

Exergonic reactions are the reactions where there is a negative change in the free energies. The total
amount of energy available are measured by the free energies. As the Free energy measures the whole
amount of energy available in a reaction or system; negative changes mean that energy has been
discharged, whereas positive changes mean that energy has been saved or stored. Here, the reaction
2,3,4 is exergonic and releases energy.

5a. The rate of reaction increases when there is an increase in temperature. The average kinetic energy
of the reactant molecules raises due to the increase of the temperature. An effective collision takes
place. Increase in the temperature means more heat energy which results in more energy for the actual
reaction itself to happen.

5b. In the above figure, Because of the use of catalyst we can conduct the reaction using less energy.
Positive catalysts usually turns a reaction into a fast reaction by reducing the activation energy or by
changing the reaction mechanism. When the activation energy becomes lower then by situating the
reacting particles in such a way so collisions can take place successfully and reacting with the reactants
to create an intermediate that requires lower energy to the reaction.